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Horticulturae
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New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops
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New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops

A special issue of Horticulturae (ISSN 2311-7524). This special issue belongs to the section "Propagation and Seeds".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (14 July 2023) | Viewed by 31011

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hrotkó Károly​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Horticultural Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science, Villányi Str. 29-43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: rootstocks of fruit trees; cherry orchard system; propagation of woody plants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Darius Kviklys

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
1. Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Kaunas, Lithuania
2. Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research—NIBIO Ullensvang, Ullensvangvegen 1005, NO-5781 Lofthus, Norway
Interests: fruit tree cultivars; rootstocks; fruit physiology; crop load regulation; preharvest fruit quality
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Geza Bujdoso

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Research Center for Fruit Growing, Institute for Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Park tca 2., 1223 Budapest, Hungary
Interests: walnuts; phenology; breeding; evaluation of varieties; genetics; orchard systems; growing technologies; rootstock
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Noémi Kappel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Vegetable and Mushroom Growing, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Budapest, Villányi str. 29-43, Hungary
Interests: vegetable grafting; abiotic stress; vegetable fruit quality

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Grafts are applied in several crops in horticulture, such as fruit trees, grape, vegetables, and woody ornamentals. Rootstock–scion interactions in grafts are inevitable in modern horticulture due to their extended adaptability, and improved efficiency in modern growing technology and orchard systems.

Grafts are composite plants, which consist of two or three components: rootstocks, scion, and, in certain cases, inter-stocks. Grafting partners form a graft union and later grow as a composite plant, unifying partners in a complex metabolic system. However, the genome of partners determines their phenotypic characters, and the unified metabolic system connecting the processes located in the scion and the rootstock, through complex pathways, results in metabolic and phenotype modifications. Thus, rootstock–scion interactions may manifest in the agronomic features of grafted plants, which are essential for modern horticulture, including wide adaptability to pedo-climatical conditions, tolerance, or resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. On the other hand, phenotype modifications of the scion may improve the vegetative and generative characteristics of varieties through growth control, phenology, cropping efficiency, fruit quality and decreased sensitivity to pest and disease. All of these agronomic features are based on physiological processes involving metabolite production, hormonal flux and interactions, the uptake and transport of water and nutrients, or the scion’s gene expression. 

This Special Issue, “New Insights into Rootstock–Scion Interaction in Horticultural Crops”, aims to present state-of-the-art research from around the world. Innovative studies are welcome considering the above complex topics of scion–rootstock interactions, from agronomic applicable features to the physiology of composite plants grown from a graft union.

Prof. Dr. Hrotkó Károly
Dr. Darius Kviklys
Dr. Geza Bujdoso
Dr. Noémi Kappel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • growth control
  • cropping efficiency and crop quality
  • response to biotic and abiotic stress factors
  • water supply and plant water potential
  • nutrient uptake and transport
  • hormonal interactions
  • phenology characteristics
  • graft compatibility

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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14 pages, 1775 KiB  
Article
Growth and Productivity of Sweet Cherry Varieties on Hungarian Clonal Prunus mahaleb (L.) Rootstocks
by Károly Hrotkó, Krisztina Németh-Csigai, Lajos Magyar and Gitta Ficzek
Horticulturae 2023, 9(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020198 - 3 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2394
Abstract
Due to climate changes, drought- and lime-tolerant Prunus mahaleb rootstock may gain importance. Among the Mahaleb rootstocks and hybrids, there are standard and moderate-vigorous types, but their intensive testing in orchards is still needed. Our paper reports on testing rootstocks SL 64, Bogdány, [...] Read more.
Due to climate changes, drought- and lime-tolerant Prunus mahaleb rootstock may gain importance. Among the Mahaleb rootstocks and hybrids, there are standard and moderate-vigorous types, but their intensive testing in orchards is still needed. Our paper reports on testing rootstocks SL 64, Bogdány, Magyar, SM 11/4 clonal Mahalebs, and the hybrid MaxMa 14. ‘Carmen’, ‘Vera’, ‘Paulus’, and ‘Rita’ sweet cherry trees were trained on the above rootstocks to the principles of Hungarian Cherry Spindle at a spacing of 1.6 × 5 m. Rootstocks SL 64, Bogdány, and SM 11/4 proved to be vigorous, while on rootstocks Magyar and MaxMa 14, the trees were moderately vigorous, about 80%. ‘Carmen’, ‘Vera’, and ‘Rita’ on Magyar and MaxMa 14 produced high cumulative yields without significant differences, while ‘Paulus’ trees were most productive on Bogdány rootstock. ‘Carmen’ on Bogdány rootstock, ‘Vera’ on Magyar and Maxma 14 rootstock, and ‘Rita’ on MaxMa 14 were more precocious than on SL 64. Contrary to SL 64 and MaxMa 14, both Magyar and Bogdány rootstocks resulted in abundant flat branching and good fruit size. Our conclusion is that trees on Magyar and Bogdány rootstocks fit well to the Hungarian Cherry Spindle orchard system with 1250 tree/ha orchard density. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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15 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
Autochthonous Cherry Rootstock Germplasm in the Context of Sustainable Sweet Cherry Production
by Tijana Narandžić and Mirjana Ljubojević
Horticulturae 2023, 9(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010037 - 30 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1877
Abstract
Sustainability of fruit production is becoming a necessity in the time of climate changes and severe environmental issues, including decreasing water availability and biodiversity loss. To overcome these difficulties in sweet cherry production, we aimed to investigate the autochthonous cherry germplasm as a [...] Read more.
Sustainability of fruit production is becoming a necessity in the time of climate changes and severe environmental issues, including decreasing water availability and biodiversity loss. To overcome these difficulties in sweet cherry production, we aimed to investigate the autochthonous cherry germplasm as a source of adaptable, size-controlling and productive rootstocks. The performance of sweet cherry cultivar ‘Summit’ grafted on six rootstock candidates and ‘Gisela 5’ as a control has been assessed in semi-arid climate, in conditions without irrigation and pruning, and with minimal herbicides’ application. The qualitative (anchorage, suckering, vitality), vegetative (trunk cross sectional area—TCSA, tree dimensions) and generative (potential and achieved yielding, fruit quality) characteristics were investigated. All candidates provided adequate anchorage while three candidates did not form suckers. Trees on ‘Gisela 5’ showed the lowest vitality. The scion TCSA in the fifth vegetation ranged from 16.7 to 47.2 cm2, while tree height, crown width and depth were up to 293, 150 and 175 cm, respectively. In sixth vegetation, the yield reached 4.1 kg. The average fruit mass in the trial of 2020–2021 was 8 g, fruit width was up to 27.5 cm, while the dry matter content reached 19%. The study showed that with the proper rootstock selection, sweet cherries could achieve satisfactory growth and yield without harming the environment and with minimal orchard’s maintenance practices. Within investigated autochthonous material, candidate PC_02_01/4 induced the best performance of ‘Summit’ cultivar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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12 pages, 2429 KiB  
Article
Vegetative Characteristics of Three Apricot Cultivars Grafted on Six Different Rootstocks
by Edina Mendelné Pászti, Géza Bujdosó and Ákos Mendel
Horticulturae 2022, 8(11), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8111004 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1990
Abstract
The continuous innovation in the aspect of apricot cultivars and rootstocks requires comparative trials, which can be evaluated by precise and repeated measurements. An experiment is established, initiated from the recent trends for the Central-European region. Our aim was to evaluate the characteristics [...] Read more.
The continuous innovation in the aspect of apricot cultivars and rootstocks requires comparative trials, which can be evaluated by precise and repeated measurements. An experiment is established, initiated from the recent trends for the Central-European region. Our aim was to evaluate the characteristics of the observed rootstock-scion combinations during their non-bearing period under irrigated conditions. ‘Montclar’, ‘Myrobalan 29C’, ‘Wavit’, ‘Rootpac R’ and ‘Fehér besztercei’ were used as rootstock, in addition to the apricot selected seedling. Evaluation of rootstocks was carried out in combination with ‘Bergarouge’, ‘LilyCot’, and the traditional Hungarian cultivar called ‘Gönci Magyar kajszi’. The control combination was ‘Gönci Magyar kajszi’ grafted on apricot selected seedling. The experiment was established in spring of 2018 with 3 × 5 m spacing. The results showed strong influence of rootstock on the vigor of grafted scions. The regression relationships between the total height of trees and the canopy diameter, and the shoot length were linear. Furthermore, relationships between the trunk cross-section area and the total height of trees, the canopy diameters, the shoot lengths, as well as the canopy volume were positive and non-linear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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12 pages, 2454 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Rootstocks and Storage Temperatures on Postharvest Quality of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L. cv. Madonna)
by Noémi Kappel and Maryam Mozafarian
Horticulturae 2022, 8(10), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100862 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2587
Abstract
In addition to mitigating biotic and abiotic stress, grafting may influence the fruit quality and postharvest quality of eggplants. Few studies have been published on the influence of grafting on the postharvest performance of eggplant fruit. The current work examined the postharvest behavior [...] Read more.
In addition to mitigating biotic and abiotic stress, grafting may influence the fruit quality and postharvest quality of eggplants. Few studies have been published on the influence of grafting on the postharvest performance of eggplant fruit. The current work examined the postharvest behavior of grafted and non-grafted eggplant cv. Madonna at 0 and 10 °C storage. Rootstocks include Solanum grandiflorum × Solanum melongena (SH), Solanum torvum (ST), Solanum melongena × Solanum integrifolium (SI), Solanum integrifolium (A), and Solanum lycopersicum cv. Optifort (O) and Emperador (E). The values for soluble solids, L*, and b* of pulp declined throughout storage. The pH of the fruit pulp decreased during storage at 10 °C. The lowest firmness was observed in fruit grafted onto E and O. The oxidation potential (OP) value decreased for fruit harvested from the O rootstock. At 0 °C, the oxidation potential (OP) value increased in fruit harvested from the A rootstock. Fruit firmness reduction at the end of storage in fruit grafted onto SH was less than in the other rootstocks and control plants. Overall, we found that the storage temperature had a more significant effect than the applied rootstock on the studied parameters of the eggplant fruits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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14 pages, 1652 KiB  
Article
Growth Characteristics of Five Plum Varieties on Six Different Rootstocks Grown in Containers at Different Irrigation Levels
by Anikó Kajtár-Czinege, Éva Osztényiné Krauczi and Károly Hrotkó
Horticulturae 2022, 8(9), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090819 - 7 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2133
Abstract
In contrast to other European countries, the nurseries in Hungary mainly use Myrobalan seedlings as rootstock for plum trees; no experience with other rootstocks is available yet. The aim of our research was to gather experience and recommend rootstocks to growers that are [...] Read more.
In contrast to other European countries, the nurseries in Hungary mainly use Myrobalan seedlings as rootstock for plum trees; no experience with other rootstocks is available yet. The aim of our research was to gather experience and recommend rootstocks to growers that are adapted to the climatic conditions and can be used in high-density intensive orchards. In the experiment, six rootstocks (Myrobalan seedlings, ‘St. Julien GF655/2’, ‘St. Julien A’, ‘Fereley’, ‘Wangenheim’ and ‘WaVit’) and five varieties (‘Topper’, ‘Toptaste’, ‘Topfive’, ‘Čačanska lepotica’ and ‘Jojo’) were tested. The experimental plantation was established in Kecskemét, in the lowland region of Hungary, which is characterised by low humus content and dry climatic conditions. The trees received two different irrigation doses from 2012 onwards, one for each half of the trees (six trees) of a combination. The first irrigation dose was 2 L and the second was 4 L per hour. Trees with the highest trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and canopy volume were ‘Topper’, ‘Toptaste’ and ‘Topfive’ on the ‘Fereley’ rootstock, but this rootstock showed lower survival, with only 33–50% of trees surviving the 2× dose irrigation. The average TCSA values of the rootstocks showed that ‘Wangenheim’ and ‘WaVit’ rootstocks resulted in too poor growth. In contrast, the Myrobalan seedling (Sdlg) and ‘St. Julien GF655/2’ provided strong growth to the trees based on the TCSA and canopy volume data. The results of the analysis of shoot growth showed that irrigation did not significantly affect shoot length, except for ‘Jojo’. The plum trees developed fruit trees typical of the cultivars after fruiting, with little influence of the rootstocks. ‘Topper’ and ‘Čačanska lepotica’ were dominated by bunched and bunched shoots, while ‘Topfive’ was dominated by short shoots and ‘Toptaste’ developed the highest proportion of long shoots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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16 pages, 3938 KiB  
Article
Changes in Yield, Quality, and Morphology of Three Grafted Cut Roses Grown in a Greenhouse Year-Round
by O-Hyeon Kwon, Hyo-Gil Choi, Se-Jin Kim, Young-Ran Lee, Hyun-Hwan Jung and Ki-Young Park
Horticulturae 2022, 8(7), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070655 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2154
Abstract
Cut roses are grown throughout the four distinct seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Korea. Especially in the very hot or cold seasons of summer or winter, the temperature and light environments inside a greenhouse cause abiotic stress on the growth [...] Read more.
Cut roses are grown throughout the four distinct seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Korea. Especially in the very hot or cold seasons of summer or winter, the temperature and light environments inside a greenhouse cause abiotic stress on the growth of horticultural crops. In a greenhouse where shade cultivation is performed in summer, the temperature is high and the light intensity is low, whereas in winter when shade cultivation is not performed, both temperature and light intensity are low. This experiment investigated the year-round growth and yield changes of cut roses grafted onto three rootstocks. The root activity of rootstocks was generally higher than that of the scion. The stomata of the grafted cut roses showed morphological changes according to the seasons. Compared with the scion, the stomata of grafted cut roses became smaller and their number increased in summer, whereas only the stomata size increased in winter. The grafted cut roses had characteristics of high photosynthetic efficiency such as photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate from rootstocks under harsh environmental conditions including temperature and light intensity, and thus the photosynthetic efficiency was higher than that of the scion. There was no significant change in the yield of grafted cut roses, but flower quality parameters such as the stem height, stem thickness, and weight of grafted cut roses were improved according to the rootstocks compared with those of the scion. In particular, in cut roses grafted with R. multiflora cv. Natal Briar and Rosa indica ‘Major’ rootstocks, the weight increased as the stem lengthened and thickened in spring, autumn, and winter. Therefore, grafting is effective in improving the quality of cut roses grown under abiotic stress caused by harsh temperature and light intensity conditions during winter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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12 pages, 5140 KiB  
Article
Study on the Mechanism of Rootstock Damage during Clamping in Watermelon Grafting
by Kang Wu, Jianzhong Lou, Chen Li, Wei Luo, Congcong Li and Jianping Li
Horticulturae 2022, 8(7), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070617 - 7 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1518
Abstract
Rootstock has a soft tissue that should be held carefully to avoid mechanical damage. Holding the rootstock stem is a significant factor in the grafting process, with direct consequences on the survival rate of grafting. To analyze the damage mechanism of clamping rootstock, [...] Read more.
Rootstock has a soft tissue that should be held carefully to avoid mechanical damage. Holding the rootstock stem is a significant factor in the grafting process, with direct consequences on the survival rate of grafting. To analyze the damage mechanism of clamping rootstock, a finite element model of the clamping mechanism was established, and different clamping velocities and silicone rubber thicknesses were then studied in this study using the finite element method (FEM). The density and elasticity modulus of the rootstock stem and silicone rubber were determined experimentally using standard methods. The results show that as the clamping velocity increased, the contact force on the rootstock stem increased, and the clamping velocity should be lower than the critical velocity to reduce the probability of damage occurrence on the stem. The increase in silicone rubber thickness would decrease the force on the stem, while also resulting in the instability of the rootstock clamping. A silicone rubber thickness of 4 mm was confirmed as an appropriate thickness for this device. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results, and the mean error was 7.01% within the allowable range, which indicated that the FEM simulation model was reliable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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12 pages, 2061 KiB  
Article
Size-Controlling Cherry Rootstock Selection Based on Root Anatomical Characteristics
by Tijana Narandžić and Mirjana Ljubojević
Horticulturae 2022, 8(7), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070615 - 7 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2027
Abstract
Over the past few decades, numerous studies investigated the vigor and productivity of fruit species depending on the rootstock on which they were grafted, but the exact size-controlling mechanism itself has not been fully elucidated, nor were the rapid rootstock selection methods defined. [...] Read more.
Over the past few decades, numerous studies investigated the vigor and productivity of fruit species depending on the rootstock on which they were grafted, but the exact size-controlling mechanism itself has not been fully elucidated, nor were the rapid rootstock selection methods defined. Thus, this study aimed to assess the root anatomical characteristics and their influence on the overall ‘Summit’ cherry tree vigor to confirm the size-controlling effect and establish an effective protocol for rapid rootstock selection. Plant material included three cherry species (Prunus cerasus, Prunus fruticosa, and Prunus mahaleb) and interspecific hybrid ‘Gisela 5′ (P. cerasus × Prunus canescens) as a control. The detailed anatomical analysis included root samples with the differentiated secondary structure taken from the sampling depth of 10–15 cm. Roots with percentages of vessels ≈40%, ≈50%, and ≈10% belonging to size-classes ˂700 µm2, 700–2000 μm2, and ˃2000 µm2 (respectively) are presumed to provide optimal amounts of water solution to the scion, without compromising plant vitality, drought tolerance, and size-controlling effect. Statistically significant correlations were determined between anatomical properties (the percentage of vessels, especially ˃2000 µm2, xylem porosity, and hydraulic conductivity, both per mm2 and total root) and vegetative growth in the juvenile vegetative phase, indicating direct vessel size influence on plant vigor and its employment in size-controlling cherry rootstock selection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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17 pages, 6356 KiB  
Article
Influence of Citrus Rootstocks on Scion Growth, Hormone Levels, and Metabolites Profile of ‘Shatangju’ Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
by Faisal Hayat, Juan Li, Wen Liu, Caiqing Li, Wenpei Song, Shahid Iqbal, Ummara Khan, Hafiz Umer Javed, Muhammad Ahsan Altaf, Panfeng Tu, Jiezhong Chen and Jianliang Liu
Horticulturae 2022, 8(7), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070608 - 6 Jul 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3638
Abstract
Dwarfing rootstocks are a valuable genetic resource for managing high-density plantations. The selection of the appropriate scion/rootstock combination is key to improving crop performance and sustainable production in a particular environment and specific training systems. ‘Shatangju’ mandarin scion cultivar grafted onto ‘Flying Dragon’ [...] Read more.
Dwarfing rootstocks are a valuable genetic resource for managing high-density plantations. The selection of the appropriate scion/rootstock combination is key to improving crop performance and sustainable production in a particular environment and specific training systems. ‘Shatangju’ mandarin scion cultivar grafted onto ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock tends to be dwarfing and develops short stature plants. To obtain insight into potential mechanisms underlying rootstock-induced dwarfing effects, we conducted a rootstock trial to examine the influence of 11 different rootstocks based on their growth vigor, antioxidants, and hormonal levels of the scion cultivar. The phenotypic observations revealed that size reduction in the ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock is due to lower node number, shorter internodal length, and a reduced trunk diameter of the scion compared with more vigorous rootstocks. Antioxidant analysis showed that ‘Shatangju’ mandarin grafted onto ’Flying Dragon’ and ‘Trifoliate Orange’ rootstock had significantly lower peroxidase (POD) activity than other tested rootstocks. The hormonal analysis indicated that there were markedly lower amounts of abscisic acid (ABA) in ‘Shatangju’ mandarin grafted with ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock. In addition, trees grafted with ‘Sour Pummelo’ and ‘Flying Dragon’ depicted minimum amounts of gibberellins (GA24). Moreover, several metabolites associated with organic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, and alkaloids responded differently in plants grafted with ‘Flying Dragon’ (dwarfing) and ‘Shatang Mandarin’ (vigorous) rootstocks. This study concluded that ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock with a strong dwarfing effect has been proposed to improve high-density cultivation methods. These findings will provide useful insights for future research associated with rootstock-mediated dwarfing mechanisms of citrus rootstocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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12 pages, 268 KiB  
Article
Effects of Rhizobacteria Application on Leaf and Fruit Nutrient Content of Different Apple Scion–Rootstock Combinations
by Ercan Yildiz, Mehmet Yaman, Sezai Ercisli, Ahmet Sumbul, Osman Sonmez, Adem Gunes, Mehmet Ramazan Bozhuyuk and Darius Kviklys
Horticulturae 2022, 8(6), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060550 - 18 Jun 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
The plant pomological characteristics and physiological behaviors of genotypes in modern apple cultivation could be different depending on the use of rootstock, changing growth ecology and application of biological control agents. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of rhizobacteria [...] Read more.
The plant pomological characteristics and physiological behaviors of genotypes in modern apple cultivation could be different depending on the use of rootstock, changing growth ecology and application of biological control agents. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of rhizobacteria application on leaf and fruit nutrient contents in different apple scion–rootstock combinations. This study was carried out with seven standard cultivars (Scarlet Spur, Red Chief, Fuji, Jeromine, Galaxy Gala, Granny Smith, and Golden Reinders) budded on M.9 and MM.106 rootstocks. In the experiment, trees were sprayed by a nitrogen + phosphorus solvent rhizobacteria three times, with an interval of 15 days in the spring period. The effect of rhizobacteria application on leaf and fruit nutrient contents was statistically significant and provided generally significant positive contributions, except for leaf Mg content. Comparing both rootstocks, the positive effect of bacterial application was higher on the M.9 rootstock for leaf N and B content and fruit N and Fe content, and on the MM.106 rootstock for other nutrient content. While the effects of bacterial application on the basis of cultivars were generally positive, the highest positive contribution was made in leaf P content (10.7%) and fruit Mn content (32.1%) of the Fuji cultivar. Considering the total increase in nutrients in scion–rootstocks combination, rhizobacteria application had a positive effect on the leaf nutrient contents in Golden Reinders/MM.106, but not leaf K content. The highest increases in leaves of scion-rootstock combinations were determined as 4.0% in N content in Granny Smith/M.9, 14.1% in P content in Scarlet Spur/MM.106, 7.1% in K content in Fuji/MM.106, 4.4% in Ca content in Jeromine/M.9, and 14.0% in Mg content in Granny Smith/MM.106. The highest increase in fruit nutrient contents was between 4.9% (N content) and 13.5% (Ca content) for macro elements, and between 9.5% (Cu content) and 41.8% (Mn content) for microelements. The results of the present study may provide significant leads for further studies on this subject. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
15 pages, 750 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Low-Growing Rootstocks on the Adaptability and Productivity of Sour Cherry Varieties (Prunus cerasus L.) in Arid Conditions
by Andrey Solonkin, Olga Nikolskaya and Elena Seminchenko
Horticulturae 2022, 8(5), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050400 - 2 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2373
Abstract
Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), having a rich composition of biologically active connections and antioxidants, is gaining increasing popularity among agricultural producers. Increasing the production of sour cherry fruits requires the introduction of modern technology, one of the elements of which is [...] Read more.
Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), having a rich composition of biologically active connections and antioxidants, is gaining increasing popularity among agricultural producers. Increasing the production of sour cherry fruits requires the introduction of modern technology, one of the elements of which is low-growing rootstocks. For many cultures, the use of low-growing rootstocks has been widely studied, but there is very little information on their use in cherry plantations. We studied new varieties and rootstocks of cherries in the conditions of the dry steppe zone, where this issue had not been studied before. Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) varieties—Toy, Memory of Zhukova, and Loznovskaya—are the most adapted to the conditions in which the experiments were conducted. Russian breeding forms (Krymsk, Krasnodar region), which were taken as rootstocks, are widely used for sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.), but are practically never used for sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L.). The influence of rootstocks on such parameters as drought resistance, heat resistance, winter hardiness, and productivity was studied in variety–rootstock combinations. The study showed that they had the greatest drought resistance, and accordingly affected the grafted variety with rootstock, in the pedigree of which there are wild species. These rootstocks were of the VSL and RVL series. The study of the productivity of variety–rootstock combinations showed that in the grafted varieties the most rapid entry into the fruiting season and the greatest increase in the yield was facilitated by the rootstock forms of VSL-1 and VSL-2 (K5) which made it possible to obtain a yield of 5.8–8.1 kg/tree, depending on the variety grafted onto them. However, it is necessary to continue the research that has been started in order to fully determine the possible qualitative and quantitative parameters of the studied variety–rootstock combinations and to identify the most promising ones for further introduction into industrial production. This work was carried out within the framework of the topic of the state task of the Scientific Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences No. 0713-2019-0009: “Theoretical foundations, creation of new competitive biotypes of agricultural crops with high productivity, quality, sustainability and varietal technologies based on the latest methods and technological solutions in a changing climate, including seed breeding and nursery breeding”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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Review

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10 pages, 590 KiB  
Review
Walnut Genotypes for High Density Orchards
by Sama Rahimi Devin and Geza Bujdoso
Horticulturae 2022, 8(6), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060490 - 1 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3498
Abstract
The aim of this review is to check the possibilities and circumstances regarding how to create a high-density Persian walnut orchard. Increasing yields, decreasing tree size, limiting juveniles, and lowering total costs are the most important objectives of breeders and horticulturists. Reducing the [...] Read more.
The aim of this review is to check the possibilities and circumstances regarding how to create a high-density Persian walnut orchard. Increasing yields, decreasing tree size, limiting juveniles, and lowering total costs are the most important objectives of breeders and horticulturists. Reducing the size of walnut trees can increase yield. Breeding programs in several countries have led to the production of walnut dwarf rootstocks. For example, Daixiang and Daihui in China, Alvand in Iran, and Fernette in France are all novel-bred dwarfing Persian walnut rootstocks. These precocious walnuts are considered to be a rare resource in the study of precociousness as well as juvenile and flowering mechanisms. Moreover, they play a potential role in breeding and modifying cultivars by genetic engineering, through walnut ameliorating programs. The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) technique is used to improve walnuts, which will be used in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Rootstock - Scion Interactions in Horticultural Crops)
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