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State-of-the-Art Infectious Disease Epidemiology in Japan
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State-of-the-Art Infectious Disease Epidemiology in Japan

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Infectious Disease Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 9530

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hideo Kato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Pharmacy, Mie University Hospital, Mie 5148507, Japan
2. Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 5148507, Japan
3. Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 4801195, Japan
Interests: infections and antibiotic use; efficacy and safety of antibiotics; antibiotic resistance; PK/PD study; animal infectious model; meta-analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yukihiro Hamada

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Hospital, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
Interests: TDM; PK/PD analysis; pharmacometrics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It has been expected that the number of deaths caused by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) infections in the world will reach 10 million by 2050. Taking into consideration such crisis, World Health Organization (WHO) required the development of each national action plan on AMR. Japan announced the national action plan on AMR, composed of 6 fields: 1. Public awareness and education; 2. Surveillance; 3. Infection prevention and control; 4. Appropriate use of antimicrobials; 5. Research and development; 6. International cooperation.

The epidemiology of infectious diseases enables us to reveal the mechanisms of onset or epidemic based on observing and analyzing the occurrence frequency and distribution of infectious diseases from viewpoint of pathogens, transmission routes, attribution of susceptible hosts. The strategy has been utilized for the prevention of AMR, especially survey or appropriate use of antimicrobials. Japan has been avoiding the critical rise in AMR through these searches, While AMR is rising all over the world. Therefore, we need to disseminate latest researches that address development of new antimicrobial agents, monitoring for efficacy and safety of antimicrobial agents, and setting optimal dosage to the world.

Not only papers reporting original data from epidemiologic studies but also systematic reviews and meta analyses are welcome in this Special Issue, especially those providing latest approaches to overcome antimicrobial resistance in Japan.

Dr. Hideo Kato
Dr. Yukihiro Hamada
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Japan
  • Epidemiology
  • Surveillance
  • Infectious disease
  • Antimicrobial resistant
  • Antimicrobial stewardship
  • Infection control
  • Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamics

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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8 pages, 284 KiB  
Article
Are Prophylactic Systemic Antibiotics Required in Patients with Cataract Surgery at Local Anesthesia?
by Toshihiko Matsuo, Masahiro Iguchi, Noriyasu Morisato, Tatsuya Murasako and Hideharu Hagiya
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315796 - 27 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2862
Abstract
The reduced use of antimicrobial drugs has been recommended worldwide, according to the global action for antimicrobial resistance published in 2015 by the World Health Organization. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the incidence of surgical site infection in consecutive patients with cataract [...] Read more.
The reduced use of antimicrobial drugs has been recommended worldwide, according to the global action for antimicrobial resistance published in 2015 by the World Health Organization. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the incidence of surgical site infection in consecutive patients with cataract surgeries at a single hospital in the 6-year process when prophylactic systemic antibiotics were reduced in a step-by-step manner. The entire study period from 2016 to 2022 was divided into five stages, based on the use of systemic antibiotics. In stage 1 with 649 cataract surgeries, an intravenous drip infusion of cefazolin 1 g was given at surgery, followed by oral cefdinir 100 mg in the evening on surgery day and three times for two postoperative days. In stage 2 with 541 cataract surgeries, oral cefdinir 100 mg was given in the late morning before surgery, in the evening, and three times (300 mg in total) for two postoperative days. In stage 3 with 103 cataract surgeries, oral levofloxacin 500 mg was given in the late morning before surgery and once in the morning for two postoperative days. In stage 4 with 545 cataract surgeries, oral levofloxacin 500 mg was given only in the late morning before surgery. In stage 5 with 311 cataract surgeries, no systemic antibiotics were given. As common procedures in all stages, moxifloxacin eye drops were given four times daily as topical antibiotics in the 3 days before surgery and about 2 weeks after surgery. At surgery, the ocular surface was frequently irrigated with saline-diluted povidone iodine at 0.5% working concentration. No postoperative infection was recorded in any stage. This study showed neither harm nor risk in reduced use and, consequently, no use of prophylactic systemic antibiotics in cataract surgery as far as local precautionary measures were secured. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Infectious Disease Epidemiology in Japan)
15 pages, 561 KiB  
Article
Modelling Analysis of COVID-19 Transmission and the State of Emergency in Japan
by Zhongxiang Chen, Zhiquan Shu, Xiuxiang Huang, Ke Peng and Jiaji Pan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6858; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136858 - 26 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2963
Abstract
To assess the effectiveness of the containment strategies proposed in Japan, an SEIAQR (susceptible-exposed-infected-asymptomatic-quarantined-recovered) model was established to simulate the transmission of COVID-19. We divided the spread of COVID-19 in Japan into different stages based on policies. The effective reproduction number Re [...] Read more.
To assess the effectiveness of the containment strategies proposed in Japan, an SEIAQR (susceptible-exposed-infected-asymptomatic-quarantined-recovered) model was established to simulate the transmission of COVID-19. We divided the spread of COVID-19 in Japan into different stages based on policies. The effective reproduction number Re and the transmission parameters were determined to evaluate the measures conducted by the Japanese Government during these periods. On 7 April 2020, the Japanese authority declared a state of emergency to control the rapid development of the pandemic. Based on the simulation results, the spread of COVID-19 in Japan can be inhibited by containment actions during the state of emergency. The effective reproduction number Re reduced from 1.99 (before the state of emergency) to 0.92 (after the state of emergency). The transmission parameters were fitted and characterized with quantifiable variables including the ratio of untracked cases, the PCR test index and the proportion of COCOA app users (official contact confirming application). The impact of these variables on the control of COVID-19 was investigated in the modelling analysis. On 8 January 2021, the Japanese Government declared another state of emergency. The simulated results demonstrated that the spread could be controlled in May by keeping the same strategies. A higher intensity of PCR testing was suggested, and a larger proportion of COCOA app users should reduce the final number of infections and the time needed to control the spread of COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Infectious Disease Epidemiology in Japan)
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10 pages, 2379 KiB  
Commentary
Amikacin Therapy in Japanese Pediatric Patients: Narrative Review
by Hideo Kato and Yukihiro Hamada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 1972; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041972 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2448
Abstract
Children show a very wide range of physical development processes. These changes impact pharmacokinetic (PK) variability in pediatric patients. Most PK studies have been conducted on the Caucasian population. Therefore, whether current evidence of how developmental change affects PK and exposure-response relationships applies [...] Read more.
Children show a very wide range of physical development processes. These changes impact pharmacokinetic (PK) variability in pediatric patients. Most PK studies have been conducted on the Caucasian population. Therefore, whether current evidence of how developmental change affects PK and exposure-response relationships applies to Japanese pediatric patients remains unclear. This narrative review focuses on amikacin therapy in Japanese pediatric patients and shows the relationship between amikacin concentrations and efficacy/toxicity. Ten relevant articles were identified. Of these, nine articles were published in the 1980s. All studies reported a maximum concentration (Cmax) and minimum concentration (Cmin) of amikacin. Overall, articles reporting PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolated bacteria in Japanese pediatric patients is lacking, whereas all patients recovered from an infection state and showed negative cultures. Five of the included studies reported the association between Cmin and toxicity. The Cmin in three of four patients who developed toxicity was above 10 mg/L. This narrative review shows that further PK study of amikacin in Japanese pediatric patients is necessary. In particular, the pursuit of knowledge of Cmax/MIC ratio is vital. On the other hand, this review demonstrates that the optimal Cmin for Japanese pediatric patients is below 10 mg/L as a candidate concentration. However, it is noted that the number of patients who developed toxicity is very small. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Infectious Disease Epidemiology in Japan)
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