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Fire
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Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment
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Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255). This special issue belongs to the section "Fire Risk Assessment and Safety Management in Buildings and Urban Spaces".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2025 | Viewed by 8518

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shenshi Huang

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Guest Editor
School of Architecture Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
Interests: fire risk assessment; building evacuation; intelligent fire protection
Dr. Yubo Bi

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Guest Editor
School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
Interests: tunnel fire; fire protection; fire simulation
Dr. Mingjun Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Interests: fire suppression mechanism of water mist; smoke control; fire dynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to a Special Issue on Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment in our journal. This Special Issue aims to showcase the latest advancements and research breakthroughs in the field of safety management and risk assessment, emphasizing the utilization of advanced technologies and data-driven approaches for enhancing fire safety measures.

This Special Issue aims to shed light on the crucial aspects of fire safety management and risk assessment, offering a comprehensive understanding of the challenges, strategies, and technologies that contribute to effective fire prevention, detection, and mitigation. Intelligent fire safety management leverages cutting-edge technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT), to enhance fire prevention, detection, and suppression. This Special Issue seeks to foster collaboration and exchange of knowledge, ultimately advancing fire safety practices and minimizing the devastating impacts of fires.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Hazards and risk assessment of lithium-ion battery systems;
  • Fire protection measures in energy storage systems;
  • Fire safety strategies for hydrogen fuel cell technologies;
  • Fisk assessment framework for gas-fired power plants;
  • IoT-based smart fire alarm and evacuation systems;
  • Data analytics and predictive modeling for fire risk assessment;
  • Human–computer interaction in fire safety management;
  • Development and evaluation of IoT-enabled fire monitoring systems;
  • Smart sensors and wireless networks for intelligent fire alarm systems;
  • Human–computer interaction for enhancing firefighters' situational awareness;
  • Risk assessment and safety analysis of smart homes and buildings;
  • Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications in fire safety training;
  • Fire suppression system evaluation in ships and maritime vessels;
  • Intelligent pedestrian evacuation system in smart buildings;
  • Risk assessment of crowd movement and evacuation.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Shenshi Huang
Dr. Yubo Bi
Dr. Mingjun Xu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • safety management
  • risk assessment
  • IoT-based system
  • fire safety training
  • crowd evacuation

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  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 7039 KiB  
Article
Fire Safety Characteristics of Pine Wood Under Low Pressure and Oxygen Enrichment
by Sijie Ding, Xuhong Jia, Junhao Ma, Jing Tang and Wenbing Li
Fire 2024, 7(11), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7110416 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 449
Abstract
Oxygen enrichment at high altitudes indoors can be effective in meeting demand. However, the high oxygen environment inevitably brings about additional fire hazards, and the specific changes are still unclear. As pine wood is a common material in construction, this paper provides data [...] Read more.
Oxygen enrichment at high altitudes indoors can be effective in meeting demand. However, the high oxygen environment inevitably brings about additional fire hazards, and the specific changes are still unclear. As pine wood is a common material in construction, this paper provides data support for fire protection for buildings in highland areas by studying the combustion characteristics of pine wood at different oxygen concentration (21.0%, 23.0%, 30.0%, 27.0%, 33.0%) under different atmospheric pressures (50.0 kPa, 60.0 kPa, 70.0 kPa). The results show the relations of mass loss rate and the oxygen concentration with different pressures: m∝PYO2,∞21.84 (m is the mass loss rate; P is the pressure; and Yo2 is the oxygen concentration). The relation of flame spread rate and the oxygen concentration with different pressures is also shown: Vf∝PYO24.51.2 (Vf is the flame spread rate). It was observed that the increase in pressure and oxygen concentration made the combustion reaction more complete, for burning time, flame area, flame propagation rate, MLR, flame temperature, and CO2 production increase, but CO shows an opposite trend. Oxygen enrichment will significantly increase the fire risk of pine wood within a low-pressure environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment)
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17 pages, 5045 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Corridor Directional Configuration on Wayfinding Behavior during Fire Evacuation in Underground Spaces: An Empirical Study Based on Virtual Reality
by Dachuan Wang, Ning Li, Silin Wu and Tiejun Zhou
Fire 2024, 7(8), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7080294 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 906
Abstract
This study employed Virtual Reality (VR) technology to investigate the influence of corridor directional configuration on evacuation wayfinding behavior in underground spaces. The study designed two virtual underground space fire evacuation scenarios with different forms of intersections, and recruited 115 volunteers to participate [...] Read more.
This study employed Virtual Reality (VR) technology to investigate the influence of corridor directional configuration on evacuation wayfinding behavior in underground spaces. The study designed two virtual underground space fire evacuation scenarios with different forms of intersections, and recruited 115 volunteers to participate in the experiment.The results indicated that corridor directional configuration significantly affected participants’ fire evacuation wayfinding behavior. At Y-shaped and T-shaped intersections with left and right turning options, participants showed a preference for choosing the right-side corridor. At ┡-shaped and ┩-shaped intersections with straight and turning options, participants tended to choose the straight path. Individual factors (such as gender, evacuation experience, and professional background) did not demonstrate significant effects on wayfinding choices in this study, though they may produce different evacuation outcomes in various scenarios. In practical evacuation design, corridor directional configuration should be organically integrated with other environmental factors to reinforce directional preferences and more effectively guide evacuation. The findings provide scientific evidence for underground space evacuation route design, which can be used to optimize evacuation signage and path configuration, thereby improving evacuation efficiency and safety. Future research could be conducted in more complex environments, considering additional variables to gain a more comprehensive understanding of evacuation behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment)
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20 pages, 4743 KiB  
Article
Hazardous Chemical Laboratory Fire Risk Assessment Based on ANP and 3D Risk Matrix
by Changmao Qi, Qifeng Zou, Yu Cao and Mingyuan Ma
Fire 2024, 7(8), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7080287 - 16 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 953
Abstract
The laboratory is a high-risk place for scientific research and learning, and there are many risk factors and great potential for harm. Hazardous chemicals are important to consider and are the key objects to monitor in a laboratory. In recent years, hazardous chemical [...] Read more.
The laboratory is a high-risk place for scientific research and learning, and there are many risk factors and great potential for harm. Hazardous chemicals are important to consider and are the key objects to monitor in a laboratory. In recent years, hazardous chemical fire accidents have occurred in laboratories in various industries, bringing painful lessons and making it urgent to strengthen the safety management of hazardous laboratory chemicals. In this study, a semi-quantitative comprehensive risk assessment model for hazardous chemical laboratory fires was constructed by combining the bowtie model, three-dimensional risk matrix, and analytic network process (ANP). This study applied this method to the management of hazardous chemicals at the TRT Research Institute; evaluated the probability, severity, and preventive components of the corresponding indicators by constructing different index systems; and calculated the evaluation results using the weight of each index. The evaluation results show that the comprehensive likelihood level is 2, the comprehensive severity level is 3, the comprehensive preventive level is 3, and the final calculated comprehensive risk level is tolerable (II). Based on the results of the risk assessment, the corresponding control measures that can reduce the fire risk of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory are proposed according to the actual situation at the TRT Research Institute. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment)
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25 pages, 9445 KiB  
Article
Multiscale Interactions between Local Short- and Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Mechanisms and Their Impact on California Wildfire Dynamics
by Stella Afolayan, Ademe Mekonnen, Brandi Gamelin and Yuh-Lang Lin
Fire 2024, 7(7), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070247 - 12 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1055
Abstract
California has experienced a surge in wildfires, prompting research into contributing factors, including weather and climate conditions. This study investigates the complex, multiscale interactions between large-scale climate patterns, such as the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the [...] Read more.
California has experienced a surge in wildfires, prompting research into contributing factors, including weather and climate conditions. This study investigates the complex, multiscale interactions between large-scale climate patterns, such as the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and their influence on moisture and temperature fluctuations, and wildfire dynamics in California. The combined impacts of PDO and BSISO on intraseasonal fire weather changes; the interplay between fire weather index (FWI), relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and temperature in assessing wildfire risks; and geographical variations in the relationship between the FWI and climatic factors within California are examined. The study employs a multi-pronged approach, analyzing wildfire frequency and burned areas alongside climate patterns and atmospheric conditions. The findings reveal significant variability in wildfire activity across different climate conditions, with heightened risks during specific BSISO phases, La-Niña, and cool PDO. The influence of BSISO varies depending on its interaction with PDO. Temperature, relative humidity, and VPD show strong predictive significance for wildfire risks, with significant relationships between FWI and temperature in elevated regions (correlation, r > 0.7, p ≤ 0.05) and FWI and relative humidity along the Sierra Nevada Mountains (r ≤ −0.7, p ≤ 0.05). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment)
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18 pages, 3188 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Factors Influencing Fire Accidents in Commercial Complexes Based on WSR-DEMATEL-ISM Model
by Rongshui Qin, Chenchen Shi, Tao Yu, Chao Ding, Xin Ren and Junfeng Xiao
Fire 2024, 7(7), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070224 - 30 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Commercial complexes integrate various business formats, and a fire outbreak can lead to widespread, continuous, and chain-reaction social disturbances, including severe casualties, economic losses, and social impacts. To deeply explore the characteristics and influencing factors of fire accidents in urban commercial complexes in [...] Read more.
Commercial complexes integrate various business formats, and a fire outbreak can lead to widespread, continuous, and chain-reaction social disturbances, including severe casualties, economic losses, and social impacts. To deeply explore the characteristics and influencing factors of fire accidents in urban commercial complexes in China, this study first analyzed fire accident cases in commercial complexes that occurred from 2002 to 2022. Using mathematical statistics, the analysis examined the year and month of the accidents, their severity, and their causes to identify key risk factors associated with fire hazards in urban commercial complexes. Subsequently, based on the WSR methodology, an index system for assessing the influencing factors of fire accidents in commercial complexes was constructed, encompassing four aspects: personnel, equipment, environment, and management, including 11 cause indicators and 9 outcome indicators. Then, the Decision Experiment and Evaluation Laboratory Method (DEMATEL) was used to quantitatively analyze the relationships among influencing factors, combined with Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) to perform a hierarchical categorization of the factors and identify those critically influencing commercial complex fires. This research indicates that critical influencing factors include inadequate regulations, insufficient fire safety inspections, inadequate safety training, careless use of fire during operations, inadequate government supervision, illegal renovations, unimplemented corporate fire safety responsibilities, and poor routine maintenance and management. These results provide a theoretical reference for effectively preventing and controlling fires in commercial complexes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment)
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12 pages, 4088 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation into Shockwave and Flame Characteristics of Hydrogen Released through Various Pressure Relief Devices
by Chen Kuang, Shishuai Nie, Yujie Lin, Di Liu, Xiaodong Ling, Guoxin Chen, Yi Liu and Anfeng Yu
Fire 2024, 7(7), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7070216 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1114
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation into shockwave and flame characteristics of compressed hydrogen released through various types of pressure relief devices (PRDs) for which data have not been previously reported. Burst disks and safety valves with different set pressure (P0 [...] Read more.
This paper presents an experimental investigation into shockwave and flame characteristics of compressed hydrogen released through various types of pressure relief devices (PRDs) for which data have not been previously reported. Burst disks and safety valves with different set pressure (P0) of 22–140 MPa were tested. Shockwave intensity/velocity spontaneous ignition/flame behavior was monitored by in-situ pressure/light sensors, respectively. Previous works have mostly focused on burst disks with low P0 (under 10 MPa), leaving safety valves and high-pressure burst disks uninvestigated. It was found that shockwave/spontaneous ignition behavior differs with PRD types. Spontaneous ignition occurs in all burst disk cases, along with an ignition/self-extinguishment/reignition process with relatively low P0, which has not been revealed previously. In contrast, none of the safety valves cause spontaneous ignition, resulting from the absence of shockwave due to lower overpressure values/rise rate during release. This suggests that shockwave formed by sudden release is the most dominant factor in spontaneous ignition. Also, the occurrence of self-extinguishment does not guarantee the absence of jet flame. This work provides a comprehensive database revealing shockwave and flame characteristics of hydrogen released through different PRDs, which offers basic data and theoretical support for the safety and risk assessment of high-pressure hydrogen facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment)
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19 pages, 15969 KiB  
Article
A New Method for the Determination of Fire Risk Zones in High-Bay Warehouses
by Goran Bošković, Marko Todorović, Dejan Ubavin, Borivoj Stepanov, Višnja Mihajlović, Marija Perović and Zoran Čepić
Fire 2024, 7(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7040149 - 21 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1471
Abstract
Considering that the determination of fire hazard zones in warehouses is not sufficiently researched and studied, this paper aims to present a new methodological approach concerning the mentioned issue. Based on the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making method, a new method was developed for the [...] Read more.
Considering that the determination of fire hazard zones in warehouses is not sufficiently researched and studied, this paper aims to present a new methodological approach concerning the mentioned issue. Based on the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making method, a new method was developed for the precise determination of potential zones where there is a risk of fire. The advantage of the described method is that it allows the quick and easy determination of all-orientation fire risk zones. The method requires fewer hardware resources compared to the existing ones and enables the display of the warehouse space in the form of a 3D model with calculated fire hazard zones. The mentioned procedure represents the first step when planning the layout and arrangement in the warehouse itself. The effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed through a suitable numerical example. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment)
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