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Electronics
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Blockchain for Vehicular Networks
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Blockchain for Vehicular Networks

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Networks".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 28899

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Seung Yeob Nam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
Interests: computer networks; network security; blockchain; cloud computing
Dr. Yousaf Bin Zikria

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
Interests: IoT; 5G; wireless networks; cognitive radio networks; information and network security
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, blockchain technology has been studied and applied to many diverse fields because of its properties, including immutability, consensus among distrusted nodes, and cryptographic security. If the messages exchanged in the vehicular networks are not trustworthy, or emergency messages are not delivered in a timely manner, they might incur critical damage and severe traffic jams on the road. Blockchain can provide a good solution to these issues. In this Special Issue, we are particularly interested in identifying the potential problems with the future vehicular networks, and for finding solutions for these issues based on blockchain technology.  

The topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following: 

  • Design of blockchain for vehicular networks
  • Implementation of blockchain for vehicular networks
  • Simulator to evaluate blockchain for vehicular networks
  • Application of smart contract to vehicular networks
  • Security of blockchain for vehicular networks
  • Mathematical analysis of blockchain for vehicular networks
  • Blockchain-based security services for vehicular networks
  • Low latency blockchain for vehicular networks
Prof. Dr. Seung Yeob Nam
Prof. Dr. Yousaf Bin Zikria
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Design of blockchain
  • Analysis of blockchain
  • Simulator for blockchain
  • P2P blockchain network for vehicular networks
  • Application of blockchain
  • Smart contract for vehicular networks

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2837 KiB  
Article
Toward Blockchain-Enabled Privacy-Preserving Data Transmission in Cluster-Based Vehicular Networks
by Gyanendra Prasad Joshi, Eswaran Perumal, K. Shankar, Usman Tariq, Tariq Ahmad and Atef Ibrahim
Electronics 2020, 9(9), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091358 - 21 Aug 2020
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4321
Abstract
In recent times, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) have become a core part of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which aim to achieve continual Internet connectivity among vehicles on the road. The VANET has been used to improve driving safety and construct an ITS [...] Read more.
In recent times, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) have become a core part of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which aim to achieve continual Internet connectivity among vehicles on the road. The VANET has been used to improve driving safety and construct an ITS in modern cities. However, owing to the wireless characteristics, the message transmitted through the network can be observed, altered, or forged. Since driving safety is a major part of VANET, the security and privacy of these messages must be preserved. Therefore, this paper introduces an efficient privacy-preserving data transmission architecture that makes use of blockchain technology in cluster-based VANET. The cluster-based VANET architecture is used to achieve load balancing and minimize overhead in the network, where the clustering process is performed using the rainfall optimization algorithm (ROA). The ROA-based clustering with blockchain-based data transmission, called a ROAC-B technique, initially clusters the vehicles, and communication takes place via blockchain technology. A sequence of experiments was conducted to ensure the superiority of the ROAC-B technique, and several aspects of the results were considered. The simulation outcome showed that the ROAC-B technique is superior to other techniques in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), end to end (ETE) delay, throughput, and cluster size. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain for Vehicular Networks)
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Review

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33 pages, 48789 KiB  
Review
Security Issues with In-Vehicle Networks, and Enhanced Countermeasures Based on Blockchain
by Narayan Khatri, Rakesh Shrestha and Seung Yeob Nam
Electronics 2021, 10(8), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080893 - 8 Apr 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 10556
Abstract
Modern vehicles are no longer simply mechanical devices. Connectivity between the vehicular network and the outside world has widened the security holes that hackers can use to exploit a vehicular network. Controller Area Network (CAN), FlexRay, and automotive Ethernet are popular protocols for [...] Read more.
Modern vehicles are no longer simply mechanical devices. Connectivity between the vehicular network and the outside world has widened the security holes that hackers can use to exploit a vehicular network. Controller Area Network (CAN), FlexRay, and automotive Ethernet are popular protocols for in-vehicle networks (IVNs) and will stay in the industry for many more years. However, these protocols were not designed with security in mind. They have several vulnerabilities, such as lack of message authentication, lack of message encryption, and an ID-based arbitration mechanism for contention resolution. Adversaries can use these vulnerabilities to launch sophisticated attacks that may lead to loss of life and damage to property. Thus, the security of the vehicles should be handled carefully. In this paper, we investigate the security vulnerabilities with in-vehicle network protocols such as CAN, automotive Ethernet, and FlexRay. A comprehensive survey on security attacks launched against in-vehicle networks is presented along with countermeasures adopted by various researchers. Various algorithms have been proposed in the past for intrusion detection in IVNs. However, those approaches have several limitations that need special attention from the research community. Blockchain is a good approach to solving the existing security issues in IVNs, and we suggest a way to improve IVN security based on a hybrid blockchain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain for Vehicular Networks)
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33 pages, 888 KiB  
Review
Evolution of V2X Communication and Integration of Blockchain for Security Enhancements
by Rakesh Shrestha, Seung Yeob Nam, Rojeena Bajracharya and Shiho Kim
Electronics 2020, 9(9), 1338; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091338 - 19 Aug 2020
Cited by 85 | Viewed by 12687
Abstract
With the rapid evolution in wireless communications and autonomous vehicles, intelligent and autonomous vehicles will be launched soon. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications provides driving safety, traffic efficiency, and road information in real-time in vehicular networks. V2X has evolved by integrating cellular 5G [...] Read more.
With the rapid evolution in wireless communications and autonomous vehicles, intelligent and autonomous vehicles will be launched soon. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications provides driving safety, traffic efficiency, and road information in real-time in vehicular networks. V2X has evolved by integrating cellular 5G and New Radio (NR) access technology in V2X communications (i.e., 5G NR V2X); it can fulfill the ever-evolving vehicular application, communication, and service demands of connected vehicles, such as ultra-low latency, ultra-high bandwidth, ultra-high reliability, and security. However, with the increasing number of intelligent and autonomous vehicles and their safety requirements, there is a backlash in deployment and management because of scalability, poor security and less flexibility. Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) plays a significant role in bringing cloud services closer to vehicular nodes, which reduces the scalability and flexibility issues. In addition, blockchain has evolved as an effective technology enabler to solve several security, privacy, and networking issues faced by the current 5G-based MEC systems in vehicular networks. Blockchain can be integrated as a strong security mechanism for securing and managing 5G V2X along with MEC. In this survey, we discuss, in detail, state-of-the-art V2X, its evolution based on cellular 5G technology and non-cellular 802.11bd. We investigate the integration of blockchain in 5G-based MEC vehicular networks for security, privacy protection, and content caching. We present the issues and challenges in existing edge computing and 5G V2X and, then, we shed some light on future research directions in these integrated and emerging technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain for Vehicular Networks)
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