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Let's Talk about Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Scientific Evidence

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Mental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 11498

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
Interests: autism spectrum disorder; neurodevelopmental disorders; biomarkers; early recognition and diagnosis in child neuropsychiatry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The frequency of ASD diagnoses has increased dramatically in the last decade. Once considered rare, the current estimates of prevalence suggest that 1:45 in children in the United States (2.2%) and Europe is diagnosed with an ASD. Although individuals with ASD are very different from one another, the disorder is characterised by core features in two areas—social communication and restricted, repetitive sensory–motor behaviours—irrespective of culture, race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic group. ASD results from early altered brain development and neural reorganisation. While the specific causes of autism spectrum disorders have yet to be found, many risk factors identified in the research literature can contribute to their development. These risk factors include genetic, prenatal, and perinatal factors, neuroanatomical abnormalities, and environmental factors. It is possible to identify general risk factors, but it is much more difficult to identify specific factors.

However, because there are not yet any reliable biomarkers, diagnosis must be made on the basis of behaviour. The challenge of the future is to look at specific areas and biomarkers that can help in the diagnosis. Another interesting topic is the broader autism phenotype, heredity, and the differences of ASD based on sex and age, as well as how families can be helped to cope with the difficulties associated with ASD.

Papers addressing these topics are invited for this Special Issue, especially those combining a high academic standard coupled with a practical focus analyzing ASD from various points of view.

Dr. Andrea De Giacomo
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • ASD
  • environment
  • recognition
  • biomarkers
  • intellectual disability
  • comorbidity
  • severity

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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13 pages, 1194 KiB  
Article
TeleRehabilitation of Social-Pragmatic Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Principal Component Analysis
by Flavia Marino, Chiara Failla, Roberta Bruschetta, Noemi Vetrano, Ileana Scarcella, Germana Doria, Paola Chilà, Roberta Minutoli, David Vagni, Gennaro Tartarisco, Antonio Cerasa and Giovanni Pioggia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3486; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043486 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2487
Abstract
In many therapeutic settings, remote health services are becoming increasingly a viable strategy for behavior management interventions in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is a paucity of tools for recovering social-pragmatic skills. In this study, we sought to demonstrate the [...] Read more.
In many therapeutic settings, remote health services are becoming increasingly a viable strategy for behavior management interventions in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there is a paucity of tools for recovering social-pragmatic skills. In this study, we sought to demonstrate the effectiveness of a new online behavioral training, comparing the performance of an ASD group carrying out an online treatment (n°8) with respect to a control group of demographically-/clinically matched ASD children (n°8) engaged in a traditional in-presence intervention (face-to-face). After a 4-month behavioral treatment, the pragmatic skills language (APL test) abilities detected in the experimental group were almost similar to the control group. However, principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the overall improvement in socio-pragmatic skills was higher for ASD children who underwent in-presence training. In fact, dimensions defined by merging APL subscale scores are clearly separated in ASD children who underwent in-presence training with respect to those performing the online approach. Our findings support the effectiveness of remote healthcare systems in managing the social skills of children with ASD, but more approaches and resources are required to enhance remote services. Full article
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7 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Peripheral Iron Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorders vs. Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Preliminary Data
by Andrea De Giacomo, Silvia Medicamento, Chiara Pedaci, Donatella Giambersio, Orazio Valerio Giannico, Maria Giuseppina Petruzzelli, Marta Simone, Massimo Corsalini, Lucia Marzulli and Emilia Matera
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074006 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2864
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social skills and specific behaviors and interests. Among other environmental factors, iron may play a role in the development of ASD. The aim of this study is to compare the iron status of children [...] Read more.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social skills and specific behaviors and interests. Among other environmental factors, iron may play a role in the development of ASD. The aim of this study is to compare the iron status of children with ASD with that of children affected by neurodevelopmental disorders other than ASD (OND). A total of 167 patients were enrolled, including 93 children with ASD and 74 children with OND. In the two groups, we determined ferritin, iron, transferrin, hemoglobin, HCT, and MCV in the serum. We found a significant difference in serum ferritin and MCV levels between the two groups (p < 0.05), with lower ferritin and higher MCV values in the ASD group. There was no significant association with the other variables. Our results may support the hypothesis of altered iron status in ASD, justifying more frequent examinations of blood iron parameters in these children. Full article

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22 pages, 638 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Autism–Psychosis Continuum Conundrum: Exploring the Role of the Endocannabinoid System
by Marco Colizzi, Riccardo Bortoletto, Rosalia Costa, Sagnik Bhattacharyya and Matteo Balestrieri
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5616; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095616 - 5 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5283
Abstract
Evidence indicates shared physiopathological mechanisms between autism and psychosis. In this regard, the endocannabinoid system has been suggested to modulate neural circuits during the early stage of neurodevelopment, with implications for both autism and psychosis. Nevertheless, such potential common markers of disease have [...] Read more.
Evidence indicates shared physiopathological mechanisms between autism and psychosis. In this regard, the endocannabinoid system has been suggested to modulate neural circuits during the early stage of neurodevelopment, with implications for both autism and psychosis. Nevertheless, such potential common markers of disease have been investigated in both autism and psychosis spectrum disorders, without considering the conundrum of differentiating the two groups of conditions in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Here, we systematically review all human and animal studies examining the endocannabinoid system and its biobehavioral correlates in the association between autism and psychosis. Studies indicate overlapping biobehavioral aberrancies between autism and schizophrenia, subject to correction by modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In addition, common cannabinoid-based pharmacological strategies have been identified, exerting epigenetic effects across genes controlling neural mechanisms shared between autism and schizophrenia. Interestingly, a developmental and transgenerational trajectory between autism and schizophrenia is supported by evidence that exogenous alteration of the endocannabinoid system promotes progression to inheritable psychosis phenotypes in the context of biobehavioral autism vulnerability. However, evidence for a diametral association between autism and psychosis is scant. Several clinical implications follow from evidence of a developmental continuum between autism and psychosis as a function of the endocannabinoid system dysregulation. Full article
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