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Catalysts
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Regeneration of Adsorbent by Catalytic Process
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Regeneration of Adsorbent by Catalytic Process

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Catalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2021) | Viewed by 27425

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marta Pazos Currás

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Guest Editor
Department Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Edificio Isaac Newton Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Interests: advanced oxidation process; electro-fenton; UV oxidation; adsorption process; heterogenous catalysis; bioremediation; biochar
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tuo Ji

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Guest Editor
National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Interests: heterogeneous catalysis; biomass conversion; material design; carbon capture; microwave

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays adsorption have become an interesting approach for the removal, in aqueous and gaseous streams, of pollutants and micropollutans of different nature. The process has several advantages such as its easy handle and the efficiency. However, a huge amount of spent adsorbents is generated and these solids become an environmental problem by their self. At the present time, the typical treatments for these hazardous solids, e.g., incineration, avoid their reuse. This fact increases the cost of the process and it is not environmental friendly.  Consequently, the synthesis of effective adsorbents than can be regenerated and the regeneration of the adsorbents by efficient process become a solution for this environmental concern.

This special issue is focused on the presentation of the different approaches related with this issue, centring the attention of the catalytic processes used for regeneration of the adsorbents.

Dr. Marta Pazos Currás
Dr. Tuo Ji
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Adsorption
  • Advance oxidation process
  • Adsorbent reactivation
  • Thermal treatment
  • Chemical treatments
  • Photolytic treatment

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 5596 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of Composite Carbon Adsorbents with Photocatalytic Regeneration Ability: Application to Diclofenac Removal from Water
by Velma Beri Kimbi Yaah, Satu Ojala, Hamza Khallok, Tiina Laitinen, Marcin Selent, He Zhao, Rafal Sliz and Sergio Botelho de Oliveira
Catalysts 2021, 11(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020173 - 27 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3392
Abstract
This paper presents results related to the development of a carbon composite intended for water purification. The aim was to develop an adsorbent that could be regenerated using light leading to complete degradation of pollutants and avoiding the secondary pollution caused by regeneration. [...] Read more.
This paper presents results related to the development of a carbon composite intended for water purification. The aim was to develop an adsorbent that could be regenerated using light leading to complete degradation of pollutants and avoiding the secondary pollution caused by regeneration. The composites were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of palm kernel shells, TiO2, and W followed by activation at 400 °C under N2 flow. To evaluate the regeneration using light, photocatalytic experiments were carried out under UV-A, UV-B, and visible lights. The materials were thoroughly characterized, and their performance was evaluated for diclofenac removal. A maximum of 74% removal was observed with the composite containing TiO2, carbon, and W (HCP25W) under UV-B irradiation and non-adjusted pH (~5). Almost similar results were observed for the material that did not contain tungsten. The best results using visible light were achieved with HCP25W providing 24% removal of diclofenac, demonstrating the effect of W in the composite. Both the composites had significant amounts of oxygen-containing functional groups. The specific surface area of HCP25W was about 3 m2g−1, while for HCP25, it was 160 m2g−1. Increasing the specific surface area using a higher activation temperature (600 °C) adversely affected diclofenac removal due to the loss of the surface functional groups. Regeneration of the composite under UV-B light led to a complete recovery of the adsorption capacity. These results show that TiO2- and W-containing carbon composites are interesting materials for water treatment and they could be regenerated using photocatalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regeneration of Adsorbent by Catalytic Process)
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17 pages, 5403 KiB  
Article
Nano-PAA-CuCl2 Composite as Fenton-Like Reusable Catalyst to Enhanced Degrade Organic Pollutant MB/MO
by Yang Dang, Yu Cheng, Yukun Zhou, Yifei Huang and Kaige Wang
Catalysts 2021, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11010010 - 24 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3288
Abstract
The treatment of organic dye contaminants in wastewaters has now becoming more imperative. Fenton-like degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution was investigated by using a nanostructure that a layer of CuCl2 nanoflake film grown on the [...] Read more.
The treatment of organic dye contaminants in wastewaters has now becoming more imperative. Fenton-like degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution was investigated by using a nanostructure that a layer of CuCl2 nanoflake film grown on the top surface of nanoporus anodic alumina substrate (nano-PAA-CuCl2) as catalyst. The new nano-PAA-CuCl2 composite was fabricated with self-assembly approach, that is, a network porous structure film composed of CuCl2 nanoflake grown on the upper surface of nanoporous anodic alumina substrate, and the physical and chemical properties are characterized systematically with the X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results showed that the nano-PAA-CuCl2 catalyst presented excellent properties for the degradation of two typical organic pollutants such as MB and MO, which were almost completely degraded with 8 × 10−4mol/L nano-PAA-CuCl2 catalyst after 46 min and 60 min at reaction conditions of H2O2 18 mM and 23 mM, respectively. The effects of different reaction parameters such as initial pH, H2O2 concentration, catalyst morphology and temperature were attentively studied. And more, the stability and reusability of nano-PAA-CuCl2 were examined. Finally, the mechanism of MB and MO degradation by the nano-PAA-CuCl2/H2O2 system was proposed, based on the experimental data of the BCA and the temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and theoretical analysis, the reaction kinetics belonged to the pseudo-first-order equation. This new nanoporous composite material and preparation technology, as well as its application in Fenton-like reaction, provide an effective alternative method with practical application significance for wastewater treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regeneration of Adsorbent by Catalytic Process)
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12 pages, 2609 KiB  
Article
Polyhedral Effects on the Mass Activity of Platinum Nanoclusters
by Forrest H. Kaatz and Adhemar Bultheel
Catalysts 2020, 10(9), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10091010 - 3 Sep 2020
Viewed by 2244
Abstract
We use a coordination-based kinetics model to look at the kinetics of the turnover frequency (TOF) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for platinum nanoclusters. Clusters of octahedral, cuboctahedral, cubic, and icosahedral shape and size demonstrate the validity of the coordination-based approach. The [...] Read more.
We use a coordination-based kinetics model to look at the kinetics of the turnover frequency (TOF) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for platinum nanoclusters. Clusters of octahedral, cuboctahedral, cubic, and icosahedral shape and size demonstrate the validity of the coordination-based approach. The Gibbs adsorption energy is computed using an empirical energy model based on density functional theory (DFT), statistical mechanics, and thermodynamics. We calculate the coordination and size dependence of the Gibbs adsorption energy and apply it to the analysis of the TOF. The platinum ORR follows a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism, and we model the kinetics using a thermodynamic approach. Our modeling indicates that the coordination, shape, and the Gibbs energy of adsorption all are important factors in replicating an experimental TOF. We investigate the effects of size and shape of some platinum polyhedra on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the effect on the mass activity. The data are modeled quantitatively using lognormal distributions. We provide guidance on how to account for the effects of different distributions due to shape when determining the TOF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regeneration of Adsorbent by Catalytic Process)
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22 pages, 1517 KiB  
Article
Iron-Loaded Catalytic Silicate Adsorbents: Synthesis, Characterization, Electroregeneration and Application for Continuous Removal of 1-Butylpyridinium Chloride
by Imen Ouiriemmi, Aida M. Díez, Marta Pazos and María Ángeles Sanromán
Catalysts 2020, 10(9), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10090950 - 20 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2384
Abstract
This research proposes the application of iron-loaded sepiolite (S-Fe) as a catalytic adsorbent for the unreported 1-butylpyridinium chloride ([bpy] Cl) treatment in an aqueous medium. Initially, sepiolite was selected as an inexpensive and efficacious adsorbent for [bpy] Cl elimination. After that, sepiolite was [...] Read more.
This research proposes the application of iron-loaded sepiolite (S-Fe) as a catalytic adsorbent for the unreported 1-butylpyridinium chloride ([bpy] Cl) treatment in an aqueous medium. Initially, sepiolite was selected as an inexpensive and efficacious adsorbent for [bpy] Cl elimination. After that, sepiolite was loaded with iron for the subsequent electro-Fenton (EF) regeneration treatment. Once kinetic and isotherm studies were performed, providing respectively almost instantaneous adsorption (20 min) and an uptake of 22.85 mg/g, [bpy] Cl adsorption onto S-Fe was studied in continuous mode. The obtained breakthrough curve was analyzed using three standard breakthrough models, being Yoon–Nelson and Thomas the most suitable adjustments. Afterwards, S-Fe regeneration by the EF process was conducted using this iron-loaded silicate material as a heterogeneous catalyst. Under optimized operational conditions (current intensity 300 mA and Na2SO4 0.3 M), complete adsorbent regeneration was achieved in 10 h. The total mineralization of [bpy] Cl was reached within 24 h and among seven carboxylic acids detected, oxalic and acetic acids seem to be the primary carboxylic acids produced by [bpy] Cl degradation. Finally, S-Fe was efficiently used in four consecutive adsorption–regeneration cycles without a noticeable reduction in its adsorption capacity, opening a path for future uses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regeneration of Adsorbent by Catalytic Process)
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17 pages, 6051 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Decolorization of Rhodamine B, Congo Red, and Crystal Violet Dyes, with a Novel Niobium Oxide Anchored Molybdenum (Nb–O–Mo)
by Rahul L. Kadam, Yeonhee Kim, Sanjit Gaikwad, Mincheol Chang, Naresh H. Tarte and Sangil Han
Catalysts 2020, 10(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10050491 - 1 May 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4098
Abstract
In this work, a new metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) heterogeneous catalyst (Nb–O–Mo) was synthesized by a chemical grafting method under an inert atmosphere. The activity of the covalently anchored oxo-bridged Nb–O–Mo catalyst was estimated for decolorization of Rh B, congo red, and crystal [...] Read more.
In this work, a new metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) heterogeneous catalyst (Nb–O–Mo) was synthesized by a chemical grafting method under an inert atmosphere. The activity of the covalently anchored oxo-bridged Nb–O–Mo catalyst was estimated for decolorization of Rh B, congo red, and crystal violet dyes in an aqueous solution under fluorescent light. The catalyst was characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, Fourier-transform infrared, and FT-Raman. The catalytic decolorization was evaluated from the UV spectra of dyes in aqueous solution by changing different factors, including dye concentration, temperature, and catalyst loading. Decolorization percentages were 83%–89%, 86%–95%, 97%–99% for Rh B, Congo Red and Crystal Violet in 1 min at 298 K, showing the best performance among other catalysts. Decolorization efficiency for 50 ppm of Rh B was improved from 92% to 98%, with a temperature increase to 318 K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regeneration of Adsorbent by Catalytic Process)
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Review

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42 pages, 5735 KiB  
Review
Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts Used in Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes—A Process and Analytical Review
by Vivien Daligaux, Romain Richard and Marie-Hélène Manero
Catalysts 2021, 11(7), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11070770 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 10798
Abstract
In catalytic industrial processes, coke deposition remains a major drawback for solid catalysts use as it causes catalyst deactivation. Extensive study of this phenomenon over the last decades has provided a better understanding of coke behavior in a great number of processes. Among [...] Read more.
In catalytic industrial processes, coke deposition remains a major drawback for solid catalysts use as it causes catalyst deactivation. Extensive study of this phenomenon over the last decades has provided a better understanding of coke behavior in a great number of processes. Among them, catalytic pyrolysis of plastics, which has been identified as a promising process for waste revalorization, is given particular attention in this paper. Combined economic and environmental concerns rose the necessity to restore catalytic activity by recovering deactivated catalysts. Consequently, various regeneration processes have been investigated over the years and development of an efficient and sustainable process remains an industrial challenge. Coke removal can be achieved via several chemical processes, such as oxidation, gasification, and hydrogenation. This review focuses on oxidative treatments for catalyst regeneration, covering the current progress of oxidation treatments and presenting advantages and drawbacks for each method. Molecular oxidation with oxygen and ozone, as well as advanced oxidation processes with the formation of OH radicals, are detailed to provide a deep understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics involved (direct and indirect oxidation, reaction rates and selectivity, diffusion, and mass transfer). Finally, this paper summarizes all relevant analytical techniques that can be used to characterize deactivated and regenerated solid catalysts: XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, NH3-TPD, elemental analysis, IR. Analytical techniques are classified according to the type of information they provide, such as structural characteristics, elemental composition, or chemical properties. In function of the investigated property, this overall tool is useful and easy-to-use to determine the adequate analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regeneration of Adsorbent by Catalytic Process)
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