International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Research

16 pages, 2193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Future Physical Activity Participation in New Zealand Adolescents across Sociodemographic Groups: A Descriptive Study

by Tom Bergen, Alice Hyun Min Kim, Anja Mizdrak, Louise Signal, Geoff Kira and Justin Richards

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(11), 6001; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20116001 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2515

Abstract

This cross-sectional study aimed to explore various determinants of future physical activity (PA) participation in adolescents across sociodemographic groups. Sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation status, physical disability status) were assessed in a national sample (n = 6906) of adolescents (12–17 years [...] Read more.

This cross-sectional study aimed to explore various determinants of future physical activity (PA) participation in adolescents across sociodemographic groups. Sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity, deprivation status, physical disability status) were assessed in a national sample (n = 6906) of adolescents (12–17 years old) between 2017 and 2020 in New Zealand. The determinants of future PA participation chosen for analysis included current indicators of PA participation (i.e., total time, number of types, number of settings). We also examined widely recognised modifiable intrapersonal (i.e., physical literacy) and interpersonal (i.e., social support) determinants of current and future PA behaviour, along with indicators of PA availability issues. Older adolescents scored worse across all determinants of future PA than younger adolescents, with a key transition point appearing at 14–15 years of age. Māori and Pacific ethnicities scored best across each determinant category on average, with Asian populations scoring the worst. Gender diverse adolescents scored substantially worse than male and female adolescents across every determinant. Physically disabled adolescents scored worse than non-disabled across all determinants. Adolescents from medium and high deprivation neighbourhoods scored similarly across most determinants of future PA participation and both tended to score worse than people from low deprivation neighbourhoods. A particular focus on the improvement of future PA determinants is warranted within adolescents who are older, Asian, gender diverse, physically disabled, and from medium to high deprivation neighbourhoods. Future investigation should prioritise the longitudinal tracking of PA behaviours over time and develop interventions that affect multiple future PA determinants across a range of sociodemographic backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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18 pages, 1220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“It Goes Hand in Hand with Us Trying to Get More Kids to Play” Stakeholder Experiences in a Sport and Active Recreation Voucher Program

by Bridget C. Foley, Natalie Turner, Katherine B. Owen, David Cushway, Jacqueline Nguyen and Lindsey J. Reece

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054081 - 24 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2378

Abstract

Vouchers that reduce the cost of sport and active recreation participation have been shown to increase children’s and adolescent’s physical activity levels. Yet, the influence of government-led voucher programs on the capacity of sport and active recreation organisations is unclear. This qualitative study [...] Read more.

Vouchers that reduce the cost of sport and active recreation participation have been shown to increase children’s and adolescent’s physical activity levels. Yet, the influence of government-led voucher programs on the capacity of sport and active recreation organisations is unclear. This qualitative study explored the experiences of stakeholders in the sport and recreation sector that were engaged in implementing the New South Wales (NSW) Government’s Active Kids voucher program in Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 sport and active recreation providers. Interview transcriptions were analysed by a multidisciplinary team using the Framework method. Overall, participants reported that the Active Kids voucher program was an acceptable intervention to address the cost barrier to participation for children and adolescents. Three main steps influenced the capacity of organisations to deliver their sport and recreation programs and the voucher program: (1) Implementation priming—alignment of the intervention aims with stakeholder priorities and early information sharing, (2) Administrative ease—enhanced technology use and establishment of simple procedures, and (3) Innovation impacts—enablement of staff and volunteers to address barriers to participation for their participants. Future voucher programs should include strategies to enhance the capacity of sport and active recreation organisations to meet program guidelines and increase innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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15 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social and Behavioural Correlates of High Physical Activity Levels among Aboriginal Adolescent Participants of the Next Generation: Youth Wellbeing Study

by Rona Macniven, Christopher D. McKay, Simon Graham, Lina Gubhaju, Robyn Williams, Anna Williamson, Grace Joshy, John Robert Evans, Robert Roseby, Bobby Porykali, Aryati Yashadhana, Rebecca Ivers and Sandra Eades

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043738 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2738

Abstract

Physical activity typically decreases during teenage years and has been identified as a health priority by Aboriginal adolescents. We examined associations between physical activity levels and sociodemographic, movement and health variables in the Aboriginal led ‘Next Generation: Youth Well-being (NextGen) Study’ of Aboriginal [...] Read more.

Physical activity typically decreases during teenage years and has been identified as a health priority by Aboriginal adolescents. We examined associations between physical activity levels and sociodemographic, movement and health variables in the Aboriginal led ‘Next Generation: Youth Well-being (NextGen) Study’ of Aboriginal people aged 10–24 years from Central Australia, Western Australia and New South Wales. Baseline survey data collected by Aboriginal researchers and Aboriginal youth peer recruiters from 2018 to 2020 examined demographics and health-related behaviours. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for engaging in high levels of physical activity in the past week (3–7 days; 0–2 days (ref), or ‘don’t remember’) associated with demographic and behavioural factors. Of 1170 adolescents, 524 (41.9%) had high levels of physical activity; 455 (36.4%) had low levels; 191 (15.3%) did not remember. Factors independently associated with higher odds of physical activity 3–7 days/week were low weekday recreational screen time [55.3% vs. 44.0%, OR 1.79 (1.16–2.76)], having non-smoking friends [50.4% vs. 25.0%, OR 2.27 (1.03–5.00)] and having fewer friends that drink alcohol [48.1% vs. 35.2%, OR 2.08 (1.05–4.14)]. Lower odds of high physical activity were independently associated with being female [40.2% vs. 50.9%, OR 0.57 (0.40–0.80)] and some findings differed by sex. The NextGen study provides evidence to inform the co-design and implementation of strategies to increase Aboriginal adolescent physical activity such as focusing on peer influences and co-occurring behaviours such as screen time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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13 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Health of Working Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Physical Activity Level Matter?

by Tai-Ming Wut, Stephanie Wing Lee and Jing (Bill) Xu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 2961; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042961 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations between physical activity levels and the psychological outcomes of depression and anxiety. In 2022, Hong Kong was still exercising strict measures to control the spread of COVID-19. In this connection, major events and [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations between physical activity levels and the psychological outcomes of depression and anxiety. In 2022, Hong Kong was still exercising strict measures to control the spread of COVID-19. In this connection, major events and almost all large-scale sports events were suspended. Most recreational facilities were closed and repurposed as vaccination venues. As a result, a reduction in physical activity was expected. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 109 working adults in Hong Kong. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form was adopted as it continues to be the most widely used scale to measure physical activity. Almost a quarter of respondents exercised regularly. On average, respondents engaged in less than an hour’s physical activity per week. Findings showed that even low to moderate levels of physical activity were positively associated with perceived self-esteem and perceived mental well-being. More specifically, self-esteem and perceived mental well-being were negatively associated with depression and anxiety. A full mediation effect between engagement in low levels of physical activity and anxiety was found. Light exercises may ultimately lead to lower anxiety via an indirect effect, with perceived mental well-being acting as a mediator. There was no direct relationship between low levels of physical activity and anxiety. In a similar vein, moderate levels of physical activity may lead to amelioration of symptoms related to depression and anxiety through indirect effects, with self-esteem as a mediator. Apart from engagement in low levels of physical activity, moderate levels of physical activity, such as swimming, jogging, and dancing, which have associations with self-esteem and mental health, could also be considered for attention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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11 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating Neighbourhood Opposition and Climate Change: Feasibility and Acceptability of a Play Street Pilot in Sydney, Australia

by Josephine Y. Chau, Putu Novi Arfirsta Dharmayani and Helen Little

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 2476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032476 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

Background: Play Streets are community-led initiatives that provide opportunities for outdoor play and recreation when parks or other facilities may not be easily accessible. This pragmatic evaluation aims to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a pilot Play Street in Inner West Sydney. [...] Read more.

Background: Play Streets are community-led initiatives that provide opportunities for outdoor play and recreation when parks or other facilities may not be easily accessible. This pragmatic evaluation aims to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a pilot Play Street in Inner West Sydney. Methods: We used a post-only mixed methods design. Brief intercept surveys with pilot Play Street visitors assessed their reasons for attending the event and perceptions thereof. Semi-structured interviews explored stakeholders’ experiences related to planning and implementing Play Streets. Results: Approximately 60 adults and children attended the pilot Play Street. The majority of survey respondents (n = 32) were female, aged 35–54, lived in the Play Street’s postcode, and visited in groups consisting of adults and children. Overall respondents rated the pilot positively in enjoyment (100%), safety (97%), and organisation (81%), although there were significant differences between certain demographic subgroups in the perception of organisation and the children’s enjoyment of the pilot Play Street. Stakeholder interviews (n = 2) highlighted the importance of community consultation and reaching compromises, noting concerns about safety and insurance costs, and emphasised the role of Council as a facilitator to help residents take ownership of Play Streets. Delays due to community concerns, poor air quality arising from bushfires, heavy rain on the event day, and COVID-19 lockdowns hindered pilot Play Street implementation and evaluation. Conclusion: This pilot demonstrated that Play Streets are a feasible and acceptable way to use streets as outdoor recreation spaces in Sydney’s Inner West. The evaluation highlights two elements for future sustainability: managing neighbourhood opposition and adapting to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

13 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Exercise, Social Capital, Hope, and Subjective Well-Being in China: A Parallel Mediation Analysis

by Xupeng Zhang, Dianxi Wang and Fei Li

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010303 - 25 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2486

Abstract

Based on data from the 2017 China General Social Survey, a conditional process analysis was conducted to explore the association between physical exercise and subjective well-being, as well as the parallel mediating effect of social networks and a sense of hope. The results [...] Read more.

Based on data from the 2017 China General Social Survey, a conditional process analysis was conducted to explore the association between physical exercise and subjective well-being, as well as the parallel mediating effect of social networks and a sense of hope. The results showed that physical exercise had a significant positive predictive effect on the participants’ subjective well-being. Furthermore, social networks and a sense of hope mediated the association between physical exercise and subjective well-being. Physical exercise indirectly promoted subjective well-being by enhancing social networks and a sense of hope. However, the indirect effect of a sense of hope on the association between physical exercise and subjective well-being was greater than that of social networks. The results of this study revealed the internal mechanism of the effect of participation in physical exercise on the improvement of subjective well-being, which is of great significance for formulating relevant policies and plans to further improve Chinese residents’ well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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10 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Adolescent Sport Participation on Body Mass Index Tracking and the Association between Body Mass Index and Self-Esteem over a Three-Year Period

by Robert J. Noonan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315579 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1610

Abstract

This study aimed to (1) investigate gender-specific characteristics associated with low sport participation among UK adolescents, and (2) assess gender-specific BMI tracking, and gender-specific associations between BMI and self-esteem based on different levels of adolescent sport participation. Participants were 9046 (4523 female) UK [...] Read more.

This study aimed to (1) investigate gender-specific characteristics associated with low sport participation among UK adolescents, and (2) assess gender-specific BMI tracking, and gender-specific associations between BMI and self-esteem based on different levels of adolescent sport participation. Participants were 9046 (4523 female) UK adolescents. At 11- and 14 years self-esteem was self-reported and BMI was calculated from objectively measured height and weight. At 11- years sport participation was parent-reported. Gender-specific sport participation quartile cut-off values categorised boys and girls separately into four graded groups. Gender-specific χ² and independent samples t tests assessed differences in measured variables between the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q4) sport participation quartiles. Adjusted linear regression analyses examined BMI tracking and associations between BMI and self-esteem scores. Gender-specific analyses were conducted separately for sport participation quartiles. Compared to Q4 boys and girls, Q1 boys and girls were more likely to be non-White, low family income, have overweight/obesity at 11 years and report lower self-esteem at 11 years and 14 years. BMI at 11 years was positively associated with BMI at 14 years for boys and girls across sport participation quartiles. BMI at 11 years was inversely associated with self-esteem scores at 11 years for Q1 and Q2 boys, and Q1 and Q4 girls. BMI at 11 years was inversely associated with self-esteem scores at 14 years for Q1, Q3 and Q4 boys, and Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 girls. Gender and sport participation influence BMI tracking and the BMI and self-esteem association among adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

15 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Physical Activity Reduce the Risk of Perceived Negative Health in the Smoking Population?

by Ángel Denche-Zamorano, David Manuel Mendoza-Muñoz, Damián Pereira-Payo, Manuel J. Ruiz, Nicolás Contreras-Barraza, José A. Iturra-González, Javier Urbano-Mairena, Carolina Cornejo-Orellana and María Mendoza-Muñoz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114366 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1947

Abstract

Background: Smoking is associated with poor health status. Increased prevalence of multiple diseases has been found in populations of smokers and ex-smokers. Physical activity (PA) could reduce the negative effects of smoking. Aims: To analyze the relationships between smoking and self-perceived health and [...] Read more.

Background: Smoking is associated with poor health status. Increased prevalence of multiple diseases has been found in populations of smokers and ex-smokers. Physical activity (PA) could reduce the negative effects of smoking. Aims: To analyze the relationships between smoking and self-perceived health and between PA level and self-perceived health, according to the relationship with smoking in the Spanish population. To calculate the risks of perceiving negative health in relation to smoking, according to the PA level of the population. Hypothesis: A higher level of PA reduces the risk of perceiving negative health in the Spanish smoking population. Design and Methodology: Cross-sectional study with data from 17,708 participants, 15–69 years old, interviewed in the Spanish National Health Survey 2017. Intergroup differences were studied. Odds ratios (OR) and relative risks (RR) and their confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for negative self-perceived health. A Spearman’s rho correlation study was performed between the variables of interest. Results: Dependency relationships were found between self-perceived health and PA levels, in both genders and in different relationships with smoking (x² < 0.001). Inactivity was related to higher prevalences of negative health perception (p < 0.05) in all groups analyzed. Inactive smokers (OR: 6.02. 95% CI: 3.99–9.07. RR: 5.24. 95% CI: 3.56–7.73) presented increased risks of negative health perception compared to people with low/medium PA levels, similarly found in other relationships with tobacco. Conclusions: Increasing the PA level of the smoking population could reduce the negative effects on their perceived health. Medium and high PA levels reduce the risk of negative health perception in the Spanish population, both in smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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12 pages, 1186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity Level, Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Perceived Health in Spanish Adults with Migraine: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Ángel Denche-Zamorano, Víctor Paredes-Mateos, Raquel Pastor-Cisneros, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Nicolás Contreras-Barraza, José A. Iturra-Gonzalez and María Mendoza-Muñoz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 13882; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113882 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2075

Abstract

Background: Of all neurological disorders, migraine is the second most prevalent in the world and the most disabling, affecting approximately 15% of the general population. It is characterized by recurrent headaches, along with other symptoms and comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, compromising [...] Read more.

Background: Of all neurological disorders, migraine is the second most prevalent in the world and the most disabling, affecting approximately 15% of the general population. It is characterized by recurrent headaches, along with other symptoms and comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, compromising the sufferer’s perception of health. Physical activity is a preventive treatment for migraine and its comorbidities. The aim is to analyze the relationship between migraine and physical activity levels (PAL) in the adult Spanish population, as well as PAL and depression, anxiety, and self-perceived health (SPH) in people with migraine. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 17,137 participants, 1972 with migraine, using data from the Spanish National Health Survey. Non-parametric statistical tests were performed: z-test for independent proportions (to analyze intergroup differences) and chi-square test (to analyze dependence between categorical variables). Results: Migraine was related to PAL (p < 0.001). Inactive people had a higher prevalence of migraine than active and very active people (p < 0.05). PAL was related to depression, anxiety, SPH, and analgesic use in people with migraine (p < 0.001). Inactive people had a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, analgesic use, and negative SPH than active and very active people (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Increasing PA in the population could reduce the prevalence of migraine. In people with migraine, inactivity could worsen SPH and increase depressive and anxious symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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13 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers and Facilitators to Participating in an Exercise Referral Scheme among Women Living in a Low Socioeconomic Area in Australia: A Qualitative Investigation Using the COM-B and Theoretical Domains Framework

by Grace McKeon, Chiara Mastrogiovanni, Megan Teychenne and Simon Rosenbaum

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12312; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912312 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4837

Abstract

Introduction: Despite the health benefits of regular physical activity, women experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage are at high risk of inactivity. Reasons are multifactorial but likely include broad structural and contextual factors, e.g., lack of access to physical activity programs, as well as individual and [...] Read more.

Introduction: Despite the health benefits of regular physical activity, women experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage are at high risk of inactivity. Reasons are multifactorial but likely include broad structural and contextual factors, e.g., lack of access to physical activity programs, as well as individual and interpersonal factors, e.g., lack of motivation and childcaring responsibilities. Few studies among women of low socioeconomic position (SEP) have explored these factors in-depth, yet an understanding of these factors can help inform the development and improve the uptake of exercise referral schemes. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and COM-B model (capability, opportunity, motivation and behaviour) were employed to understand behaviours for intervention development. Therefore, using these behaviour change models, this study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators influencing the use of an exercise referral scheme among women living in a socioeconomically disadvantaged area. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who had registered with a free exercise referral scheme (Live Life Get Active) and living in a low socioeconomic neighbourhood in Sydney, Australia. Reflexive thematic analysis and framework analysis were used to allow naturally identified themes to be determined and then allocated to theoretically driven domains. Results: Nine women were interviewed (aged 30–69 years). Eighteen themes were identified and mapped directly on to the six COM-B constructs. The most reported barriers to using the physical activity referral scheme related to the opportunity construct of the COM-B model, specifically childcare responsibilities, work commitments and environmental barriers. Key facilitators were enjoyment (motivation), no cost (opportunity), instructor led (opportunity) and social support (opportunity). Conclusion: Future exercise referral schemes targeting women living in low-SEP neighbourhoods should ensure programs are designed and delivered to overcome barriers aligned with the constructs of the COM-B model, particularly opportunity-related constructors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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14 pages, 591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Physical Activity Level and Health Services Use in Spanish Adults

by Ángel Denche-Zamorano, María Mendoza-Muñoz, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Laura Muñoz-Bermejo, Jorge Rojo-Ramos, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf and Sabina Barrios-Fernandez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8867; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148867 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2081

Abstract

One of the main concerns of governments and organisations worldwide is the cost and burden of health services, with sedentary lifestyles being a significant impacting factor, and physical activity is one of the potential solutions. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the possible [...] Read more.

One of the main concerns of governments and organisations worldwide is the cost and burden of health services, with sedentary lifestyles being a significant impacting factor, and physical activity is one of the potential solutions. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the possible associations between the physical activity level, hospitalisation prevalence, and the use and number of visits to emergency services in the Spanish population, examining potential differences between sex and age groups. This is a cross-sectional study based on data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017 (ENSE 2017), the last one before the COVID-19 pandemic, with 17,199 participants. A descriptive analysis was performed using median and interquartile range (continuous variables) and absolute and relative frequencies (ordinal variables). Intergroup differences were analysed with non-parametric tests: chi-square and z-test for independent proportions (categorical variables), and Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U (continuous variables). Spearman’s rho was used to study correlations between variables. A multiple binary regression analysis was performed to predict hospitalisations. Hospitalisations and emergency services use showed a dependence relation with the physical activity level (p < 0.001): those who performed moderate and/or vigorous physical activity used those services less than sedentary individuals and those whose only activity was walking. Thus, associations could be drawn between the hospitalisation prevalence, the use and number of visits to emergency departments, and the physical activity level in the Spanish population aged 18–69 years in the pre-pandemic period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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16 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“We Don’t Have to Do Things the Way They’ve Been Done Before”; Mixed-Method Evaluation of a National Grant Program Tackling Physical Inactivity through Sport

by Catriona L. Rose, Katherine B. Owen, Bridget C. Foley and Lindsey J. Reece

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7931; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137931 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2168

Abstract

National strategies are needed to continue to promote the broader benefits of participating in sport and organised physical activity to reduce physical inactivity and related disease burden. This paper employs the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the impact of the federally funded $150 million [...] Read more.

National strategies are needed to continue to promote the broader benefits of participating in sport and organised physical activity to reduce physical inactivity and related disease burden. This paper employs the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the impact of the federally funded $150 million Move it AUS program in engaging inactive people in sport and physical activity through the Participation (all ages) and Better Ageing (over 65 years) funding streams. A pragmatic, mixed-methods evaluation was conducted to understand the impact of the grant on both the participants, and the funded organisations. This included participant surveys, case studies, and qualitative interviews with funded program leaders. A total of 75% of participants in the Participation stream, and 65% in the Better Ageing stream, were classified as inactive. The largest changes in overall physical activity behaviour were seen among socioeconomically disadvantaged participants and culturally and linguistically diverse participants. Seven key insights were gained from the qualitative interviews: Clarity of who, Partnerships, Communication, Program delivery, Environmental impacts, Governance, and that Physical inactivity must be a priority. The Move It AUS program successfully engaged physically inactive participants. Additional work is needed to better engage inactive people that identify as culturally and linguistically diverse, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander and those that live in disadvantaged communities in sport and physical activities. Tangible actions from the seven key insights should be adopted into workforce capability planning for the sport sector to effectively engage physically inactive communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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9 pages, 698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postural Balance in Relation with Vision and Physical Activity in Healthy Young Adults

by Roxana Ramona Onofrei and Elena Amaricai

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095021 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3524

Abstract

Postural balance is an essential part of a wide range of activities, from daily living tasks to sports. Regularly repeated physical and/or sport activities improve both the postural performance and the postural strategy. The aim of our study was to evaluate if the [...] Read more.

Postural balance is an essential part of a wide range of activities, from daily living tasks to sports. Regularly repeated physical and/or sport activities improve both the postural performance and the postural strategy. The aim of our study was to evaluate if the physical activity level is a factor that influences postural balance performance, including the impact of vision and gender, in healthy young adults. Postural balance was assessed in 78 subjects (38 males and 40 females, aged 20.64 ± 1.18 years) by using the PoData system, in open (EO) and closed (EC) eye conditions. Based on the physical activity level, subjects were classified in two groups—low physical activity level (n = 36, 46.15%) and moderate physical activity level (n = 42, 53.85%). A group significant difference was found only for the average centre of pressure (CoP) deviations on the latero-lateral axis (CoP_X), with a higher lateral deviation of the CoP (toward right) in the low physical activity group (F = 4.005, p = 0.04). CoP path length, the 90% confidence ellipse and maximum CoP speed were significantly increased in EC conditions. A statistically significant interaction effect (vision × physical activity) was observed for the CoP path length (F = 7.9, p = 0.006). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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26 pages, 1542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Subjective Well-Being in a Cohort of University Students and Staff Members: Association with Physical Activity and Outdoor Leisure Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Stefano Quarta, Annalisa Levante, María-Teresa García-Conesa, Flavia Lecciso, Egeria Scoditti, Maria Annunziata Carluccio, Nadia Calabriso, Fabrizio Damiano, Giuseppe Santarpino, Tiziano Verri, Paula Pinto, Luisa Siculella and Marika Massaro

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4787; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084787 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4513

Abstract

Time spent outdoors and physical activity (PA) promote mental health. To confirm this relationship in the aftermath of COVID-19 lockdowns, we explored individual levels of anxiety, depression, stress and subjective well-being (SWB) in a cohort of academic students and staff members and tested [...] Read more.

Time spent outdoors and physical activity (PA) promote mental health. To confirm this relationship in the aftermath of COVID-19 lockdowns, we explored individual levels of anxiety, depression, stress and subjective well-being (SWB) in a cohort of academic students and staff members and tested their association with sport practice, PA at leisure time and time spent outdoors. Our cross-sectional study collected data during the COVID-19 outbreak (April–May 2021) on 939 students and on 238 employees, who completed an online survey on sociodemographic and lifestyle features, depression, anxiety, stress, and SWB. Results showed that the students exhibited higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress, and lower levels of SWB (p < 0.001 for all domains) compared to the staff members. Correlation analysis confirmed that PA and time spent in nature were associated to high mental health scores among staff and, more consistently, among students. Finally, mediation analyses indicated that the time spent in nature, social relationships, and levels of energy play a mediator role in the relationship between sport practice and SWB. Our evidence reinforces the protective role of time spent in nature in improving mental health, and provides support for policymakers to make appropriate choices for a better management of COVID-19 pandemic consequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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13 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inverted U-Shaped Relationship between Physical Activity and Academic Achievement among Chinese Adolescents: On the Mediating Role of Physical and Mental Health

by Tianjiao Wang and Congbin Guo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084678 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2729

Abstract

We aimed to clarify the relationship between Chinese adolescents’ physical activity and academic achievement, the mediating role of physical and mental health, and provide a scientific reference for the integration of sports and education. Based on baseline data from the China Education Panel [...] Read more.

We aimed to clarify the relationship between Chinese adolescents’ physical activity and academic achievement, the mediating role of physical and mental health, and provide a scientific reference for the integration of sports and education. Based on baseline data from the China Education Panel Survey, we conducted a nationwide study of 12,960 adolescents. We used nonlinear models, mediation effect analysis, and other measurement methods. Three significant findings emerged: (1) adolescent physical activity duration and academic achievement showed an inverted U-shaped relationship. Moderate physical activity improves academic achievement. The inverted U-shaped inflection point is about 3.549 h/week; (2) physical activity among the male group has a stronger effect on promoting academic achievement, while the positive effect of physical activity among females is not significant. The difference in effectiveness between urban and rural youth groups is relatively small, but the inflection point of rural youth groups is higher, and (3) the level of physical and mental health effectively mediates the inverted U-shaped influence of youth physical activity on academic achievement. We recommend that governments and schools should implement physical activity appropriately and suggest the feasibility of using physical activity to narrow the growth gap between urban and rural youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

11 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Gap in Community Sports: Utilization of Sports Facilities in South Korea

by Minuk Kang and Youngjik Lee

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084495 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3237

Abstract

Anyone can participate in sports, but not everyone has the opportunity to do so. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors causing inequality in sports participation based on the causes of the disparity in sports facility utilization in South Korea. [...] Read more.

Anyone can participate in sports, but not everyone has the opportunity to do so. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors causing inequality in sports participation based on the causes of the disparity in sports facility utilization in South Korea. Based on ecosystem theory, factors affecting the use of sports facilities were identified. For the causal relationship analysis of each factor, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed using the SPSS (version 26.0) package (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The characteristics of individual, family, and community levels show the different impacts based on study models with hierarchical structures. The results of this study illustrated that family characteristics did not influence the facilities’ utilization rate. However, individual and community characteristics did influence the sports facilities’ utilization rate. Although these results were derived from the case of South Korea, they are comparable data focusing on country-specific characteristics and community indicators. It is expected that sports participation can be strengthened by bridging the gap in sports facilities’ utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

11 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Netball Shoots for Physical and Mental Wellbeing in Samoa: A Natural Experiment

by Justin Richards, Emma Sherry, Fetuao Tamala, Suzie Schuster, Nico Schulenkorf and Lewis Keane

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052663 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2431

Abstract

Sport-for-development programs claim to address key determinants of recreational physical activity participation and subsequent development outcomes in low-income settings. We conducted a natural experiment with pre–post measures taken from women in the 12 villages in Samoa, some of which voluntarily participated in the [...] Read more.

Sport-for-development programs claim to address key determinants of recreational physical activity participation and subsequent development outcomes in low-income settings. We conducted a natural experiment with pre–post measures taken from women in the 12 villages in Samoa, some of which voluntarily participated in the sport-for-development intervention. The intervention comprised a six-week netball league delivered by local volunteers who attended coaching workshops, received ongoing support from the national governing body and were provided with infrastructure and equipment to conduct local training sessions. Changes in netball participation, recreational physical activity, body composition, mental wellbeing and socio-ecological determinants of physical activity were compared between intervention and comparison villages using a univariate ANOVA. The intervention reached women who participated in little recreational physical activity and had poor physical and mental wellbeing. Program uptake was higher in villages with the strongest social support for netball participation. Local social support and capacity to independently organize netball activities increased. There were concurrent improvements in netball participation, physical activity levels, mental wellbeing and body weight in the intervention villages. Our findings support scaling-up of the intervention in similar settings but preceding this with formative evaluation to identify low active communities that are “primed” to participate in the proposed activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

14 pages, 9138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in the French Population: Results and Evolution between Two Cross-Sectional Population-Based Studies, 2006 and 2016

by Charlotte Verdot, Benoît Salanave, Salomé Aubert, Andréa Ramirez Varela and Valérie Deschamps

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 2164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042164 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2806

Abstract

Insufficient physical activity and sedentary behaviors (SB) are major risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Monitoring the prevalence of physical activity (PA) and SB is essential to meet the health needs of the population. This article presents the prevalence of PA and SB in [...] Read more.

Insufficient physical activity and sedentary behaviors (SB) are major risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Monitoring the prevalence of physical activity (PA) and SB is essential to meet the health needs of the population. This article presents the prevalence of PA and SB in the French population and their evolution during the last decade. Data come from two cross-sectional surveys, representative of the population in France, the “Etude Nationale Nutrition Santé” 2006–2007 and the Esteban study 2014–2016, and were collected through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire for adults, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey and specific questionnaire for children. In 2014–2016, 71% of men and 53% of women met the PA recommendations (5 or more days per week with a moderate-intensity physical activity of at least 30 min per day). Since 2006–2007, PA has decreased for women, but increased for men; 80% of adults reported a daily leisure screen time of at least three hours in 2014–2016, in strong growth since 2006–2007. Among children, only 51% of boys and 33% of girls were meeting the PA recommendations (at least 60 min of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity daily). PA decreased significantly after the age of 10. Three-quarters of children spent two hours or more in front of a screen every day. These results show a lack of PA, in particular among women and girls, a high prevalence of SB in the French population, and a deterioration of these behaviours between 2006 and 2016. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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15 pages, 1968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Barriers and Facilitators of Sport and Physical Activity Participation for Aboriginal Children in Rural New South Wales, Australia: A Photovoice Project

by Sarah Liew, Josephine Gwynn, Janice Smith, Natalie A. Johnson, Ronald Plotnikoff, Erica L. James and Nicole Turner

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 1986; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041986 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4540

Abstract

Participating in physical activity is beneficial for health. Whilst Aboriginal children possess high levels of physical activity, this declines rapidly by early adolescence. Low physical activity participation is a behavioral risk factor for chronic disease, which is present at much higher rates in [...] Read more.

Participating in physical activity is beneficial for health. Whilst Aboriginal children possess high levels of physical activity, this declines rapidly by early adolescence. Low physical activity participation is a behavioral risk factor for chronic disease, which is present at much higher rates in Australian Aboriginal communities compared to non-Aboriginal communities. Through photos and ‘yarning’, the Australian Aboriginal cultural form of conversation, this photovoice study explored the barriers and facilitators of sport and physical activity participation perceived by Aboriginal children (n = 17) in New South Wales rural communities in Australia for the first time and extended the limited research undertaken nationally. Seven key themes emerged from thematic analysis. Four themes described physical activity barriers, which largely exist at the community and interpersonal level of children’s social and cultural context: the physical environment, high costs related to sport and transport, and reliance on parents, along with individual risk factors such as unhealthy eating. Three themes identified physical activity facilitators that exist at the personal, interpersonal, and institutional level: enjoyment from being active, supportive social and family connections, and schools. Findings highlight the need for ongoing maintenance of community facilities to enable physical activity opportunities and ensure safety. Children held strong aspirations for improved and accessible facilities. The strength of friendships and the family unit should be utilized in co-designed and Aboriginal community-led campaigns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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13 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity and Self-Reported Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in the Aboriginal Population in Perth, Australia, Measured Using an Adaptation of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)

by Tuguy Esgin, Deborah Hersh, Kevin G. Rowley, Rona Macniven, Kristen Glenister, Alan Crouch and Robert U. Newton

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5969; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115969 - 2 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5080

Abstract

Background: Complex, ongoing social factors have led to a context where metabolic syndrome (MetS) is disproportionately high in Aboriginal Australians. MetS is characterised by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, high blood-sugar and low HDL-C. This descriptive study aimed to document physical activity [...] Read more.

Background: Complex, ongoing social factors have led to a context where metabolic syndrome (MetS) is disproportionately high in Aboriginal Australians. MetS is characterised by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, high blood-sugar and low HDL-C. This descriptive study aimed to document physical activity levels, including domains and intensity and sedentary behaviour, and MetS risk factors in the Perth Aboriginal (predominately Noongar) community. Methods: The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), together with a questionnaire on self-reported MetS risk factors, was circulated to community members for completion during 2014 (n = 129). Results: Data were analysed using chi-squared tests. The average (SD) age was 37.8 years (14) and BMI of 31.4 (8.2) kg/m². Occupational, transport-related and leisure-time physical activity (PA) and sedentary intensities were reported across age categories. The median (interquartile range) daily sedentary time was 200 (78, 435), 240 (120, 420) and 180 (60, 300) minutes for the 18–25, 26–44 and 45+ year-olds, respectively (p = 0.973). Conclusions: An in-depth understanding of the types, frequencies and intensities of PA reported for the Perth Aboriginal community is important to implementing targeted strategies to reduce the prevalence of chronic disease in this context. Future efforts collaborating with community should aim to reduce the risk factors associated with MetS and improve quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

Review

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28 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessReview

Facilitators and Barriers to Physical Activity and Sport Participation Experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Adults: A Mixed Method Review

by Bridget Allen, Karla Canuto, John Robert Evans, Ebony Lewis, Josephine Gwynn, Kylie Radford, Kim Delbaere, Justin Richards, Nigel Lovell, Michelle Dickson and Rona Macniven

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9893; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189893 - 20 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8520

Abstract

Physical activity has cultural significance and population health benefits. However, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults may experience challenges in participating in physical activity. This mixed methods systematic review aimed to synthetize existing evidence on facilitators and barriers for physical activity participation experienced [...] Read more.

Physical activity has cultural significance and population health benefits. However, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults may experience challenges in participating in physical activity. This mixed methods systematic review aimed to synthetize existing evidence on facilitators and barriers for physical activity participation experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults in Australia. The Joanna Briggs Institute methodology was used. A systematic search was undertaken of 11 databases and 14 grey literature websites during 2020. The included studies reported physical activity facilitators and barriers experienced by Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander participants aged 18+ years, living in the community. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Sixty-two facilitators were identified: 23 individual, 18 interpersonal, 8 community/environmental and 13 policy/program facilitators. Additionally, 63 barriers were identified: 21 individual, 17 interpersonal, 15 community/environmental and 10 policy/program barriers. Prominent facilitators included support from family, friends, and program staff, and opportunities to connect with community or culture. Prominent barriers included a lack of transport, financial constraints, lack of time, and competing work, family or cultural commitments. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults experience multiple facilitators and barriers to physical activity participation. Strategies to increase participation should seek to enhance facilitators and address barriers, collaboratively with communities, with consideration to the local context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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16 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

A Systems Theory of Mental Health in Recreational Sport

by Stewart A. Vella, Matthew J. Schweickle, Jordan Sutcliffe, Caitlin Liddelow and Christian Swann

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114244 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4222

Abstract

The focus on mental health outcomes in sport, including the ways in which mental health can be protected and promoted, has become a major international priority for all sports, including the recreational sports system. The aim of this paper is to outline a [...] Read more.

The focus on mental health outcomes in sport, including the ways in which mental health can be protected and promoted, has become a major international priority for all sports, including the recreational sports system. The aim of this paper is to outline a systems theory of mental health care and promotion that is specific to needs of the recreational sport system so that context-specific, effective policies, interventions, and models of care can be articulated and tested. Based on general systems theory, we offer a preliminary theory and accompanying postulates that outline the general principles that explain mental health in recreational sports. Namely: one of the purposes of the recreational sport system is to protect and promote the mental health of all involved; the recreational sport system is comprised of components (individuals, groups, organisations, communities, society); the role and function of those components vary by context; the purpose of the system is achieved through coordinated and reciprocal relationships between its components; and, the system should be regulated from within to ensure that mental health is protected and promoted. We have also outlined the ways in which the subcomponents of the system interact, their potential influence on mental health in recreational sports, and the ways in which they may be regulated. This information provides a theoretical foundation upon which research, programming, and policy can be based to protect and promote the mental health of all involved in recreational sports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)

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