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Fire
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Fire Safety of the New Emerging Energy
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Fire Safety of the New Emerging Energy

A special issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2025 | Viewed by 16584

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Depeng Kong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Safety Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
Interests: lithium ion battery thermal runaway mechanism and prevention; pool fire dynamics; hydrogen safety
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Qiangling Duan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
Interests: fire safety in hydrogen energy development and utilization; lithium ion battery fire dynamics and prevention; prediction and control methods of fire and explosion accidents

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Facing the global challenge of energy crisis and environmental pollution, the Paris Agreement was humanity was ratified by the many countries in 2016. In order to meet the objective of the Paris Agreement, the applications of new emerging energy sources, such as hydrogen, solar, wind, battery, and geothermal energy, etc., are becoming popular, which are beneficial for decreasing carbon emissions. The repeated fire accidents have raised increasing concerns about their safety during storage, transportation, and utilization, which is a major obstacle hindering the application of new emerging energies. Fire safety of the new emerging energies has drawn the attention of the academic and industrial communities. Many efforts have been devoted to the fire dynamics of the new emerging energy and also fire prevention strategies. However, further efforts are still required to better understand the fire safety of new emerging energies and also effective prevention strategies.

This Special Issue aims to present the recent state-of-art in the field of fire safety of new emerging energies. Original contributions are welcome, and the potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Consequence analysis of hydrogen fire safety, including leakage diffusion, spontaneous combustion, jet fire, fire and explosion propagation, etc.
  • Lithium-ion thermal safety, including thermal stability of the battery materials, thermal runaway mechanism and consequent fire and explosions, as well as the thermal management.
  • Photovoltaic fire safety, such as solar panel thermal stability, power station fire, etc.
  • Wind turbine fire safety, such as the thermal stability of the wind turbine blades, wind farm fires, wind turbine fire accident statistics and investigations.
  • Early and accurate fire detection and alarm technique for the new emerging energies.
  • Effective mitigation and prevention strategies for new emerging energy fires.
  • Fire risk analysis and assessment of new emerging energies.
  • Other new emerging energy fire safety, such as biomass, geothermal energy, etc.

Prof. Dr. Depeng Kong
Dr. Qiangling Duan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • lithium-ion battery
  • thermal runaway
  • hydrogen leakage
  • hydrogen jet fire
  • wind turbine fire
  • photovoltaic fire
  • fire detection and early warning
  • fire prevention

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 3851 KiB  
Article
A Thermal Characteristics Study of Typical Industrial Oil Based on Thermogravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC)
by Yaohong Zhao, Yihua Qian, Guobin Zhong, Siyuan Wu and Siwei Pan
Fire 2024, 7(11), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7110401 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 710
Abstract
Recent incidents of fire accidents attributed to oil combustion have emerged as a significant threat to both industrial safety and environmental conservation. In this study, the thermal oxidation and thermal analysis kinetics parameters of transformer oil, engine oil, and hydraulic oil in the [...] Read more.
Recent incidents of fire accidents attributed to oil combustion have emerged as a significant threat to both industrial safety and environmental conservation. In this study, the thermal oxidation and thermal analysis kinetics parameters of transformer oil, engine oil, and hydraulic oil in the air atmosphere were explored based on thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). Industrial oils showed the same decomposition process in the thermal decomposition process. The peak temperature of the DSC curve was higher than that of the DTG curve, and the peak values of DTG and DSC curves increased with the increase of heating rate. The industrial oils underwent a main mass loss process, with respective ranges of approximately 80–84% for transformer oil, 73–79% for engine oil, and 86–89% for hydraulic oil. Notably, engine oil demonstrated the highest average apparent activation energy, amounting to 110.50 kJ/mol, significantly surpassing hydraulic oil (105.13 kJ/mol) and transformer oil (60.95 kJ/mol). The optimal kinetic model for the evaporative oxidation reaction of the industrial oils in air was identified as the reaction order model (Fn), with the corresponding kinetic mechanism function expressed as f(α) = (1 − α)n. The use of TG-DSC offers novel perspectives on the thermal stability and safety evaluation of oil products. Meanwhile, the optimal kinetic model and thermal oxidation stability of typical industrial oil evaporation and oxidation reaction in air was determined, possessing a good reference for the safety and the application of industrial oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety of the New Emerging Energy)
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18 pages, 7091 KiB  
Article
Cooling Performance of a Nano Phase Change Material Emulsions-Based Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management System for High-Capacity Square Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Guanghui Zhang, Guofeng Chen, Pan Li, Ziyi Xie, Ying Li and Tuantuan Luo
Fire 2024, 7(10), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7100371 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 755
Abstract
This study investigated the application of nanophase change material emulsions (NPCMEs) for thermal management in high-capacity ternary lithium-ion batteries. We formulated an NPCME of n-octadecane (n-OD) and n-eicosane (n-E) with a mass fraction of 10%, whose phase change temperatures are 25.5 °C and [...] Read more.
This study investigated the application of nanophase change material emulsions (NPCMEs) for thermal management in high-capacity ternary lithium-ion batteries. We formulated an NPCME of n-octadecane (n-OD) and n-eicosane (n-E) with a mass fraction of 10%, whose phase change temperatures are 25.5 °C and 32.5 °C, respectively, with specific heat capacities 2.1 and 2.4 times greater than water. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the thermal control performance and latent heat utilization efficiency of these NPCMEs. The NPCMEs with an n-OD mass fraction of 10% (NPCME-n-OD), particularly reduced the battery pack’s maximum temperature and temperature difference to 41.6 °C and 3.72 °C under a 2 C discharge rate, lower than the water-cooled group by 1.3 °C and 0.3 °C. This suggests that nano emulsions with phase change temperatures close to ambient temperatures exhibit superior cooling performance. Increased flow rates from 50 mL/min to 75 mL/min significantly lowered temperatures, resulting in temperature reductions of 2.73 °C for the NPCME-n-OD group and 3.37 °C for the NPCME-n-E group. However, the latent heat utilization efficiency of the nano emulsions decreased, leading to increased system energy consumption. Also, it was found that the inlet temperature of the NPCMEs was very important for good thermal management. The right inlet temperatures make it easier to use phase change latent heat, while excessively high temperatures may make thermal management less effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety of the New Emerging Energy)
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11 pages, 1507 KiB  
Article
A Model for Assessing the Potential Impact Radius of Hydrogen Pipelines Based on Jet Fire Radiation
by Yujie Lin, Anfeng Yu, Yi Liu, Xiaolong Liu, Yang Zhang, Chen Kuang, Yuan Lu and Wenyi Dang
Fire 2024, 7(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7020038 - 26 Jan 2024
Viewed by 2086
Abstract
The accurate determination of the potential impact radius is crucial for the design and risk assessment of hydrogen pipelines. The existing methodologies employ a single point source model to estimate radiation and the potential impact radius. However, these approaches overlook the jet fire [...] Read more.
The accurate determination of the potential impact radius is crucial for the design and risk assessment of hydrogen pipelines. The existing methodologies employ a single point source model to estimate radiation and the potential impact radius. However, these approaches overlook the jet fire shape resulting from high-pressure leaks, leading to discrepancies between the calculated values and real-world incidents. This study proposes models that account for both the mass release rate, while considering the pressure drop during hydrogen pipeline leakage, and the radiation, while incorporating the flame shape. The analysis encompasses 60 cases that are representative of hydrogen pipeline scenarios. A simplified model for the potential impact radius is subsequently correlated, and its validity is confirmed through comparison with actual cases. The proposed model for the potential impact radius of hydrogen pipelines serves as a valuable reference for the enhancement of the precision of hydrogen pipeline design and risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety of the New Emerging Energy)
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16 pages, 4204 KiB  
Article
Study on Thermal Runaway Risk Prevention of Lithium-Ion Battery with Composite Phase Change Materials
by Kai Zhang, Lu Wang, Chenbo Xu, Hejun Wu, Dongmei Huang, Kan Jin and Xiaomeng Xu
Fire 2023, 6(5), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6050208 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2960
Abstract
To reduce the thermal runaway risk of lithium-ion batteries, a good thermal management system is critically required. As phase change materials can absorb a lot of heat without the need for extra equipment, they are employed in the thermal management of batteries. The [...] Read more.
To reduce the thermal runaway risk of lithium-ion batteries, a good thermal management system is critically required. As phase change materials can absorb a lot of heat without the need for extra equipment, they are employed in the thermal management of batteries. The thermal management of a Sanyo 26,650 battery was studied in this work by using different composite phase change materials (CPCMs) at different charge–discharge rates. The thorough analysis on the thermal conductivity of CPCMs and the effect of CPCMs was conducted on the maximum surface temperature while charging and discharging. The findings demonstrate the ability of the composite thermal conductivity filler to increase thermal conductivity. It is increased to 1.307 W/(m K) as the ratio of silica and graphene is 1:1 (CPCM-3). The CPCMs can reduce the surface temperature of the cell, and the cooling effect of CPCM-3 is the most obvious, which can reduce the maximum temperature of the cell surface by 13.7 °C and 19 °C under 2 C and 3 C conditions. It is also found that the risk of thermal runaway of batteries under CPCMs thermal management is effectively reduced, ensuring the safe operation of the battery. This research can assist in the safe application of batteries and the development of new energy sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety of the New Emerging Energy)
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20 pages, 6149 KiB  
Article
Risk Analysis of Fire and Explosion of Hydrogen-Gasoline Hybrid Refueling Station Based on Accident Risk Assessment Method for Industrial System
by Xirui Yu, Depeng Kong, Xu He and Ping Ping
Fire 2023, 6(5), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6050181 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4921
Abstract
Hydrogen–gasoline hybrid refueling stations can minimize construction and management costs and save land resources and are gradually becoming one of the primary modes for hydrogen refueling stations. However, catastrophic consequences may be caused as both hydrogen and gasoline are flammable and explosive. It [...] Read more.
Hydrogen–gasoline hybrid refueling stations can minimize construction and management costs and save land resources and are gradually becoming one of the primary modes for hydrogen refueling stations. However, catastrophic consequences may be caused as both hydrogen and gasoline are flammable and explosive. It is crucial to perform an effective risk assessment to prevent fire and explosion accidents at hybrid refueling stations. This study conducted a risk assessment of the refueling area of a hydrogen–gasoline hybrid refueling station based on the improved Accident Risk Assessment Method for Industrial Systems (ARAMIS). An improved probabilistic failure model was used to make ARAMIS more applicable to hydrogen infrastructure. Additionally, the accident consequences, i.e., jet fires and explosions, were simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods replacing the traditional empirical model. The results showed that the risk levels at the station house and the road near the refueling area were 5.80 × 10−5 and 3.37 × 10−4, respectively, and both were within the acceptable range. Furthermore, the hydrogen dispenser leaked and caused a jet fire, and the flame ignited the exposed gasoline causing a secondary accident, considered the most hazardous accident scenario. A case study was conducted to demonstrate the practicability of the methodology. This method is believed to provide trustworthy decisions for establishing safe distances from dispensers and optimizing the arrangement of the refueling area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety of the New Emerging Energy)
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20 pages, 10463 KiB  
Article
Safety Assessment of Hydrogen Jet Fire Scenarios within Semi-Confined Spaces
by Brock Virtue, Javad Mohammadpour, Fatemeh Salehi and Rouzbeh Abbassi
Fire 2023, 6(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6010029 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3685
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) technology poses great promise as an alternative to significantly reduce the environmental impact of the transport sector’s emissions. However, hydrogen fuel cell technology is relatively new, therefore, confirmation of the reliability and safety analysis is still required, particularly [...] Read more.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) technology poses great promise as an alternative to significantly reduce the environmental impact of the transport sector’s emissions. However, hydrogen fuel cell technology is relatively new, therefore, confirmation of the reliability and safety analysis is still required, particularly for fire scenarios within confined spaces such as tunnels. This study applied the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in conjunction with probabilistic calculation methods to determine the associated thermal risk of a hydrogen jet fire in a tunnel and its dependency on scenarios with different tunnel slopes, longitudinal and transverse ventilation velocities, and fire positions. A large-scale model of 102 m in which the effects of outlined parameter variations on the severity of the fire incident were analysed. It is found that both tunnel ventilation techniques and slope were critical for the effective ejection of accumulated heat. With ventilation playing a primary role in the ejection of heat and gas and slope ensuring the stability of the ejected heat, probabilities of thermal burns were found to be reduced by up to approximately 35% with a strong suggestion of critical combinations to further reduce the dangers of hydrogen tunnel fires. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety of the New Emerging Energy)
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