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Crystals
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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels
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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 9299

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shenghu Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
Interests: mechanical behaviors; microstructure characterization; deformation mechanisms; alloying design; microstructural control; structural materials for nuclear system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Qingsong Pan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
Interests: nanostructure; nanotwin; mechanical property; fatigue; cyclic deformation; deformation mechanism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Austenitic stainless steels constitute about 70% of stainless steel production, and are widely used in many industrial fields (e.g., chemical, petrochemical, fertilizer, food, medical and nuclear) owing to their excellent corrosion resistance, superior mechanical properties and good workability. To meet the requirements of extreme operating environments such as cryogenic temperature, higher temperature, higher operating pressure, severe corrosive environment, radiation environment and longer lifetime, the continuing development of austenitic stainless steels is still underway. Currently, promising methods including novel alloying design, processing techniques and fabrication techniques are proposed to further improve the mechanical properties.

This Special Issue titled ”Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels” aims to highlight recent progress in microstructural modification and mechanical properties improvement in austenitic stainless steels. The submitted contributions include but are not limited to the following topics:

  • Alloying design and microstructural control strategies for high-performance austenitic stainless steels;
  • Microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels prepared by novel fabrication process routes;
  • Two- and three-dimensional characterization of microstructural evolution under service-exposed conditions, including temperature, load, corrosive, radiation, etc.;
  • Insight into deformation mechanisms under service-exposed conditions;
  • Understanding mechanical properties degradation under service-exposed conditions;
  • Advances in the service life prediction evaluation of austenitic stainless steels.

Dr. Shenghu Chen
Dr. Qingsong Pan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • austenitic stainless steel
  • microstructure characterization
  • mechanical properties
  • alloying design
  • microstructural control
  • novel fabrication process routes
  • microstructural evolution
  • deformation mechanism
  • service life prediction evaluation

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 20905 KiB  
Article
Study on Pulsed Gas Tungsten Arc Lap Welding Techniques for 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel
by Yi Jiang, Jiafeng Wu, Chao Zhou, Qingqing Han and Chunjian Hua
Crystals 2024, 14(8), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14080715 - 9 Aug 2024
Viewed by 637
Abstract
The lap welding process for 304L stainless steel welded using the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding (P-GTAW) procedure was studied, and the effects of the pulse welding parameters (the peak current, background current, duty cycle, pulse frequency, and welding speed) on the macroscopic [...] Read more.
The lap welding process for 304L stainless steel welded using the pulsed gas tungsten arc welding (P-GTAW) procedure was studied, and the effects of the pulse welding parameters (the peak current, background current, duty cycle, pulse frequency, and welding speed) on the macroscopic morphology, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the resultant lap joints were investigated. Tensile tests, hardness measurements, and SEM/EDS/XRD analyses were conducted to reveal the characterization of the joint. The relationships between the welding parameters; certain joint characteristic dimensions (the weld width, D; the weld width on the lower plate, La; the weld depth on the lower plate, P; and the minimum fusion radius, R); and the maximum tensile bearing capacity were studied. The weld zone was primarily composed of vermicular ferrite, skeletal ferrite, and austenite, and no obvious welding defects, precipitation, or phase transformations were evident in the weld. Microhardness tests demonstrated that the weld microhardness was highest in the base metal zone and lowest in the weld zone. As the heat input increased, the average microhardness decreased. The hardness difference reached 17.6 Hv10 due to the uneven grain size and the transformation of the structure to ferrite in the weld. The fracture location in welded joints varied as the heat input changed. In some parameter combinations, the weld tensile strength was significantly higher than that of the base material, with fractures occurring in the weld. Scanning electron microscopy results exhibited an obvious dimple morphology, which is a typical form of ductile fracture. XRD revealed no significant phase changes in the weld zone, with a higher intensity of the austenite diffraction peaks compared to the ferrite diffraction peaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels)
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18 pages, 13900 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Charpy Impact Toughness and Dry Sliding Tribological Behavior of AISI 316H Stainless Steel
by Ladislav Falat, Lucia Čiripová, Ondrej Petruš, Viktor Puchý, Ivan Petryshynets, Karol Kovaľ and Róbert Džunda
Crystals 2023, 13(8), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13081249 - 12 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1242
Abstract
In this work, solution-annealed AISI 316H grade austenitic stainless steel was studied in terms of investigating the electrolytic hydrogen charging effects on the resulting Charpy impact toughness and dry sliding tribological behavior. Conventional Charpy impact bending tests were employed to study the mechanical [...] Read more.
In this work, solution-annealed AISI 316H grade austenitic stainless steel was studied in terms of investigating the electrolytic hydrogen charging effects on the resulting Charpy impact toughness and dry sliding tribological behavior. Conventional Charpy impact bending tests were employed to study the mechanical response of the investigated material to dynamic loading conditions, whereas dry linear sliding tribological tests were used to study material friction and wear behavior. The obtained mechanical and tribological properties were correlated with corresponding fracture and tribological mechanisms, which were determined from morphological observations of fracture surfaces and tribological tracks. The applied testing procedures were individually carried out for the non-hydrogenated, hydrogen-charged, and dehydrogenated material conditions. The observed changes in individual properties due to applied hydrogen charging were rather small, which indicated the good resistance of solution-annealed AISI 316H steel against material degradation in currently used electrolytic hydrogenation conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels)
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16 pages, 5905 KiB  
Article
Effect of Phosphorous Content on the Microstructure and Stress Rupture Properties of 15Cr–15Ni Titanium-Modified Austenitic Stainless Steel
by Yufei Qiao, Tian Liang, Sihan Chen, Yuanyuan Ren, Chunming Liu, Yue Qi, Yingche Ma and Kui Liu
Crystals 2023, 13(4), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13040703 - 20 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1676
Abstract
The microstructure of solution-annealed and aged tensile properties and the stress rupture properties of 15Cr–15Ni titanium-modified austenitic stainless steel with different phosphorus contents were investigated using OM, SEM and TEM. The results showed that two phosphide morphologies were observed after long-term isothermal aging [...] Read more.
The microstructure of solution-annealed and aged tensile properties and the stress rupture properties of 15Cr–15Ni titanium-modified austenitic stainless steel with different phosphorus contents were investigated using OM, SEM and TEM. The results showed that two phosphide morphologies were observed after long-term isothermal aging at 850 °C for 1000 h. One was the needle-like M2P distributed within the grain. The other was the blocky M3P distributed at the grain boundaries and twins. The tensile properties of the alloy were unaffected by the phosphorus content, but the stress rupture properties were significantly impacted. With the increase in the phosphorus content from 70 ppm to 250 ppm, the stress rupture life increased from 148 to 269.7 h. Since the strengthening effect of phosphides within the grain or at the grain boundary has been shown to improve the stress rupture properties of alloys, many nanosized granular precipitates, such as the sigma phase, carbides and phosphides, have been observed at the grain boundary, capable of alleviating the stress concentration and limit the crack propagation between two phases, improving the strength of the grain boundary. Intragranular needle-like phosphides can hinder dislocation movements effectively, which improves the intragranular strength of alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels)
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11 pages, 2328 KiB  
Article
Correction of Phase Balance on Nd:YAG Pulsed Laser Welded UNS S32750 Using Cobalt Electroplating Technique
by Eli J. Da Cruz Junior, Bruna B. Seloto, Vicente A. Ventrella, Francisco M. F. A. Varasquim, Andrea Zambon, Irene Calliari, Claudio Gennari and Alessio G. Settimi
Crystals 2023, 13(2), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020256 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1836
Abstract
Super-duplex stainless steel (SDSS) shows high mechanical and corrosion resistance because of the balanced structure of austenite and ferrite. However, maintaining this phase ratio after welding is a challenge. The use of austenite stabilizing components is recommended to balance the microstructure. The addition [...] Read more.
Super-duplex stainless steel (SDSS) shows high mechanical and corrosion resistance because of the balanced structure of austenite and ferrite. However, maintaining this phase ratio after welding is a challenge. The use of austenite stabilizing components is recommended to balance the microstructure. The addition of alloying elements presents a challenge because of the characteristics of Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding. An approach, which has proven to be effective, is to use metal electroplating to prepare the surfaces of the mechanical SDSS components that will be welded, therefore promoting the phase balance in the fusion zone. While the effects of metals such as nickel as an austenite stabilizer are well recognized, cobalt’s effects require more research. The present work investigated the influence of the use of cobalt addition in the joining process by preliminary electroplating on UNS S32750 SDSS Nd: YAG pulsed laser welding, specifically regarding microstructure and microhardness. Three conditions were investigated, changing the thickness of the deposited cobalt layer. The addition of cobalt modified the morphology and increased the volume fraction of austenite. An austenite volume fraction of around 48% was obtained using a 35 μm thick cobalt coating. The microhardness was affected by austenite/ferrite proportions. The microhardness dropped from about 375 HV to 345 HV as the cobalt layer’s thickness rose, being similar to that of the base metal. The effect of cobalt as an austenite stabilizer was observed, and the cobalt electroplating technique was effective to correct the phase balance on UNS S32750 laser welding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels)
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Review

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18 pages, 2638 KiB  
Review
Tailoring Microstructure of Austenitic Stainless Steel with Improved Performance for Generation-IV Fast Reactor Application: A Review
by Shenghu Chen, Ang Xie, Xinliang Lv, Sihan Chen, Chunguang Yan, Haichang Jiang and Lijian Rong
Crystals 2023, 13(2), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020268 - 3 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3154
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels are selected as candidate materials for in-core and out-of-core components of Generation-IV fast reactors due to their excellent operating experience in light-water reactors over several decades. However, the performance of conventional austenitic stainless steels proves to be inadequate through operation [...] Read more.
Austenitic stainless steels are selected as candidate materials for in-core and out-of-core components of Generation-IV fast reactors due to their excellent operating experience in light-water reactors over several decades. However, the performance of conventional austenitic stainless steels proves to be inadequate through operation feedback in fast reactors. To withstand the demands for material performance exposure to the extreme operating environment of fast reactors, modified austenitic stainless steels for in-core and out-of-core components have been developed from the first-generation 300-series steels. The design of an appropriate microstructure becomes a top priority for improving material performance, and key metallurgical features including δ-ferrite content, grain size and secondary phase precipitation pertinent to austenitic stainless steel are focused on in this paper. δ-ferrite content and grain size are closely correlated with the fabrication program and their effects on mechanical properties, especially creep and fatigue properties are critically assessed. Moreover, the impacts of some major elements including nitrogen, stabilization elements (Nb, Ti, V), phosphorus and boron on secondary phase precipitation behaviors during aging or creep are reviewed in detail. Based on the role of the aforementioned metallurgical features, the recommended specification of nitrogen content, stabilization ratio, phosphorus content, boron content, δ-ferrite content and grain size are put forward to guarantee the best-expected performance, which could provide reactors designers with attractive options to optimize fast reactor systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels)
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