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New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants

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A special issue of Horticulturae (ISSN 2311-7524). This special issue belongs to the section "Biotic and Abiotic Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 September 2024) | Viewed by 14636

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Dr. Marko Kebert

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Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Interests: plant biochemistry; abiotic and biotic stress; oxidative stress; priming; polyamine metabolism; mycorrhiza-induced resistance; phytoremediation and heavy metal-induced stress
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the coming years, climate change will have a significant impact on crop growth, development, and production for both horticultural and agricultural plants. Climate change will impose amplified abiotic (drought, salinity, cold, heat, and heavy metals) and biotic stress factors (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, insects, weeds) on plants, which will determine their survival depending on their adaptability. Horticultural plants have evolved and developed a wide range of strategies at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels to reduce the adverse effects of both biotic and abiotic stress. These underlying mechanisms enable horticultural plants to cope not only with (a)biotic stress, but also with co-occurring oxidative stress, which is defined by the elevated generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). To counteract this detrimental and oxidizing ROS effect, plants have developed enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense machinery against oxidative damage, including the boosted biosynthesis of compatible solutes with strong antioxidant and osmoprotective properties.

This Special Issue focuses on novel, innovative, and multi-perspective approaches that can be employed to examine the underlying mechanisms of adaptation and acclimation in horticultural plants that contribute to their increased tolerance to abiotic stress, as well as their increased resistance to biotic stress, at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels by employing cutting-edge methodologies.

Therefore, this SI will welcome research articles and reviews that address these themes, with topics including, but not limited to, the following:

Physiological and biochemical responses related to stress tolerance and resistance
Modification of enzyme activities or alternation of gene expression patterns
Metabolic readjustments estimated either via target or non-target metabolomic approaches
Accumulation of specific ROS or other parameters of oxidative stress, and biosynthesis of antioxidants or compatible solutes
Fine tuning of phytohormones
Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Marko Kebert
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Horticulturae is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

plant stress responses
plant resistance
“omics” tools
oxidative stress and antioxidants
gene expression
plant defense mechanisms
growth
yield and development
plant hormones

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 6488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genotype and Organ-Specific Variability in Antioxidant Capacities as Well as Polyamine and Osmolyte Levels in Eleven Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Raf.) Cultivars with Different Flowering Periods

by Vanja Vuksanović, Marko Kebert, Lazar Pavlović, Lazar Kesić, Milena Rašeta, Branislav Kovačević and Saša Orlović

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111193 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 780

Abstract

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Raf. Shinn.) is a valued plant known for its diverse flower colors and long vase life. Despite considerable research on the physiological roles of osmolytes, polyamines, and phenolic compounds, there is a lack of understanding regarding their specific accumulation patterns across various lisianthus cultivars and organs. This study aims to compare eleven lisianthus cultivars with varying flowering periods according to their accumulation of osmolytes, polyamines, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacities and measure their resistance to abiotic stress factors. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescent detection was employed to quantify putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM). In addition, proline (PRO), glycine betaine (GB), antioxidant capacities, phenolic content, and flavonoid contents were assessed spectrophotometrically. This comprehensive analysis allowed for a detailed understanding of the biochemical markers. The result indicates a significant genotype and organ-dependent variation in accumulation patterns of inspected metabolites and antioxidant activities. The petals of Rosita Green exhibited the highest levels of phenols and flavonoids, whereas the petals of Rosita Blue Picote demonstrated the highest concentrations of osmolytes. Polyamines were found to be more concentrated in the petals than in the leaves. The average values indicated high levels of polyamines in the Mariachi Carmine (PUT 186.72 nmol g⁻¹ DW) and Mariachi Pink (SPD 227.4 nmol g⁻¹ DW) cultivars. These findings underscore the significance of inspected compounds in stress tolerance among cultivars with different flowering periods, providing insights for optimizing cultivation strategies for lisianthus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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21 pages, 2926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Polyamine Signaling Pathway in Response to Waterlogging Stress of Paeonia lactiflora

by Yajie Shi, Mengwen Lv, Zemiao Liu, Xiao Yang, Lijin Yang, Lingling Dong, Fuling Lei, Anqi Xie, Dongliang Zhang, Mingyue Bao, Limin Sun and Xia Sun

Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090928 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 720

Abstract

Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall) is resistant to drought but not waterlogging. The main production areas of peony are prone to waterlogging, seriously affecting the growth and development of herbaceous peony. Polyamines have been observed to significantly enhance the ability of plants to defend and repair adverse damage and affect the synthesis and accumulation of the endogenous growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA). In this study, two herbaceous peony varieties (‘Lihong’, ‘Qihualushuang’) with different waterlogging tolerances were selected for artificial simulated waterlogging treatment to observe their morphological indexes and to determine their endogenous polyamine and hormone contents. Simultaneously, transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed, focusing on screening differentially expressed genes in the polyamine metabolism pathway. The results showed that flood-tolerant varieties of herbaceous peony respond to waterlogging stress by continuously synthesizing spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) through putrescine (Put) to counteract adversity. In the waterlogging-intolerant varieties, the expression of polyamine oxidase-related genes was annotated; their response to waterlogging stress was the simultaneous degradation of Spm and Spd to Put in the process of synthesis, and a decrease in the accumulation of Spm and Spd led to the early appearance of the symptoms of damage. In addition, polyamines influence key hormones that respond to plant adversity (IAA; ABA). The objective of this work was to initially analyze the mechanism of the polyamine signaling pathway in response to flooding in herbaceous peonies for further in-depth research on the mechanism of flooding tolerance in herbaceous peony, screen flood-tolerant varieties, and promote of their use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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20 pages, 5583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of Zinc and Iron Nanoparticles Using Psidium guajava Leaf Extract Stimulates Cowpea Growth, Yield, and Tolerance to Saline Water Irrigation

by Mohamed H. Sheta, Ahmed H. M. Abd El-Wahed, Mohammed A. Elshaer, Hala M. Bayomy, Nawal A. Ozaybi, Mohamed A. M. Abd-Elraheem, Abdel-Nasser A. El-Sheshtawy, Rasha S. El-Serafy and Mahmoud M. I. Moustafa

Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090915 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1364

Abstract

Plants use a variety of physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to mitigate salt stress impacts. Many techniques, including the application of nanoparticles (NPs), are being used to increase plant stress tolerance. To assess the growth and productivity of Vigna unguiculata L. (cowpea) plants exposed to salt stress, cowpea has been cultivated using different saline water levels and subjected to green synthesized zinc NPs (ZnNPs) and iron NPs (FeNPs) applied via foliar spraying. The cowpea plants that grew under the lowest saline water level showed the best leaf traits, leaf water content per area (LWCA), pods, and seed yields, but when salinity levels increased, the plants’ growth and productivity slightly declined. ZnNP and FeNP treatments slow down the degradation of photosynthetic pigments and greatly mitigate the negative effects of salt stress. In both stressed and unstressed plants, ZnNP treatments produced the highest osmoprotectant concentrations (proline, protein, and total carbohydrates). As a result of salt stress, cowpea seeds showed a marked decrease in dry matter and protein content, but ZnNP and FeNP treatments increased it. Conclusively, the results obtained indicated that ZnNPs and FeNPs foliar application to cowpea plants stimulated leaf pigment and polyphenol production, which in turn increased seed dry matter, seed yield, protein content, and the plants’ ability to withstand saline stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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13 pages, 2036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Crotalaria juncea L. for Phytoremediation: Insights from Gas Exchange, Pigment Quantification, and Growth Measurements under Copper Stress

by Beatriz Silvério dos Santos, Gabriel Wanderley Mendonça, Tassia Caroline Ferreira, Nayane Cristina Pires Bomfim, Isabella Fiorini de Carvalho, Jailson Vieira Aguilar and Liliane Santos Camargos

Horticulturae 2024, 10(7), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070746 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1272

Abstract

Soil contamination by trace elements is a worldwide concern that can result from several sources, such as mining, smelting, car traffic exhaust, agriculture plant protection products such as fungicides, and fertilizers. Among the metals involved, copper can cause alterations in the photosynthetic, respiratory, and enzymatic processes of plants, leading to reduced growth of roots and shoots. An alternative to dealing with metals present in the soil is phytoremediation, which consists of using plants to extract or stabilize these elements. The leguminous Crotalaria juncea is widely used as a green manure and may be advantageous due to its capacity for biological nitrogen fixation and biomass accumulation. This research aimed to evaluate the growth and physiological behaviour of C. juncea in copper-contaminated soil and its potential use as a phytoremediation plant. For the fresh and dry mass of shoots and roots, compared with 30 mg.dm⁻³ of Cu, there was a decrease in values with the increase in concentrations up to a dose of 480 mg.dm⁻³. The roots were less sensitive to increased Cu concentrations than the shoots. The tolerance index decreased as copper concentrations in the soil increased. From 60 mg.dm⁻³, its vegetative growth decreased, but C. Juncea was able to tolerate and accumulate copper in the root system, presenting high potential as a phytostabilizing species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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14 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Application of Methyl Jasmonate Enhanced the Cold Tolerance of Jasminum sambac through Changes in Metabolites and Antioxidants

by Chen Chen, Hong Chen and Kaibo Yang

Horticulturae 2024, 10(7), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070688 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1032

Abstract

Jasminum sambac is an excellent ornamental species that is renowned worldwide for its pure white flowers and strong fragrance. However, its intolerance to low temperatures limits its cultivation range. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), an essential plant growth regulator, plays a significant role in assisting plants to resist various stresses. Hence, this study was carried out to decipher the capabilities of diverse concentrations of MeJA in helping J. sambac to resist cold stress by measuring different physiological indexes. A normal temperature (15 °C/10 °C) and low temperature (7 °C/2 °C) were applied to J. sambac seedlings, and a one-way analysis of variance followed by a Duncan’s multiple range test was adopted to compare the differences between the indicators under 5 μmol·L⁻¹, 10 μmol·L⁻¹ and 20 μmol·L⁻¹ of MeJA treatments. The results showed that cold stress significantly decreased the contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein, while the application of MeJA at 10 μmol·L⁻¹ and 20 μmol·L⁻¹ resulted in a partial recovery. In addition, cold stress dramatically hindered the accumulation of total chlorophyll in leaves. Exogenous MeJA elevated the total chlorophyll content during the whole sampling period. The hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels generally increased in response to low temperatures, and they caused adverse effects on J. sambac, whereas this was effectively alleviated through the application of MeJA. MeJA was also able to improve the resistance of J. sambac by boosting the activity of antioxidant enzymes to remove the excess of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, we highlighted that exogenous MeJA could attenuate the negative consequences of cold stress for J. sambac, and 10 μmol·L⁻¹ of MeJA treatment could be a feasible strategy for enhancing the resistance of J. sambac to low temperatures and promoting its growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 5747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of the CpCOR413PM1 Gene from Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) Enhances Cold and Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis

by Yeyuan Deng, Yi Lin, Guo Wei, Xiaoqian Hu, Yanghui Zheng and Jing Ma

Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060599 - 7 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1421

Abstract

Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link) is a commercial significance woody plant. As a rare winter-blooming plant, C. praecox is widely distributed and highly adaptable to various climates, especially low temperatures. In this study, we identified the COR413 plasma membrane gene CpCOR413PM1 in wintersweet. CpCOR413PM1 was expressed in all tissues of the plant, with the highest expression observed in the root and floral parts. Cultivation under 4 °C and with treatment of ABA led to the up-regulated expression of CpCOR413PM1. The expression of recombinant CpCOR413PM1 protein in Escherichia coli resulted in the tissues’ increased resilience to cold and drought stress. In vitro enzyme activity assays confirmed the protective impact of the CpCOR413PM1 protein on superoxide dismutase under low-temperature stress. Furthermore, the overexpression of CpCOR413PM1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in increased cold and drought tolerance and ABA inhibited transgenic Arabidopsis seed germination. The CpCOR413PM1 gene promoter can influence expression of the GUS reporter gene under conditions of 4 °C, 42 °C and abscisic acid. Overall, our study demonstrates that CpCOR413PM1 plays a significate role in cold and drought stress. Our findings strengthen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying wintersweet’s tolerance to stress and lay the groundwork for the future investigation of the functions of the COR gene family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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20 pages, 22348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of NAC Transcription Factors in Chimonanthus praecox and Transgene CpNAC30 Affects Salt and Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis

by Qing Yang, Yan Chen, Xiaohui Tang, Xueqi Zuo, Jing Li, Mingyang Li, Shunzhao Sui and Daofeng Liu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060595 - 6 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1022

Abstract

NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors regulate plant growth and development and response to various stresses. However, there is still limited insight into the NAC family in Chimonanthus praecox. This study performed a genome-wide characterization of the NAC transcription factor family members in C. praecox. A total of 105 NAC family members were identified from the C. praecox genome. The phylogenetic tree categorized the CpNACs into nine groups and the accuracy of this classification was confirmed by the analysis results of conserved motifs, conserved domain, and gene structure. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that the promoters of CpNACs were abundant in elements responsive to various hormones and stresses, implying the functional diversity and complexity of CpNACs. Furthermore, we investigated the function of the CpNAC30. The expression level of CpNAC30 could be significantly induced by abiotic stress and the CpNAC30 was the highest expressed in mature leaves of C. praecox. Overexpression of CpNAC30 reduced salt stress tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. Nevertheless, the drought stress tolerance of transgenic plants was enhanced. This study lays a foundation for further understanding the function of CpNACs genes and provides insights for abiotic stress tolerance breeding of C. praecox and other woody plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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20 pages, 16993 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Metabolically Tailored Selection of Ornamental Rose Cultivars through Polyamine Profiling, Osmolyte Quantification and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities

by Marko Kebert, Milena Rašeta, Saša Kostić, Vanja Vuksanović, Biljana Božanić Tanjga, Olivera Ilić and Saša Orlović

Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040401 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1607

Abstract

Roses (genus Rosa), renowned for their economic significance and aesthetic appeal, face multifaceted challenges in cultivation due to biotic and abiotic stressors. To address these challenges, this study explores the role of osmolytes, particularly polyamines, proline and glycine betaine, as well as antioxidant capacities and condensed tannins, in enhancing stress tolerance in roses. Despite the genetic diversity inherent in roses, the metabolic aspect of stress tolerance has been underexplored in breeding programs. This paper investigates the intraspecific variability among 22 rose cultivars, focusing on osmolyte content (proline and glycine betaine), individual polyamines (putrescine, spermine and spermidine), as well as antioxidant activities, measuring radical scavenging capacity against 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS^•+) and NO^• radicals. Employing a targeted metabolomic approach, we quantified the levels of individual polyamines in both the petals and leaves of rose cultivars. This was achieved through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescent detection following a derivatization pretreatment process. Within the evaluated cultivars, “Unique Aroma”, “Andre Rieu”, “Aroma 3”, “Frayla Marija” and “Trendy Fashion” stood out for their significantly elevated levels of total foliar polyamines. The predominant polyamine detected at both petal and leaf levels was putrescine, with concentrations ranging from 335.81 (“Zora Frayla”) to 2063.81 nmol g⁻¹ DW (“Unique Aroma”) at the leaf level. Following putrescine, foliar spermidine levels varied from 245.08 (“Olivera Frayla”) to 1527.16 nmol g⁻¹ DW (“Andre Rieu”). Regarding antioxidant capacity, the leaf extracts of rose cultivars “Zora Frayla” and “Natalija Frayla” were prominent by showing 68.08 and 59.24 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE) g⁻¹ DW, respectively. The results highlight the intricate biochemical variability across rose cultivars and show that osmolytes, such as glycine betaine, proline and polyamines, and other biochemical markers can be used as reliable criteria for the selection of rose cultivars that are more resilient to biotic stress factors, especially powdery and downy mildew. Bridging fundamental research with practical applications, this study aims to contribute to the development of stress-tolerant rose cultivars adaptable to dynamic environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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15 pages, 8610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differentiating Leaf Structures and Physiological Responses to Freezing Stress of Mangrove Kandelia obovata from Different Provenances

by Wenzhen Xin, Xia An, Huizi Liu, Shuangshuang Liu, Sheng Yang, Xin Wei, Jiali Zhao, Renan Lin, Xing Liu and Qiuxia Chen

Horticulturae 2024, 10(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020182 - 17 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1379

Abstract

Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae) is the most cold-tolerant mangrove species and has been widely used in coastal wetland ecological restoration due to its specific viviparous phenomenon, beautiful shape, and unique floral pattern. Due to long-term adaptation to their local environment, the phenotypic characteristics and stress resistance of widely distributed plants of the same species often differentiate across different locations. The capacity for cold resistance is closely linked to the physiological and structural characteristics of plants. Herein, we explored the temporal variations in the leaf structure and physiological status of K. obovata under −5.5 °C from different areas such as Jiulongjiang Estuary (JLJ, 24°25′ N), Fujian Province, and Longgang City (LG, 27°34′ N) and Jiaojiang District (JJ, 28°67′ N), Zhejiang Province. The morphological variations implied that the cold resistance of K. obovata obviously strengthened after the northward migration and acclimatization, in the following order: LG > JJ > JLJ. More specifically, after exposure to a sustained low temperature, the relative conductivity (REC), an index widely used to evaluate the degree of plant damage, remarkably increased from 33.62 ± 2.39 to 63.73 ± 3.81, 31.20 ± 1.63 to 49.48 ± 1.12, and 23.75 ± 0.13 to 54.24 ± 1.45 for JLJ, LG, and JJ, respectively (p < 0.05). Additionally, the palisade-to-spongy tissue ratio (P/I) of JLJ and JJ decreased from 0.78 ± 0.05 and 0.75 ± 0.03 to 0.5 ± 0.04 and 0.64 ± 0.02 (p < 0.05), whereas no significant changes were found in LG (p > 0.05). The SOD activity of LG significantly kept increasing, with values increased from 352.49 ± 10.38 to 477.65 ± 1.78 U·g⁻¹, whereas no apparent changes in JLJ and JJ were observed with the sustained low temperature. The results of this study improved our understanding of the response of K. obovata to freezing stress, which could provide a sound theoretical foundation for cultivating cold-resistant varieties, as well as expanding mangrove plantations in higher latitudes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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Review

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14 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improving Plant Resistance to Temperature Stress

by Panyu Jian, Qian Zha, Xinran Hui, Cuiling Tong and Dejian Zhang

Horticulturae 2024, 10(8), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080855 - 14 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2891

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial microorganisms ubiquitous in soil that form symbiotic mycorrhizal structures with plant roots. When the host plant is exposed to temperature stress, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can improve the host plant’s resistance by helping regulate the growth of underground and aboveground parts. In recent years, due to climate change, extremely high and low temperatures have occurred more frequently and for longer durations, significantly impacting plant growth, antioxidant systems, osmotic balance, photosynthesis, and related gene expression. Consequently, numerous scholars have used arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to aid plants, confirming that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can help host plants improve their ability to resist temperature stress. In this paper, the quantitative research method of Meta-analysis was used to collate and build a database of 129 relevant works to evaluate the effects of AMF on plant resistance to temperature stress and explore the response mechanism of AMF to host plants subjected to temperature stress, providing a theoretical basis for further exploring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving plant resistance to temperature stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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