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Chemosensors
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Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors
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Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors

A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2013) | Viewed by 61069

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Andreas Richter

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Guest Editor
TU Dresden, Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems, 01062 Dresden, Germany
Interests: microfluidics; chemical computing; microsystem technology; smart materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Karl-Friedrich Arndt

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Guest Editor
Chair Physical Chemistry of Polymers , Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
Interests: physical chemistry of polymers; characterisation of polymers; polymer networks; light scattering
Prof. Dr. Gerald Gerlach

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität Dresden and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
Interests: physical and chemical sensors; modelling and simulation; functional materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymer gels are an astonishing and fascinating material. At a first glance, they are just composed of a cross-linked polymer network and interstitial fluid. But their ability to absorb large amounts of water or other solvents and – associated with this – a huge volume change make them ideal candidates for technical applications. Apart from the swelling, two other properties make hydrogels especially attractive:

First, a strong volume change can be excited by a large spectrum of different physical and chemical factors. This regards for instance temperature, electrical voltage, pH, concentration of organic compounds in water, and salt and ion concentrations. Second, the volume change due to these physical or chemical stimuli is reversible. Hence, hydrogels are chemo-mechanical transducers converting chemical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. This offers a huge potential for new sensor and actuator principles especially for applications in all fields where aqueous solutions play a decisive role, e.g. in process engineering, fluidics, chemistry, cell biology, and drug delivery. Such a behaviour makes hydrogels real “smart” materials.

Meanwhile, the first industrial applications of hydrogel-based sensor technology were reported. The next-generation sensors will not only be able to measure measurands other than traditional pH value or solvent concentration but will also provide new features like autarkic operation or the automatic adjustment of the measurement range. However, the utilization of these materials for chemical sensors still shows plenty of problems to be solved because sensors traditionally need properties like long-term stable characteristics, high reproducibility in the percent range and a selectivity towards the measurand without interference from other quantities.

To overcome these challenges new insights into the nature and the operation of hydrogels as part of technical systems are needed. Therefore we proposed this Special Issue to bring together new results in research and development that focus on the most recent advances in (i) phase-transition phenomena of stimuli-responsive hydrogels useful for sensor applications including their physical basis and modelling, (ii) basic transducer principles of hydrogel-based chemical sensors, (3) advanced systems employing hydrogel-based sensors, and (iv) novel or advanced approaches regarding the processing of hydrogels, the integration of hydrogels into technical environments and the fabrication of hydrogel-based sensors.

Prof. Dr. Andreas Richter
Prof. Dr. Karl-Friedrich Arndt
Prof. Dr. Gerald Gerlach
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Chemosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.


Keywords

  • stimuli-responsive hydrogels
  • phase transition phenomena
  • physics and modelling
  • transducer principles
  • advanced sensor systems

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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1069 KiB  
Article
Piezoresistive Chemical Sensors Based on Functionalized Hydrogels
by Margarita Guenther, Thomas Wallmersperger and Gerald Gerlach
Chemosensors 2014, 2(2), 145-170; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors2020145 - 10 Jun 2014
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7256
Abstract
Thin films of analyte-specific hydrogels were combined with microfabricated piezoresistive pressure transducers to obtain chemomechanical sensors that can serve as selective biochemical sensors for a continuous monitoring of metabolites. The gel swelling pressure has been monitored in simulated physiological solutions by means of [...] Read more.
Thin films of analyte-specific hydrogels were combined with microfabricated piezoresistive pressure transducers to obtain chemomechanical sensors that can serve as selective biochemical sensors for a continuous monitoring of metabolites. The gel swelling pressure has been monitored in simulated physiological solutions by means of the output signal of piezoresistive sensors. The interference by fructose, human serum albumin, pH, and ionic concentration on glucose sensing was studied. With the help of a database containing the calibration curves of the hydrogel-based sensors at different values of pH and ionic strength, the corrected values of pH and glucose concentration were determined using a novel calibration algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors)
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331 KiB  
Article
Chemo-Electrical Signal Transduction by Using Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Gate-Modified Field Effect Transistor
by Akira Matsumoto, Yusuke Tsurui, Hiroko Matsumoto, Yasuhiro Maeda, Toru Hoshi, Takashi Sawaguchi and Yuji Miyahara
Chemosensors 2014, 2(2), 97-107; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors2020097 - 26 Mar 2014
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 9197
Abstract
A glucose-responsive polymer brush was designed on a gold electrode and exploited as an extended gate for a field effect transistor (FET) based biosensor. A permittivity change at the gate interface due to the change in hydration upon specific binding with glucose was [...] Read more.
A glucose-responsive polymer brush was designed on a gold electrode and exploited as an extended gate for a field effect transistor (FET) based biosensor. A permittivity change at the gate interface due to the change in hydration upon specific binding with glucose was detectable. The rate of response was markedly enhanced compared to the previously studied cross-linked or gel-coupled electrode, owing to its kinetics involving no process of the polymer network diffusion. This finding may offer a new strategy of the FET-based biosensors effective not only for large molecules but also for electrically neutral molecules such as glucose with improved kinetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors)
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422 KiB  
Article
Swelling Properties of Hydrogels Containing Phenylboronic Acids
by Arum Kim, Siddharthya K. Mujumdar and Ronald A. Siegel
Chemosensors 2014, 2(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors2010001 - 30 Dec 2013
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 11694
Abstract
Phenylboronic acids are a class of compounds that bind glucose and other sugars. When polymerized into hydrogels, they provide a convenient nonenzymatic means for sensing glucose concentration, provided competing sugars are present at negligible concentrations. In this paper we provide a comprehensive study [...] Read more.
Phenylboronic acids are a class of compounds that bind glucose and other sugars. When polymerized into hydrogels, they provide a convenient nonenzymatic means for sensing glucose concentration, provided competing sugars are present at negligible concentrations. In this paper we provide a comprehensive study of swelling of hydrogels containing methacrylamidophenylboronic acid (MPBA), as a function of pH and concentration of either glucose or fructose. In one set of hydrogels, MPBA is substituted at 20 mol·% in a polyacrylamide hydrogel [p(MPBA-co-AAm)], while in a second set of hydrogels, 20 mol·% MPBA is supplemented with 20 mol·% of N-3-(dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide) [p(MPBA-co-DMP-co-AAm)]. Swelling curves are markedly different for fructose and glucose, and for the two sets of hydrogels. While fructose alters swelling by binding and contributing to the ionization of MPBA, glucose does the same, but it also can form crosslinking bridges between separate chains, leading to hydrogel shrinkage. While the [p(MPBA-co-AAm)] hydrogels behaved as polyacids, swelling monotonically with increasing pH, the [p(MPBA-co-DMP-co-AAm)] hydrogels exhibited polyampholyte behavior, with swelling minima at intermediate pH values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors)
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390 KiB  
Article
An Improved Design for Chemomechanical Sensors: A Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor with a Mechanical Boss
by Jeffrey Bates, Prashant Tathireddy, Sebastian Buetefisch and Jules Magda
Chemosensors 2013, 1(3), 33-42; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors1030033 - 28 Oct 2013
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6771
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels can be used to convert miniature pressure sensors into novel chemomechanical sensors via confinement of the hydrogel sample between a porous membrane and a piezoresistive diaphragm. Chemomechanical sensors could prove beneficial in a variety of applications, including continuous monitoring of bioreactors [...] Read more.
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels can be used to convert miniature pressure sensors into novel chemomechanical sensors via confinement of the hydrogel sample between a porous membrane and a piezoresistive diaphragm. Chemomechanical sensors could prove beneficial in a variety of applications, including continuous monitoring of bioreactors and biomedical systems. In this study, one hydrogel composition with a high sensitivity to changes in pH was tested in two different chemomechanical sensors in order to compare the data obtained from each sensor design. In the first and older chemomechanical sensor design, a prefabricated hydrogel sample is loaded into the sensor chamber using a screw-on cap. In the newer sensor design, a thinner hydrogel is synthesized in situ and is held in place by a silicon boss that is mechanically connected to a piezoresistive diaphragm. The newer design results in a decreased chemomechanical sensor response time (by 60 times), and maintains a high sensitivity to changes in environmental stimuli. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors)
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476 KiB  
Article
Effect of Hydrophobic Pollution on Response of Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogel
by Hideo Tajima, Fumiaki Sato and Kazuaki Yamagiwa
Chemosensors 2013, 1(3), 21-32; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors1030021 - 30 Sep 2013
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6591
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely studied for chemical sensors. However, they are known to adsorb organic compound and metal ions. The adsorption abilities of hydrogels against organic compounds and metal ions will negatively affect the performance of a hydrogel based chemical sensor. To clarify the [...] Read more.
Hydrogels are widely studied for chemical sensors. However, they are known to adsorb organic compound and metal ions. The adsorption abilities of hydrogels against organic compounds and metal ions will negatively affect the performance of a hydrogel based chemical sensor. To clarify the effect of hydrophobic pollution on swelling behavior of temperature-sensitive gel, the temperature-responses of spherical N,N-diethylacrylamide (DEAA) gel in phenol solution were evaluated using the collective polymer diffusion constant. Phenol was selected as a model hydrophobic pollution. The equilibrium radius of DEAA gel changed discontinuously at about 874 g/m3 phenol solution, and the collective polymer diffusion constant decreased sharply between 874 and 916 g/m3, suggesting a “critical slowing down”. The phenol concentration difference EC was successfully used to correlate phenol concentration with the collective polymer diffusion constant. The correlation will be useful as an estimation of hydrogel response reduction associated with hydrophobic pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors)
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Review

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2141 KiB  
Review
Simulation of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Networks
by Thomas Gruhn and Heike Emmerich
Chemosensors 2013, 1(3), 43-67; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors1030043 - 20 Nov 2013
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8677
Abstract
The structure and material properties of polymer networks can depend sensitively on changes in the environment. There is a great deal of progress in the development of stimuli-responsive hydrogels for applications like sensors, self-repairing materials or actuators. Biocompatible, smart hydrogels can be used [...] Read more.
The structure and material properties of polymer networks can depend sensitively on changes in the environment. There is a great deal of progress in the development of stimuli-responsive hydrogels for applications like sensors, self-repairing materials or actuators. Biocompatible, smart hydrogels can be used for applications, such as controlled drug delivery and release, or for artificial muscles. Numerical studies have been performed on different length scales and levels of details. Macroscopic theories that describe the network systems with the help of continuous fields are suited to study effects like the stimuli-induced deformation of hydrogels on large scales. In this article, we discuss various macroscopic approaches and describe, in more detail, our phase field model, which allows the calculation of the hydrogel dynamics with the help of a free energy that considers physical and chemical impacts. On a mesoscopic level, polymer systems can be modeled with the help of the self-consistent field theory, which includes the interactions, connectivity, and the entropy of the polymer chains, and does not depend on constitutive equations. We present our recent extension of the method that allows the study of the formation of nano domains in reversibly crosslinked block copolymer networks. Molecular simulations of polymer networks allow the investigation of the behavior of specific systems on a microscopic scale. As an example for microscopic modeling of stimuli sensitive polymer networks, we present our Monte Carlo simulations of a filament network system with crosslinkers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors)
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878 KiB  
Review
Autonomous Oscillation of Nonthermoresponsive Polymers and Gels Induced by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction
by Yusuke Hara
Chemosensors 2013, 1(2), 3-20; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors1020003 - 11 Sep 2013
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9825
Abstract
This review introduces the self-oscillating behavior of two types of nonthermoresponsive polymer systems with Ru catalyst moieties for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction: one with a poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) main chain, and the other with a poly(2-propenamide) (polyacrylamide) (PAM) main chain. The amplitude of the [...] Read more.
This review introduces the self-oscillating behavior of two types of nonthermoresponsive polymer systems with Ru catalyst moieties for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction: one with a poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) main chain, and the other with a poly(2-propenamide) (polyacrylamide) (PAM) main chain. The amplitude of the VP-based self-oscillating polymer chain and the activation energy for self-oscillation are hardly affected by the initial concentrations of the BZ substrates. The influences of the initial concentrations of the BZ substrates and the temperature on the period of the swelling-deswelling self-oscillation are examined in detail. Logarithmic plots of the period against the initial concentration of one BZ substrate, when the concentrations of the other two BZ substrates are fixed, show good linear relationships. The period of the swelling-deswelling self-oscillation decreases with increasing temperature, in accordance with the Arrhenius equation. The maximum frequency (0.5 Hz) of the poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) gel is 20 times that of the poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3) gel. It is also demonstrated that the amplitude of the volume self-oscillation for the gel has a tradeoff with the self-oscillation period. In addition, this review reports the self-oscillating behavior of an AM-based self-oscillating polymer chain as compared to that of the VP-based polymer chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Chemosensors)
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