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Heritage
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3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation
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3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408). This special issue belongs to the section "Architectural Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2024 | Viewed by 16208

Special Issue Editors

Dr. George Alexis Ioannakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Athena Research and Innovation Centre/ILSP - Clepsydra Digitisation Lab, Xanthi, Greece
Interests: 3D digitisation; photogrammetry; AI; software engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Anestis Koutsoudis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Athena Research and Innovation Centre/ILSP - Clepsydra Digitisation Lab, Xanthi, Greece
Interests: 3D digitisation; photogrammetry; real time computer graphics; software engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Presently, the application of terrestrial and aerial 3D digitisation technologies in the cultural heritage domain is considered a common practice. The 3D digital assets produced are utilised in a wide range of applications facilitating documentation, dissemination, knowledge extraction, restoration and preservation processes. The quality of such 3D content is highly affected by the research and technological advances which occur in multidisciplinary scientific fields, such as real-time computer graphics, the computer gaming industry, geomatics, and sensors. At the same time, their efficient management, analysis, and processing relies on technologies including Big Data and artificial intelligence.

This Special Issue intends to address parts of this multidisciplinary domain, where the above technologies are fused to provide state-of-the-art 3D asset content generation and utilisation in a framework that delivers solutions to a wide range of CH-related challenges. This Special Issue welcomes the submission of research activities and case studies covering topics including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Large-scale CH sites: multimodal terrestrial and aerial 3D documentation.
  • Good practices for 3D documentation planning, implementation and content delivery.
  • 3D reconstruction assets: quality evaluation.
  • Novel terrestrial and aerial data-collection and data fusion approaches.
  • Supervised, semi-supervised and unsupervised 3D assets content analyses, segmentation, classification and semantics annotation.
  • Partially captured 3D asset completion based on machine learning approaches.
  • 3D assets-to-HBIM conversion.
  • Utilisation of 3D assets in restoration, documentation and monitoring.
  • Risk and disaster management of CH sites by exploiting 3D assets: event and crowd movement/behaviour simulations.
  • Exploitation of 3D assets in VR, AR, serious gaming and storytelling applications.
  • 3D documentation, printing and human–computer interaction for people with special needs.
  • Web-oriented algorithms and approaches for large-scale 3D assets visualisation, management, annotation and remote access.
  • Novel 3D rendering techniques to enhance surface features visualisation.

We invite experts in the above fields to submit their contributions.

Dr. George Alexis Ioannakis
Dr. Anestis Koutsoudis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Heritage is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 3D reconstruction
  • 3D modelling
  • reality-based modelling
  • multimodal data collection
  • data fusion
  • content analysis
  • segmentation
  • shape matching
  • VR/AR
  • restoration
  • storytelling
  • machine learning
  • artificial intelligence
  • human-computer interaction

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 14346 KiB  
Article
Potential of Low-Cost UAV Photogrammetry for Documenting Hard-to-Access Interior Spaces Through Building Openings
by Marián Marčiš, Marek Fraštia and Katarína Terao Vošková
Heritage 2024, 7(11), 6173-6191; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7110290 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 437
Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are primarily used in the field of cultural heritage for mapping the exteriors of larger objects and documenting the roofs and façades of tall structures that cannot be efficiently or feasibly measured using conventional terrestrial technologies and methods. However, [...] Read more.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are primarily used in the field of cultural heritage for mapping the exteriors of larger objects and documenting the roofs and façades of tall structures that cannot be efficiently or feasibly measured using conventional terrestrial technologies and methods. However, due to the considerable diversity of cultural heritage, there are practical demands for the measurement of complex and inaccessible objects in interior spaces. This article focuses on the use of two different off-the-shelf UAVs for partial photogrammetric reconstruction of the attic of a mining house, which was only visible through a window in the gable wall. Data from both UAVs were compared with each other and with terrestrial laser scanning. Despite the lower quality of the results from the DJI Mini 4 Pro compared to the DJI Mavic 3 Enterprise, the results from both UAVs would still be suitable for documenting the interior attic spaces. However, a detailed analysis of the photogrammetric data indicates that, when selecting a UAV for this purpose, it is necessary to consider the limitations of the camera system, which may lead to a reduction in the geometric accuracy and completeness of the point clouds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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21 pages, 16782 KiB  
Article
Graphic Restitution and Recovery of the Chronos Pavement of the Marquis of Benicarlo’s House
by Joaquín A. Martínez-Moya and Jaume Gual-Ortí
Heritage 2024, 7(8), 4206-4226; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7080198 - 7 Aug 2024
Viewed by 587
Abstract
The Marquis of Benicarlo’s House is a prime example of 18th-century Baroque civil architecture in the Valencian region. Inside, it preserves ceramic panels from this period of great historical and heritage value. However, prior to its designation as a Cultural Heritage Site, the [...] Read more.
The Marquis of Benicarlo’s House is a prime example of 18th-century Baroque civil architecture in the Valencian region. Inside, it preserves ceramic panels from this period of great historical and heritage value. However, prior to its designation as a Cultural Heritage Site, the building lost some of its most architecturally significant elements, such as the flooring in one of the main rooms, which was decorated with rich iconography. Fortunately, the original tiles from this flooring have been located in the collections of the National Museum of Ceramics. This study presents the recovery and graphic restitution of the flooring based on the pieces found in the museum’s collections. This work allows us to understand the original appearance of the flooring before its dismantling and may enable its in situ restoration through digital ceramic printing techniques, thus returning one of its most unique architectural elements to the building. It also details the process of digitally restoring the flooring to its original location using advanced digitization techniques. This enables the visualization of the hall in its authentic state using virtual reality methods, thereby facilitating its appreciation and dissemination as a heritage architectural space. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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18 pages, 34513 KiB  
Article
Automatic Removal of Non-Architectural Elements in 3D Models of Historic Buildings with Language Embedded Radiance Fields
by Alexander Rusnak, Bryan G. Pantoja-Rosero, Frédéric Kaplan and Katrin Beyer
Heritage 2024, 7(6), 3332-3349; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7060157 - 18 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 906
Abstract
Neural radiance fields have emerged as a dominant paradigm for creating complex 3D environments incorporating synthetic novel views. However, 3D object removal applications utilizing neural radiance fields have lagged behind in effectiveness, particularly when open set queries are necessary for determining the relevant [...] Read more.
Neural radiance fields have emerged as a dominant paradigm for creating complex 3D environments incorporating synthetic novel views. However, 3D object removal applications utilizing neural radiance fields have lagged behind in effectiveness, particularly when open set queries are necessary for determining the relevant objects. One such application area is in architectural heritage preservation, where the automatic removal of non-architectural objects from 3D environments is necessary for many downstream tasks. Furthermore, when modeling occupied buildings, it is crucial for modeling techniques to be privacy preserving by default; this also motivates the removal of non-architectural elements. In this paper, we propose a pipeline for the automatic creation of cleaned, architectural structure only point clouds utilizing a language embedded radiance field (LERF) with a specific application toward generating suitable point clouds for the structural integrity assessment of occupied buildings. We then validated the efficacy of our approach on the rooms of the historic Sion hospital, a national historic monument in Valais, Switzerland. By using our automatic removal pipeline on the point clouds of rooms filled with furniture, we decreased the average earth mover’s distance (EMD) to the ground truth point clouds of the physically emptied rooms by 31 percent. The success of our research points the way toward new paradigms in architectural modeling and cultural preservation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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18 pages, 32643 KiB  
Article
Discovering the Sansalvador Villa through the Superposition of Photogrammetric Point Cloud Surveys and Original Jujol Plans
by Jordi de Gispert Hernández, Sandra Moliner Nuño, Alberto Sánchez Riera, Isabel Crespo Cabillo and Carles Pàmies
Heritage 2024, 7(6), 3062-3079; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7060144 - 5 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1194
Abstract
The Sansalvador villa, the first project exclusively designed by Josep Maria Jujol in Barcelona, is a unique architectural complex that piques curiosity about its origins and conception. Its incomplete state, limited documentation, and blend of modernist and organic elements contribute to its exceptional [...] Read more.
The Sansalvador villa, the first project exclusively designed by Josep Maria Jujol in Barcelona, is a unique architectural complex that piques curiosity about its origins and conception. Its incomplete state, limited documentation, and blend of modernist and organic elements contribute to its exceptional nature. This article delves into its history and conceptualization by examining original documents and conducting a detailed photogrammetric survey of the built architectural complex as it is today. By overlaying new planimetry derived from fieldwork onto the original plans, certain peculiarities, discrepancies, and unforeseen changes emerge, shedding light on Jujol’s creative process. The Sansalvador villa reveals the profound connection between the project and its surroundings, showcasing Jujol’s keen awareness of the site’s pre-existing conditions. His architecture is defined by a critical approach to these conditions, integrating them as essential elements in defining the project’s character. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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20 pages, 18894 KiB  
Article
Multi-Sensor Geomatic Techniques for the 3D Documentation and Virtual Repositioning of Elements of the Church of S. Miguel (Jaén, Spain)
by Antonio Tomás Mozas-Calvache, José Miguel Gómez-López, José Luis Pérez-García, Diego Vico-García, Vicente Barba-Colmenero and Alberto Fernández-Ordóñez
Heritage 2024, 7(6), 2924-2943; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7060137 - 3 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 775
Abstract
This study describes the methodology and main results obtained after applying several geomatic techniques, based on the fusion of data acquired by several sensors, to document the recovery works carried out in an abandoned church. A century ago, the façade was moved to [...] Read more.
This study describes the methodology and main results obtained after applying several geomatic techniques, based on the fusion of data acquired by several sensors, to document the recovery works carried out in an abandoned church. A century ago, the façade was moved to a museum to ensure its preservation. In addition to documentary purposes, a secondary goal is the virtual repositioning of a model of this element on that of the church. The method takes advantage of the potential of each technique, considering the acquisition of geometry based mainly on laser scanning techniques and radiometry on photogrammetry. The results include 3D models and orthoimages, which are used to perform a stratigraphic study. The 3D model of the façade has been repositioned in the general one, considering common geometries previously fitted in both models and repeating part of the photogrammetric process, using masks to define the image areas related to the church and the façade. Therefore, we obtained a 3D model with the façade included in it. This procedure has demonstrated its feasibility despite the existence of different environmental conditions in both areas. Using these results, we have also developed a BIM to allow for the management of future restoration works. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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53 pages, 53475 KiB  
Article
Construction of a Gothic Church Tower: A 3D Visualisation Based on Drawn Sources and Contemporary Artefacts
by Zoltán Bereczki
Heritage 2024, 7(2), 1074-1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7020052 - 17 Feb 2024
Viewed by 2649
Abstract
The construction of Gothic church towers with carved stone spires and often with significant height required the most advanced technology and financial support of their age, and the application of advanced machines was also inevitable for it. This article is an attempt to [...] Read more.
The construction of Gothic church towers with carved stone spires and often with significant height required the most advanced technology and financial support of their age, and the application of advanced machines was also inevitable for it. This article is an attempt to virtually reconstruct and visualise the process of a 15th-century tower construction, including the main auxiliary structures: scaffolding and machinery. A series of 3D models is created for that purpose, using the contemporary plans of the partly realised north tower of St. Stephen’s church in Vienna, the contemporary machine drawings of the Strasbourg-based master builder Hans Hammer, and contemporary and neo-Gothic drawings of scaffoldings together with survived exemplars as sources. An important question was whether medieval technical drawings contain enough data to model the structures or devices that they depict and if the construction process could be represented using them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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23 pages, 11631 KiB  
Article
Multi-Feature Uncertainty Analysis for Urban-Scale Hypothetical 3D Reconstructions: Piazza delle Erbe Case Study
by Fabrizio Ivan Apollonio, Federico Fallavollita, Riccardo Foschi and Rosa Smurra
Heritage 2024, 7(1), 476-498; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7010023 - 19 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1562
Abstract
For the hypothetical reconstruction of architectural heritage, there are still no scientific standards of reference concerning their sharing and documentation. Recent international initiatives established the basis to address this problem; however, still, much work needs to be done in order to systematise good [...] Read more.
For the hypothetical reconstruction of architectural heritage, there are still no scientific standards of reference concerning their sharing and documentation. Recent international initiatives established the basis to address this problem; however, still, much work needs to be done in order to systematise good practices for the process of reconstruction and its dissemination. This contribution aims to take a step forward in the analysis and visualisation of uncertainty. Some authors have suggested various approaches to visualise uncertainty for single buildings; however, case studies at the urban scale are rarely investigated. This research proposes an improved source-based multi-feature approach aimed at analysing and visualising (through false-colour shading) the uncertainty of hypothetical 3D digital models of urban areas. The assessment of uncertainty is also quantified qualitatively by using newly defined formulas which calculate the average uncertainty weighted on the volume of the 3D model. This methodology aims to improve the objectiveness, unambiguity, transparency, reusability, and readability of hypothetical reconstructive 3D models, and its use is exemplified in the case study of the hypothetical reconstruction of Piazza delle Erbe in Verona, a project presented in the form of a docufilm at EXPO 2015 in Milan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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14 pages, 9044 KiB  
Article
An Enhanced Methodology for Creating Digital Twins within a Paleontological Museum Using Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning Techniques
by Markos Konstantakis, Georgios Trichopoulos, John Aliprantis, Konstantinos Michalakis, George Caridakis, Athina Thanou, Anastasios Zafeiropoulos, Stamatina Sklavounou, Christos Psarras, Symeon Papavassiliou and Efterpi Koskeridou
Heritage 2023, 6(9), 5967-5980; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6090314 - 22 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
In recent years, researchers in the field of natural heritage have intensified their efforts to develop new ways to enhance the promotion and accessibility of natural content in order to attract more audiences using virtual representations of physical objects (digital twins). Therefore, they [...] Read more.
In recent years, researchers in the field of natural heritage have intensified their efforts to develop new ways to enhance the promotion and accessibility of natural content in order to attract more audiences using virtual representations of physical objects (digital twins). Therefore, they are increasingly incorporating new technologies and digital tools in their operations since their usage by the general public and in the natural heritage (NH) museums is considered particularly effective. Simultaneously, the increasing quality of the produced digitizations has opened up new opportunities for the exploitation of the outcomes of digitization beyond the initial anticipations. Responding to the growing demand of museum visitors for a personalized digital tour experience, especially amidst the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the v-PalM project aims to develop a digital platform to offer virtual guidance and education services at the Museum of Paleontology and Geology, which is hosted at the National Kapodistrian University of Athens. The development of the platform will be based on collecting data through various methods, including crowdsourcing, innovative information, and communication technologies, taking advantage of content digitization using 3D scanning devices. This paper demonstrates an enhanced methodology for the digitization of paleontological exhibits. The methodology uses photogrammetry and laser scanning methods from various devices, such as drones, laser scanners, and smartphones. These methods create digital twins that are suitable for various scenarios, including research, education, and entertainment. The proposed methodology has been applied to over fifty paleontological museum exhibits of varying sizes and complexities, and the resulting 3D models exhibit high accuracy in both their material and geometric aspects, while they also feature crucial details that assist researchers and the scientific community. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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12 pages, 2170 KiB  
Article
Nanite as a Disruptive Technology for the Interactive Visualisation of Cultural Heritage 3D Models: A Case Study
by Manuel Drago Díaz-Alemán, Esteban M. Amador-García, Elisa Díaz-González and Jorge de la Torre-Cantero
Heritage 2023, 6(8), 5607-5618; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6080295 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3068
Abstract
The use of digital models of cultural heritage objects obtained from 3D scanning or photogrammetry requires the development of strategies in order to optimise computational resources and enhance the user experience when they are used in interactive applications or virtual museums. Through a [...] Read more.
The use of digital models of cultural heritage objects obtained from 3D scanning or photogrammetry requires the development of strategies in order to optimise computational resources and enhance the user experience when they are used in interactive applications or virtual museums. Through a case study, this work compares an original photogrammetric model with its optimised version using traditional remeshing techniques and an improved version using Nanite technology, developed by Epic Games. A self-contained executable is created in Unreal® 5.1 game engine to test the performance of the three models measured in frames per second (FPS). As a result, it was demonstrated that, although there is no substantial difference in the FPS rate, the Nanite technology avoids the need to perform the mesh and texture editing processes that lead to the construction of the optimised model. This saves considerable time and specialised effort, as the photogrammetric model can be converted to a Nanite object automatically. This would be a great advantage in the case of virtualisations of large collections of heritage objects, which is a common case in virtual museums. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage and 3D Assets Utilisation)
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