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Forests
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Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems—Series II
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Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems—Series II

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Ecology and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 October 2022) | Viewed by 13926

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yowhan Son

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
Interests: forest ecology; carbon; nitrogen; climate change; soil carbon; carbon dioxide; biogeochemistry; environment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ender Makineci

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Soil Science and Ecology Department, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34473 Istanbul, Turkey
Interests: forest biomass; carbon in forest ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; carbon management; forest ecology; restoration ecology; soil ecology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Understanding the differences in carbon and nitrogen distributions and spatial and temporal cycling using various approaches is essential in forest ecosystems. In addition, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors and natural and artificial disturbances on carbon and nitrogen cycling need to be understood to draw implications to forest management practices.

The relevant matters to be investigated within this Special Issue are:

  • different approaches to measure carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling in forest ecosystems including field measurement, remote sensing and modeling;
  • differences in carbon and nitrogen cycling within an ecosystem and among ecosystems;
  • changes in carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems along successional gradients;
  • roles of microbes, insects, and animals in carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems;
  • influences of climate change on carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems;
  • artificial manipulation of trees to simulate carbon and nitrogen cycling to climate change;
  • influences of forest management practices on carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems;
  • ecosystem-based forest management;

This Special Issue aims to understand carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling in forest ecosystem for ecosystem-based forest management under different natural and artificial disturbances.

Prof. Dr. Yowhan Son
Prof. Dr. Ender Makineci
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Forests is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Carbon and nitrogen
  • Distribution and cycling
  • Forest ecosystems
  • Field measurement
  • Remote sensing
  • Modeling
  • Microbes, insects, and animals
  • Artificial manipulation
  • Climate change
  • Management practices

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2474 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Soil C, N, and P Stoichiometry Characteristics under Different Thinning Intensities in a Subtropical Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Forest of China
by Xingbao Hu, Chunqian Jiang, Hui Wang, Chunwu Jiang, Jianzhong Liu, Yiming Zang, Shigui Li, Yixiang Wang and Yanfeng Bai
Forests 2022, 13(11), 1770; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13111770 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1738
Abstract
Land management using suitable thinning intensities can promote the yield of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forests and alter the nutrient content and stoichiometric characteristics within the soil. However, the effects of different thinning intensities on soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and [...] Read more.
Land management using suitable thinning intensities can promote the yield of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forests and alter the nutrient content and stoichiometric characteristics within the soil. However, the effects of different thinning intensities on soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry of P. edulis forests have not been comprehensively studied. Here, we evaluated the effects of three thinning intensities—no thinning control (NT), moderate thinning (annual removal of 15% of mature bamboo, MT), and heavy thinning (annual removal of 33% of mature bamboo, IT)—on the soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), and total P (TP) stocks and their stoichiometry characteristics of a P. edulis forest located in the subtropical zone. The results showed that SOC, TN, and TP stocks decreased with increasing soil depth after three years of thinning. The SOC, TN, and TP stocks and the ecological stoichiometry ratios were varied with the change of thinning intensity and SOC stocks declining with the increased thinning intensity, but TN and TP stocks for the MT treatment were enhanced. The order of TN and TP stocks was MT > NT > IT. In comparison to CK, TN and TP stocks for MT increased significantly by 18.8 and 37.3%, while SOC, TN, and TP stocks for IT decreased by 31.0%, 7.2%, and 21.4%, respectively. The C:N and C:P ratios of MT decreased by 32.8% and 39.0%, and those of IT decreased by 26.5% and 15.6%, respectively. In summary, we conclude that the MT is an effective management strategy to promote soil nutrient cycling and provides a reference for formulating management strategies in subtropical Moso bamboo forests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems—Series II)
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11 pages, 2269 KiB  
Article
Effects of Farmland Conversion to Orchard or Agroforestry on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions in an Arid Desert Oasis Area
by Weixia Wang, Joachim Ingwersen, Guang Yang, Zhenxi Wang and Aliya Alimu
Forests 2022, 13(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/f13020181 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
In southern Xinjiang province, northwest China, farmland is undergoing rapid conversion to orchards or agroforestry. This has improved land-use efficiency but has also caused drastic ecological changes in this region. This study investigated the effects of farmland conversion to orchard or agroforestry on [...] Read more.
In southern Xinjiang province, northwest China, farmland is undergoing rapid conversion to orchards or agroforestry. This has improved land-use efficiency but has also caused drastic ecological changes in this region. This study investigated the effects of farmland conversion to orchard or agroforestry on soil total organic carbon (TOC) and several soil labile fractions: readily oxidizable carbon (ROC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Soil samples were collected from seven cropping treatments: a monocultured wheat field (Mono), a 5-year-old jujube orchard (5 J), a 5-year-old jujube/wheat alley cropping system (5 JW), a 10-year-old jujube orchard (10 J), a 10-year-old jujube/wheat alley cropping system (10 JW), a 15-year-old jujube orchard (15 J), and a 15-year-old jujube/wheat alley cropping system (15 JW). The results show that the ROC concentrations varied from 0.17 ± 0.09 g/kg to 2.35 ± 0.05 g/kg across all land-use types and soil depths studied. It was higher in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers of treatment 10 JW than in other treatments and significantly greater than in the Mono treatment. The highest value of DOC was reached at 593.04 mg/kg in the 15 JW treatment at 0–10 cm. Labile organic carbon decreased with increasing depth in all treatments. The proportion of ROC and LFOC to TOC decreased with increasing soil depth. In all treatments, the ratio of DOC to TOC generally decreased initially and then increased again with increasing depth. Correlation analysis showed that ROC, LFOC, and DOC were closely correlated with TOC (p < 0.01). The ROC, LFOC, and DOC concentrations were significantly correlated with each other (p < 0.01). Following conversion of farmland to jujube orchard or agroforestry, the content and activity of soil organic carbon tended to increase due to augmentation of plant residues. Thus, jujube orchards and agroforestry systems are effective methods to restore soil organic carbon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems—Series II)
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18 pages, 14962 KiB  
Article
Impacts of the National Forest Rehabilitation Plan and Human-Induced Environmental Changes on the Carbon and Nitrogen Balances of the South Korean Forests
by Hyung-Sub Kim, Florent Noulèkoun, Nam-Jin Noh and Yo-Whan Son
Forests 2021, 12(9), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12091150 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2569
Abstract
Humans have affected the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in forests; however, the quantification of the responses of forest C and N balances to human activities is limited. In this study, we have quantified the impacts of the long-term national forest rehabilitation [...] Read more.
Humans have affected the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in forests; however, the quantification of the responses of forest C and N balances to human activities is limited. In this study, we have quantified the impacts of the long-term national forest rehabilitation plan and the contribution of the increase in air temperature, CO2 concentration, and N deposition on the C and N balances of the South Korean forests during 1973–2020 by using a biogeochemical model. During the simulation period, the C balance increased from 0.2 to 4.3 Mg C ha−1 year−1, and the N balance increased from 0.2 to 17.4 kg N ha−1 year−1. This resulted in the storage of 825 Tg C and 3.04 Tg N by the whole South Korean forests after the national forest rehabilitation plan. The increase in air temperature, CO2 concentration, and N deposition contributed −11.5, 17.4, and 177 Tg C to the stored C stock, respectively, and −25.4, 8.90, and 1807 Mg N to the stored N stock, respectively. This study provides references for future forest rehabilitation efforts and broadens our knowledge on the impacts of human-induced environmental changes on the C and N balances of forests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems—Series II)
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17 pages, 1995 KiB  
Article
Nutrient Dynamics Assessment of Coarse Wood Debris Subjected to Successional Decay Levels of Three Forests Types in Northeast, China
by Kashif Khan, Tran Thi Tuyen, Lixin Chen, Wenbiao Duan, Anwaar Hussain, Muhammad Atif Jamil, Changzhun Li, Qiwen Guo, Meixue Qu, Yafei Wang and Attaullah Khan
Forests 2021, 12(4), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040401 - 29 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3185
Abstract
Coarse wood debris (CWD) plays a critical role in forest productivity, nutrient cycling, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, and shapes the carbon pool in the forest ecosystem. However, the elemental composition of CWD varies among different forest types and decay classes for the same [...] Read more.
Coarse wood debris (CWD) plays a critical role in forest productivity, nutrient cycling, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, and shapes the carbon pool in the forest ecosystem. However, the elemental composition of CWD varies among different forest types and decay classes for the same dominant tree species (Pinus koraiensis, PK). We compared CWD elemental composition across different forest types (Picea koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis-Pinus koraiensis forest (PAPF), Betula costata-Pinus koraiensis forest (BPF), Tilia amurensis-Pinus koraiensis forest (TPF)), considering four classes of wood decay. Results showed that N, P, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, S, Al, and Fe concentrations almost totally increased with decay level for all three forest types, except for K in all three forest types and B in Picea koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis-Pinus koraiensis forest (PAPF). Similarly, maximum concentrations of N, P, B, Mg, K, C, Zn, and Mn of CWD were observed in Betula costata-Pinus koraiensis forest (BPF) under varying decay classes, but their maximum concentrations of Fe and S were found in Picea koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis-Pinus koraiensis forest (PAPF) and Tilia amurensis-Pinus koraiensis forest(TPF), respectively. Only C content did not significantly differ in decay classes across all three forest types. The C:N ratio decreased significantly with increasing decay levels across all forest types. The decay rates were significantly related to N concentration and C:N ratio in decay classes across all forest types. These results suggest that C and N concentration are the key factors affecting its decomposition. The variation in nutrient concentrations observed here underscores the complexity of nutrients stored in wood debris in forested ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems—Series II)
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11 pages, 1219 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Application of Biochar to Plant Growth and Net Primary Production in an Oak Forest
by Toshiyuki Ohtsuka, Mitsutoshi Tomotsune, Masaki Ando, Yuki Tsukimori, Hiroshi Koizumi and Shinpei Yoshitake
Forests 2021, 12(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020152 - 28 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2670
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the application of biochar to forest ecosystems and their responses under field conditions. We manually spread grounded biochar on the forest floor, at rates of 0 (control), 5, and 10 Mg ha−1 (C0, C5 and C10, respectively), of [...] Read more.
Few studies have evaluated the application of biochar to forest ecosystems and their responses under field conditions. We manually spread grounded biochar on the forest floor, at rates of 0 (control), 5, and 10 Mg ha−1 (C0, C5 and C10, respectively), of an oak forest in central Japan to test the effects of biochar on tree growth and productivity. The relative growth rate of the diameter at breast height (dbh) of canopy oak trees (dbh > 20 cm) significantly increased in C10 compared with that of the control (C0), but not in C5, in the second to third years after application. Despite the increasing growth rate of canopy trees, foliage production (NPPF) and woody production (NPPW) did not respond to biochar application. Conversely, the production of reproductive organs (NPPR, mainly oak acorns) increased in line with the biochar application rate gradients (1.04 ± 0.09 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in C0, 1.30 ± 0.08 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in C5, and 1.47 ± 0.13 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in C10). Since the contribution of NPPR to total NPP was fairly small, there were no significant differences in total NPP (=NPPW + NPPF + NPPR) for C5 (14.57 ± 0.20 Mg ha−1 yr−1) or C10 (16.11 ± 0.73 Mg ha−1 yr−1) compared with the control (15.07 ± 0.48 Mg ha−1 yr−1). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems—Series II)
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