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13 pages, 1927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Icephobic Coatings—How Can We Monitor Performance Durability?

by Nadine Rehfeld, Björn Speckmann, Claus Schreiner and Volkmar Stenzel

Coatings 2021, 11(6), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060614 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2671

Abstract

Significant progress in the field of icephobic coatings has raised a demand for evaluation criteria to assess and monitor the related icephobic effects and their durability. The initial coating performance in preventing ice formation and reducing ice adhesion needs to be proven over [...] Read more.

Significant progress in the field of icephobic coatings has raised a demand for evaluation criteria to assess and monitor the related icephobic effects and their durability. The initial coating performance in preventing ice formation and reducing ice adhesion needs to be proven over a given period by withstanding technically relevant stressors. In this study, silanized polyurethane (PUR) coatings are assessed in conjunction with a standardized accelerated ultraviolet (UV)-ageing procedure in order to identify potential monitoring tools that are also applicable during in-service inspections. Wettability and roughness parameters are recorded after pre-defined ageing intervals, compared with the ice adhesion strength, and tested using a modified centrifuge. Correlation assessments indicate that the chosen parameters cannot generally be used for the monitoring of icephobic effects for the selected material class. It is more likely that specific coating parameter sets need to be defined for in-service monitoring, as an important step towards the integration of icephobic coatings into technical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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9 pages, 2881 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Mechanical Equilibrium Dynamics Controlling Wetting State Transition at Low-Temperature Superhydrophobic Array-Microstructure Surfaces

by Yizhou Shen, Xinyu Xie, Jie Tao, Haifeng Chen, Zeyu Cai, Senyun Liu and Jiawei Jiang

Coatings 2021, 11(5), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050522 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2544

Abstract

Superhydrophobic materials are significant for engineering applications in the anti-icing field because of their non-wetting property. The interface physical mechanisms of non-wetting properties are important to promote real applications of superhydrophobic surfaces, especially under low-temperature conditions. Here, we found that low temperature could [...] Read more.

Superhydrophobic materials are significant for engineering applications in the anti-icing field because of their non-wetting property. The interface physical mechanisms of non-wetting properties are important to promote real applications of superhydrophobic surfaces, especially under low-temperature conditions. Here, we found that low temperature could induce the wetting state transition from a Cassie–Baxter state to a Wenzel state. This transition occurred at 14 °C (and 2 °C) on superhydrophobic surfaces with pillar heights of 250 μm (and 300 μm). As a consequence, the driving-force of the Cassie-Wenzel (C-W) wetting transition was induced by the contraction of air pockets on cooling, and the pressure of air pockets supporting the droplet decreased with the contraction degree. Decreasing the pressure of air pockets broke the mechanical equilibrium at the solid–liquid contact interface, and the continuous contraction overcame the resistance in the C-W wetting transition. Based on the analysis of work against resistance in the C-W wetting transition, lower C-W wetting transition temperature was mainly attributed to a higher pillar, which produced more work against resistance to require more energy. This energy was directly reflected by the energy required for continuous contraction of air pockets. Superhydrophobic surfaces with higher pillar structure remain stable non-wetting property at low-temperature conditions. This work provides theoretical support for the application of superhydrophobic materials in low-temperature environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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15 pages, 1818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Based Prediction of Nanoscale Ice Adhesion on Rough Surfaces

by Simen Ringdahl, Senbo Xiao, Jianying He and Zhiliang Zhang

Coatings 2021, 11(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010033 - 31 Dec 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3633

Abstract

It is widely recognized that surface roughness plays an important role in ice adhesion strength, although the correlation between the two is far from understood. In this paper, two approaches, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and machine learning (ML), were utilized to study the [...] Read more.

It is widely recognized that surface roughness plays an important role in ice adhesion strength, although the correlation between the two is far from understood. In this paper, two approaches, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and machine learning (ML), were utilized to study the nanoscale intrinsic ice adhesion strength on rough surfaces. A systematic algorithm for making random rough surfaces was developed and the surfaces were tested for their ice adhesion strength, with varying interatomic potentials. Using MD simulations, the intrinsic ice adhesion strength was found to be significantly lower on rougher surfaces, which was attributed to the lubricating effect of a thin quasi-liquid layer. An increase in the substrate–ice interatomic potential increased the thickness of the quasi-liquid layer on rough surfaces. Two different ML algorithms, regression and classification, were trained using the results from the MD simulations, with support vector machines (SVM) emerging as the best for classifying. The ML approach showed an encouraging prediction accuracy, and for the first time shed light on using ML for anti-icing surface design. The findings provide a better understanding of the role of nanoscale roughness in intrinsic ice adhesion and suggest that ML can be a powerful tool in finding materials with a low ice adhesion strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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18 pages, 7487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Durability of Superamphiphobic Polyester Fabrics in Simulated Aerodynamic Icing Conditions

by Alexandre Laroche, Linda Ritzen, Javier Alejandro Mayén Guillén, Vittorio Vercillo, Maria D’Acunzi, Azadeh Sharifi Aghili, Jeanette Hussong, Doris Vollmer and Elmar Bonaccurso

Coatings 2020, 10(11), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111058 - 2 Nov 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3777

Abstract

Fabrics treated to repel water, superhydrophobic, and water and oil, superamphiphobic, have numerous industrial and consumer-level benefits. However, the liquid repellency decreases in the course of time. This is largely due to chemical or physical changes of the coating due to prolonged exposure [...] Read more.

Fabrics treated to repel water, superhydrophobic, and water and oil, superamphiphobic, have numerous industrial and consumer-level benefits. However, the liquid repellency decreases in the course of time. This is largely due to chemical or physical changes of the coating due to prolonged exposure to relatively harsh environments. To develop more durable fabric treatments for specific applications, it is necessary to measure the extent to which the treated fabrics retain their low-wettability after being subjected to controlled aggressive environmental conditions. In this study, plain weave fabrics made from polyester filaments and coated with silicone nanofilaments in-solution were exposed to aerodynamic icing conditions. The coated fabrics showed superhydrophobic behavior, or superamphiphobic for those that were fluorinated. The wettability of the fabrics was progressively evaluated by contact angle and roll-off-angle measurements. The coated fabrics were able to maintain their low-wettability characteristics after exposure to water droplet clouds at airspeeds up to 120 m/s, despite damage to the silicone nanofilaments, visible through scanning electron microscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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12 pages, 4459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Solid–Ice Interface Mechanism on the Hydrophobic Nano-Pillar Structure Epoxy Surface for Reducing Ice Adhesion

by Zhenfeng Jia, Yizhou Shen, Jie Tao, Yu Zhang, Haifeng Chen, Yang Lu and Zhengwei Wu

Coatings 2020, 10(11), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111043 - 29 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2862

Abstract

Ice accumulation on wind turbine blades reduces power generation efficiency and increases wind turbines’ maintenance cost, even causing equipment damage and casualties. In this work, in order to achieve passive anti-icing, a series of nano-pillar array structures with different diameters of from 100 [...] Read more.

Ice accumulation on wind turbine blades reduces power generation efficiency and increases wind turbines’ maintenance cost, even causing equipment damage and casualties. In this work, in order to achieve passive anti-icing, a series of nano-pillar array structures with different diameters of from 100 to 400 nm and heights of from 400 to 1500 nm were constructed on the substrate bisphenol-A epoxy resin, which is generally used in the manufacturing of wind turbine blades. The as-constructed functional surface showed excellent water repellence, with a contact angle of up to 154.3°. The water repellence on the nano-pillar array structures could induce ultra-low ice adhesion as low as 7.0 kPa, finding their place in the widely recognized scope of icephobic materials. The underlying solid–ice interface mechanism was well revealed in regard to two aspects: the interface non-wetting regime and the stress concentration behavior on the nano-pillar array structured surface. A detailed discussion on both the factors presented here will help surface structure design and function of icephobic materials, especially for epoxy-based composite materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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11 pages, 4129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Ultralow Ice-Adhesion Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces on Aluminum Alloy (7075-T651)

by Yuan Yuan, Liang Wang, Guoyong Liu and Ruijin Liao

Coatings 2020, 10(11), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111025 - 24 Oct 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2562

Abstract

Slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) have been considered to be potential and effective method for anti-icing. Much work needed to be done for the application in field. In this study, SLIPS were successfully fabricated on 7075-T651 aluminum alloy by anodizing in phosphoric [...] Read more.

Slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) have been considered to be potential and effective method for anti-icing. Much work needed to be done for the application in field. In this study, SLIPS were successfully fabricated on 7075-T651 aluminum alloy by anodizing in phosphoric acid solution with three different voltage parameters and coating lubricant. Then the most suitable anodization parameters of samples were selected through the anti-icing performance tests. The best as-prepared surface exhibited ultralow ice-adhesion strength, which reduced from 261 to 6 kPa. Meanwhile, the freezing time of water-drop on aluminum alloy surfaces have been dramatically delayed at −5 and −10 °C (humidity of 75% ± 5%), respectively. Moreover, the durability of the SLIPS have also been investigated. Cycles of icing/deicing, mechanical damage, thermal and UV exposure were used to investigate the durability of SLIPS, and SLIPS could still show low ice-adhesion strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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11 pages, 4326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Droplet Impact on the Cold Elastic Superhydrophobic Membrane with Low Ice Adhesion

by Chenlu Qian, Qiang Li and Xuemei Chen

Coatings 2020, 10(10), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100964 - 9 Oct 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2835

Abstract

The elastic membranes with different surface stiffness were fabricated via spin-coating followed by the laser ablation. The as-fabricated elastic membrane exhibited superhydrophobicity with a rough microstructure. The droplet impacting experiment on the cold elastic superhydrophobic membrane was conducted, and the influence of surface [...] Read more.

The elastic membranes with different surface stiffness were fabricated via spin-coating followed by the laser ablation. The as-fabricated elastic membrane exhibited superhydrophobicity with a rough microstructure. The droplet impacting experiment on the cold elastic superhydrophobic membrane was conducted, and the influence of surface stiffness and impacting speed on the droplet impacting process were investigated. It was found that the elastic superhydrophobic membrane exhibits a robust anti-icing performance compared with the elastic hydrophobic membrane. A lower surface stiffness corresponds to a larger deformation degree of the elastic membrane and to a smaller maximum droplet spreading diameter. Moreover, the contact time decreases with the increase of impacting speed as for the same stiffness of the cold elastic superhydrophobic membrane. The underlying mechanism of the cold elastic membrane with low ice adhesion may be due to the face that the deformation of the superhydrophobic membrane provides an elastic force for the droplet to detach from the surface and thus reduce the heat transfer between the droplet and the surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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10 pages, 5430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of a Porous Slippery Icephobic Surface and Effect of Lubricant Viscosity on Anti-Icing Properties and Durability

by Guoyong Liu, Yuan Yuan, Ruijin Liao, Liang Wang and Xue Gao

Coatings 2020, 10(9), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090896 - 18 Sep 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3500

Abstract

A breakdown caused by the icing of power generation infrastructure is one of the serious disasters occurring in the power system. Slippery lubricant-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs), whose ice adhesion strength is extremely low, have a promising application in the anti-icing field. In the [...] Read more.

A breakdown caused by the icing of power generation infrastructure is one of the serious disasters occurring in the power system. Slippery lubricant-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs), whose ice adhesion strength is extremely low, have a promising application in the anti-icing field. In the present study, we fabricated SLIPSs with low ice adhesion strength by infusing silicone oil into an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) substrate. In addition, the effects of the viscosity of silicone oil on the anti-icing properties and durability of the SLIPSs were investigated. The results show that a lower viscosity silicone oil brings about more slippery surfaces and lower ice adhesion strength. The ice adhesion strength was reduced by 99.3% in comparison with the bare Al alloy. However, low-viscosity silicone oil has worse de-icing resistance and heat resistance. Additionally, the porous films filled with low-viscosity silicone oil possess a better self-healing property after icing/de-icing cycles and followed by exposure to the atmosphere. When the viscosity of silicone oil is 50 mPa·s, the SLIPSs exhibit the best durability for anti-icing. Even after 21 de-icing tests or 168 h of heating at 90 °C, the ice adhesion strength still remains below 10% compared with that of bare Al. This work provides some useful advice for the design and fabrication of anti-icing SLIPSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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17 pages, 796 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanoscale Correlations of Ice Adhesion Strength and Water Contact Angle

by Sigrid Rønneberg, Senbo Xiao, Jianying He and Zhiliang Zhang

Coatings 2020, 10(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040379 - 12 Apr 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5247

Abstract

Surfaces with low ice adhesion represent a promising strategy to achieve passive anti-icing performance. However, as a successful and robust low ice adhesion surface must be tested under realistic conditions at low temperatures and for several types of ice, the initial screening of [...] Read more.

Surfaces with low ice adhesion represent a promising strategy to achieve passive anti-icing performance. However, as a successful and robust low ice adhesion surface must be tested under realistic conditions at low temperatures and for several types of ice, the initial screening of potential low ice adhesion surfaces requires large resources. A theoretical relation between ice adhesion and water wettability in the form of water contact angle exists, but there is disagreement on whether this relation holds for experiments. In this study, we utilised molecular dynamics simulations to examine the fundamental relations between ice adhesion and water contact angle on an ideal graphene surface. The results show a significant correlation according to the theoretic predictions, indicating that the theoretical relation holds for the ice and water when discarding surface material deformations and other experimental factors. The reproduction of the thermodynamic theory at the nanoscale is important due to the gap between experimental observations and theoretical models. The results in this study represent a step forward towards understanding the fundamental mechanisms of water–solid and ice–solid interactions, and the relationship between them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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Review

Jump to: Research

26 pages, 5598 KiB

Open AccessReview

Design of Icephobic Surfaces by Lowering Ice Adhesion Strength: A Mini Review

by Zhiwei He, Yizhi Zhuo, Zhiliang Zhang and Jianying He

Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111343 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 6104

Abstract

Ice accretion can lead to severe consequences in daily life and sometimes catastrophic events. To mitigate the hazard of icing, passive icephobic surfaces have drawn widespread attentions because of their abilities in repelling incoming water droplets, suppressing ice nucleation and/or lowering ice adhesion [...] Read more.

Ice accretion can lead to severe consequences in daily life and sometimes catastrophic events. To mitigate the hazard of icing, passive icephobic surfaces have drawn widespread attentions because of their abilities in repelling incoming water droplets, suppressing ice nucleation and/or lowering ice adhesion strength. As time elapses and temperature lowers sufficiently, ice accretion becomes inevitable, and a realistic roadmap to surface icephobicity for various outdoor anti-icing applications is to live with ice but with the lowest ice adhesion strength. In this review, surfaces with icephobicity are critically categorized into smooth surfaces, textured surfaces, slippery surfaces and sub-surface textured surfaces, and discussed in terms of theoretical limit, current status and perspectives. Particular attention is paid to multiple passive anti-icing strategies combined approaches as proposed on the basis of icephobic surfaces. Correlating the current strategies with one another will promote understanding of the key parameters in lowering ice adhesion strength. Finally, we provide remarks on the rational design of state-of-the-art icephobic surfaces with low ice adhesion strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Ice Adhesion Coatings)

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