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Fishes
Special Issues
Relationship between Nutrition and the Immune Response of Fish
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Relationship between Nutrition and the Immune Response of Fish

A special issue of Fishes (ISSN 2410-3888). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Feeding".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 9526

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jianan Xian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
Interests: crustacean; fish; feeds; aquaculture nutrition; functional feed additives; immunity; disease resistance; environmental stress
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yaopeng Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
Interests: crustacean; aquaculture nutrition; functional feed additives; immunity; disease resistance; environmental stress
Dr. Peihua Zheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
Interests: shrimp; environmental stress; immunity; aquaculture nutrition; functional feed additives

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nutrition is one of the most important factors affecting the immunity and disease resistance of fish and shellfish. The lack or excessive of basic nutrients will cause physiological diseases and weak immunity. Therefore, nutritional balance is the basic element for aquatic animals to obtain superior immunity. On the other hand, immunostimulants such as polysaccharides, probiotics, prebiotics, and Chinese herbs can promote the immune response and stress resistance of aquatic animals. Further exploration of these feed additives is expected to completely replace the use of antibiotics and promote the green and sustainable development of aquaculture. Therefore, I am pleased to invite you to contribute to the Special Issue “Relationship between Nutrition and the Immune Response of Fish” of the journal Fishes.

Dr. Jianan Xian
Dr. Yaopeng Lu
Dr. Peihua Zheng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fishes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fish
  • crustacean
  • feed
  • nutrition
  • immunity
  • disease resistance
  • environmental stress

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 4522 KiB  
Article
The Zootechnical Performance, Health State Modulation, Morphology, and Intestinal Microbiome of Nile Tilapia Juveniles Fed with a Functional Blend of Immunostimulants Associated with a Diet High in Soybean Meal
by Lúvia Souza de Sá, Gabriela Tomas Jerônimo, Thiago Soligo, Eduardo Yamashita, Débora Machado Fracalossi, Maurício Laterça Martins and José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
Fishes 2024, 9(6), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9060212 - 3 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1129
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing feed with a functional mixture of immunomodulators, including β-glucans, nucleotides, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol, associated with a diet with lower levels of animal protein (11.5%) and higher levels of soybean meal [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing feed with a functional mixture of immunomodulators, including β-glucans, nucleotides, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol, associated with a diet with lower levels of animal protein (11.5%) and higher levels of soybean meal (43.5%), on the zootechnical performance, health, hematological and immunological parameters, intestinal morphology, centesimal composition, and intestinal microbiome of juvenile Nile tilapia (initial weight 1.88 g ± 0.25 g, mean ± standard deviation). Two isocaloric and isoproteic diets (35% crude protein) were formulated, one with the inclusion of the immunostimulant functional mixture (40 kg·t−1), composed of 150 mg·kg−1 of nucleotides, 1000 mg·kg−1 of β-glucans, 1000 mg·kg−1 of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and 20 mg·kg−1 of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), and another without. The combined supplementation of nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol resulted in a 59.95% increase in final weight, 64% weight gain, 66% daily gain, a 21.31% decrease in feed conversion rate, and double the retention of body protein. Supplementation also improved intestinal morphology and modulated the intestinal microbiome, increasing Chao-1 diversity. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that fish fed with both diets exhibited intact intestinal mucosal membranes. Supplementation did not alter the hematological and immunological parameters, suggesting that there was no overstimulation of the fish’s immune system. This work allows us to evaluate the effect of reducing the use of animal protein in the diets of fish, along with the effects of nucleotides, β-glucans, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol. Together, these compounds can provide fish with the necessary tools to achieve optimal health and growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship between Nutrition and the Immune Response of Fish)
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15 pages, 2333 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of Skin Mucus Immunity, Carotenoid Content, Sexual Parameters, and Growth Response in Guppy Fish (Poecilia reticulata) Fed with Green Algae (Chaetomorpha aerea) Diets
by Sattanathan Govindharajan, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Vivi Thapo, Sournamanikam Venkatalakshmi and Wen-Chao Liu
Fishes 2024, 9(3), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030101 - 6 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2015
Abstract
The research aimed to analyze the influences of adding marine green algae Chaetomorpha aerea to the diet of guppy fish (Poecillia reticulate) on growth, immunological responses in skin mucus, total carotenoid content, and sexual characteristics. A total of 450 fish, with [...] Read more.
The research aimed to analyze the influences of adding marine green algae Chaetomorpha aerea to the diet of guppy fish (Poecillia reticulate) on growth, immunological responses in skin mucus, total carotenoid content, and sexual characteristics. A total of 450 fish, with a mean body weight of 0.19 ± 0.1 g and 30 fish per tank (triplicate), were randomly fed into 15 experimental tanks, each containing 50 L. Five different diets with 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10% of C. aerea g/kg diets were fed to P. reticulate for 30 days. After 30 days, growth, immunological responses in skin mucus, total carotenoid content, and sexual characteristics were investigated. The results observed that the feed conversion rate and fry output were significantly (p > 0.05) decreased in experimental groups compared to the control group. The results revealed that the dietary inclusion of C. aerea algal significantly increased (p < 0.05) in mucosal immunological parameters containing lysozyme activity, myeloperoxidase activity, total immunoglobulins, and alternative complement activity, which were the highest in the group with 4% of C. aerea g/kg. Additionally, lateral skin and the caudal fin of fish had higher total carotenoid levels from the dietary C. aerea algae diet than the control group, which were the highest in the groups with 4%. Among them, 4 and 8% of C. aerea g/kg diet resulted in better growth performance and feed conversion ratio. Thus, the study suggested that 4% of C. aerea g/kg diet has enrichment of immunity, total carotenoid concentrations, and skin mucus immunity of P. reticulate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship between Nutrition and the Immune Response of Fish)
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18 pages, 1829 KiB  
Article
Selenium Protects Yellow Catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco) from Low-Temperature Damage via the Perspective Analysis of Metabolomics and Intestinal Microbes
by Junru Hu, Lei Wang, Guoxia Wang, Hongxia Zhao, Huijie Lu, Kai Peng, Wen Huang, Zhenxing Liu, Ding Liu and Yuping Sun
Fishes 2024, 9(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020056 - 30 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1755
Abstract
The effects of selenium supplementation in Tachysurus fulvidraco (T. fulvidraco) on low-temperature stress are not known. In this study, 280 healthy T. fulvidraco were divided into two groups, the G0 group (a control group) and the T0 group (a selenium treatment group on [...] Read more.
The effects of selenium supplementation in Tachysurus fulvidraco (T. fulvidraco) on low-temperature stress are not known. In this study, 280 healthy T. fulvidraco were divided into two groups, the G0 group (a control group) and the T0 group (a selenium treatment group on a 0.22 mg/kg diet), for a 6-week feeding time. Then, low-temperature stress (water temperature dropped from 26 to 13 °C, with a rate of 1 °C/h) was administered after that. The feeding results showed that selenium increased the percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR) of T. fulvidraco and decreased the feed conversion rate (FCR), but these differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Under low temperatures, selenium still has no significant effects on antioxidant indexes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum (p > 0.05). However, metabolomic analysis revealed that selenium caused changes in lipids and lipid-like molles, organic acids and their derivatives, and fatty acyls. Choline, linoleic acid, and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways; d-arginine and d-ornithine metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation; and biosynthesis pathways, as well as pyrimidine metabolism pathways, were activated to produce these metabolites to combat against this stress. In addition, selenium increased the diversity of intestinal microbes in T. fulvidraco and decreased the relative abundance of Plesiomonas. However, the combined analysis showed the intestinal microbe changes did not affect metabolite production. In summary, selenium activated lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism for energy substance provision, reduced the oxidation and production of other harmful substances, and increased the intestinal microbe diversity of T. fulvidraco to improve resistance to low-temperature stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship between Nutrition and the Immune Response of Fish)
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14 pages, 2818 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Functional Evaluation of NK-lysin from Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)
by Dapeng Yu, Haohang Zhao, Yiming Wen, Tao Li, Hongli Xia, Zhiwen Wang, Zhen Gan, Liqun Xia, Jianlin Chen and Yishan Lu
Fishes 2023, 8(11), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8110533 - 25 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1622
Abstract
In previous studies, natural killer lysin (NK-lysin) emerged as a crucial antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discharged by NK cells and CTLs. The sequence of NK-lysin was cloned and discovered in some fishes, but its function remains unclear. In our study, we obtained a copy [...] Read more.
In previous studies, natural killer lysin (NK-lysin) emerged as a crucial antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discharged by NK cells and CTLs. The sequence of NK-lysin was cloned and discovered in some fishes, but its function remains unclear. In our study, we obtained a copy of NK-lysin from the spleen of the healthy clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris; AoNK-lysin) through cloning and proceeded to investigate its potential functions and activities. The findings showed that the AoNK-lysin gene’s open reading frame (ORF) had a length of 465 base pairs (bp) and encoded 154 amino acids (aa), which included a saposin B domain and six cysteine residues that are highly conserved, forming three intrachain disulfide bonds to carry out antimicrobial activity. The AoNK-lysin gene was widely present in different tissues, with the skin showing the highest expression, followed by the eye, intestine, and muscle. Additionally, the expression of AoNK-lysin was significantly upregulated in the immune organs (spleen, gill, intestine, and head kidney) of A. ocellaris after being challenged by Singapore group iridovirus (SGIV). Furthermore, a 399 base pair cDNA sequence that encodes the fully developed peptide of AoNK-lysin was successfully inserted into a secretion plasmid called pPIC9K. Subsequently, a significant amount of the recombinant AoNK-lysin protein was efficiently manufactured using the Pichia pastoris expression system. The antibacterial test demonstrated that the AoNK-lysin protein significantly suppressed the growth of various pathogens, particularly Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus iniae, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aeromonas caviae. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be 7.81 μg/mL. Further analysis of antiviral assays showed all the viral mRNA of SGIV to be significantly reduced after AoNK-lysin protein stimuli in FHM cells. Collectively, these discoveries indicate that AoNK-lysin exhibits features of both direct pathogen-killing abilities and inhibited virus replication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship between Nutrition and the Immune Response of Fish)
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Review

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11 pages, 2362 KiB  
Review
Application of Organic Acid Salts as Feed Additives in Some Aquatic Organisms: Potassium Diformate
by Junxiang Chen, Shilong He, Zelong Zhang, Jiajun Li, Xiuxia Zhang, Juntao Li, Jiarui Xu, Peihua Zheng, Jianan Xian and Yaopeng Lu
Fishes 2024, 9(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9030085 - 24 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2333
Abstract
Antibiotics are the primary measures employed in the prevention and treatment of diseases in aquaculture. However, the frequent utilization of antibiotics can significantly impact the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms, resulting in water pollution. The European Union (EU) has prohibited antibiotic additives [...] Read more.
Antibiotics are the primary measures employed in the prevention and treatment of diseases in aquaculture. However, the frequent utilization of antibiotics can significantly impact the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms, resulting in water pollution. The European Union (EU) has prohibited antibiotic additives in animal feed. Potassium diformate (KDF) represents the first non-antibiotic feed additive approved by the EU as a viable alternative to antibiotics. Its application in animal nutrition has been validated, demonstrating beneficial health effects. This article reviews the physicochemical properties, biological functions, synthesis conditions, and applications of KDF in aquaculture and looks toward to its future potential. It also provides insights into improving the utilization of KDF in aquaculture practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship between Nutrition and the Immune Response of Fish)
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