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GIS in Sustainable Transportation
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GIS in Sustainable Transportation

A special issue of ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (ISSN 2220-9964).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 44771

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alexandre B. Gonçalves

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture, and Environment, Mineral and Energy Resources Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: geographic modeling; spatial data algorithms and computational geometry; geographical information in planning; building information modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Filipe Moura

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Guest Editor
Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: transportation systems; sustainable urban mobility; active modes; travel behaviour; transportation environmental impacts; econometric analysis in transportation; discrete choice modeling in transportation; technological diffusion; spatial analysis of transport activity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sustainable transportation is a multidisciplinary discipline and research area, requiring the analysis of economic, social, environmental, and technological aspects, taking into account sustainability-related goals, for instance, in the development of universally accessible, safe, environmentally-friendly, and affordable transportation.

Studies in the field of sustainable transportation require adequate information and evaluation tools that use temporal and spatial data. By dealing with spatial phenomena such as the features and environment that are considered in such studies and the capacity to integrate distinct datasets, support spatial and temporal analyses, and communicate analytical results, geographical information systems (GIS) have been extensively used in a range of applications within sustainable transportation research. Recent studies using GIS and sustainable transportation have, for instance, focused on the spatial modeling of active transportation systems (e.g., walkability assessment, design of pedestrian and cycling networks, analysis of bikesharing systems), spatial analysis of resource consumption, emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, or the design of efficient transport infrastructures, policies, and demand management based on spatial attributes or using GIS as a tool for decision-support.

This Special Issue of ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information will include a selection of contributions on the theory and practice of analysing spatial data and the use of GIS in all aspects within sustainabile transportation studies. We encourage researchers to submit contributions through articles, reviews, case studies, and position papers where the role and contribution of spatial analysis and geospatial techniques in this scope is enhanced. This may include, in a non-exclusive list of potential topics, contributions on:

  • planar, 3D, and spatiotemporal simulation or modeling of data in sustainable transportation studies;
  • methodological aspects of geospatial data analysis impacting transportation;
  • data handling techniques for the spatialization of sustainability-related indicators;
  • case studies concerning the application of GIS modelling and analysis of social equity, economic efficiency, and environmental responsibility of transportation systems;
  • impacts of spatial data models, quality, transformation, and processing in sustainability assessment for transportation;
  • applications for spatial data mining, geovisualization or spatial decision-support systems in sustainable transportation.

Prof. Alexandre Bacelar Gonçalves
Prof. Filipe Moura
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 4632 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Factors of Intercity Ridesplitting Based on Observed and GIS Data: A Case Study in China
by Jincheng Wang, Qunqi Wu, Zilin Chen, Yilong Ren and Yaqun Gao
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(9), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090622 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2281
Abstract
Ridesplitting, a form of ridesourcing in which riders with similar origins and destinations are matched, is an effective mode of sustainable transportation. In recently years, ridesplitting has spread rapidly worldwide and plays an increasingly important role in intercity travel. However, intercity ridesplitting has [...] Read more.
Ridesplitting, a form of ridesourcing in which riders with similar origins and destinations are matched, is an effective mode of sustainable transportation. In recently years, ridesplitting has spread rapidly worldwide and plays an increasingly important role in intercity travel. However, intercity ridesplitting has rarely been studied. In this paper, we use observe intercity ridesplitting data between Yinchuan and Shizuishan in China and building environment data based on a geographic information system (GIS) to analyse temporal, spatial and other characteristics. Then, we divide the study area into grids and explore the contributing factors that affect the intercity ridesplitting matching success rate. Based on these significant factors, we develop a binary logistic regression (BLR) model and predict the intercity ridesplitting matching success rate. The results indicate that morning peak, evening peak, weekends and weekdays, precipitation and snowfall, population density, some types of points of interest (POI), travel time and the advance appointment time are significant factors. In addition, the prediction accuracy of the model is more than 78%, which shows that the factors studied in this paper have good explanatory power. The results of this study can help in understanding the characteristics of intercity ridesplitting and provide a reference for improving the intercity ridesplitting matching success rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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26 pages, 5077 KiB  
Article
A Matching Model for Door-to-Door Multimodal Transit by Integrating Taxi-Sharing and Subways
by Rui Wang, Feng Chen, Xiaobin Liu, Xiaobing Liu, Zhiqiang Li and Yadi Zhu
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(7), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10070469 - 8 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2875
Abstract
We present a sustainable multimodal transit system that integrates taxi-sharing with subways to alleviate traffic congestion and restore the cooperative relationship between taxis and subways. This study proposes a two-phase matching model based on optimization theory, in which pick-up/drop-off sequences for participants, as [...] Read more.
We present a sustainable multimodal transit system that integrates taxi-sharing with subways to alleviate traffic congestion and restore the cooperative relationship between taxis and subways. This study proposes a two-phase matching model based on optimization theory, in which pick-up/drop-off sequences for participants, as well as their motivation to shift to a TSS service, were considered. For the transportation system, achieving a reduction in vehicle miles is considered to be the matching objective. We tested the matching model using empirical taxi global positioning system (GPS) data for a typical morning rush hour in Beijing. The optimization model performs well for large-scale data and the optimal solution can be calculated quickly, which is ideal in a dynamic system. Furthermore, several sensitive analysis experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the TSS system. We found that approximately 23.13% of taxi users can be served by TSS transit, total taxi mileage can be reduced by 20.17%, and carbon dioxide emissions may be reduced by 15.16%. The proposed model and findings demonstrate that the TSS service considered here is a feasible multimodal transit mode, with the advantages of flexibility and sustainability, and has great potential for improving social benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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17 pages, 6912 KiB  
Article
A Circuity Temporal Analysis of Urban Street Networks Using Open Data: A Lisbon Case Study
by Miguel Costa, Manuel Marques and Filipe Moura
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(7), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10070453 - 1 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3016
Abstract
Urban street networks impact urban space usage and movement across a city. Circuity, the ratio of network distances to straight-line distances, is considered a critical measurement in urban network morphology and transportation efficiency as it can measure the attractiveness of routes in terms [...] Read more.
Urban street networks impact urban space usage and movement across a city. Circuity, the ratio of network distances to straight-line distances, is considered a critical measurement in urban network morphology and transportation efficiency as it can measure the attractiveness of routes in terms of distance traveled. Here, we compare circuity measures for drivable, cyclable, and walkable networks to analyze how they evolved and understand whether urban changes have produced meaningful circuity changes. Our analyses rely on Lisbon data from OpenStreetMaps to explore circuity for the period 2013–2020, which we used to simulate 4.8 million routes using OpenRouteService to compute the different modes’ circuity measures. Our findings suggest that it is crucial to analyze each transport network type separately when planning or modeling urban street networks. Their composition and design differ significantly from mode to mode, such as their attractiveness to users. We identify significant changes in modes’ circuity over time, especially in cycling, following Lisbon’s cycling infrastructure expansion. Our paper demonstrates that the circuity indicator is useful when planning and modeling street networks, in particular, to optimize the location choice for interventions required to increase the attractiveness of active modes and promote sustainable mobility. At the same time, we emphasize the lack of information on walking infrastructures required for more detailed analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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16 pages, 11495 KiB  
Article
A GIS-Based Methodology for Evaluating the Increase in Multimodal Transport between Bicycle and Rail Transport Systems. A Case Study in Palermo
by Alessandro Emilio Capodici, Gabriele D’Orso and Marco Migliore
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(5), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050321 - 10 May 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3474
Abstract
Background: In a world where every municipality is pursuing the goals of more sustainable mobility, bicycles play a fundamental role in getting rid of private cars and travelling by an eco-friendly mode of transport. Additionally, private and shared bikes can be used as [...] Read more.
Background: In a world where every municipality is pursuing the goals of more sustainable mobility, bicycles play a fundamental role in getting rid of private cars and travelling by an eco-friendly mode of transport. Additionally, private and shared bikes can be used as a feeder transit system, solving the problem of the first- and last-mile trips. Thanks to GIS (Geographic Information System) software, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of such a sustainable means of transport in future users’ modal choice. Methods: Running an accessibility analysis of cycling and rail transport services, the potential mobility demand attracted by these services and the possible multimodality between bicycle and rail transport systems can be assessed. Moreover, thanks to a modal choice model calibrated for high school students, it could be verified if students will be really motivated to adopt this solution for their home-to-school trips. Results: The GIS-based analysis showed that almost half of the active population in the study area might potentially abandon the use of their private car in favour of a bike and its combination with public transport systems; furthermore, the percentage of the students of one high school of Palermo, the Einstein High School, sharply increases from 1.5% up to 10.1%, thanks also to the combination with the rail transport service. Conclusions: The GIS-based methodology shows that multimodal transport can be an effective way to pursue a more sustainable mobility in cities and efficiently connect suburbs with low-frequent public transport services to the main public transport nodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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19 pages, 4813 KiB  
Article
Cellular Automata Based Land-Use Change Simulation Considering Spatio-Temporal Influence Heterogeneity of Light Rail Transit Construction: A Case in Nanjing, China
by Jiaming Na, Jie Zhu, Jiazhu Zheng, Shaoning Di, Hu Ding and Lingfei Ma
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(5), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050308 - 6 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2779
Abstract
Light rail transit (LRT), an essential urban public transport system in China, significantly reshaped the urban land-use (LU) pattern. Although the LRT impact and land-use change (LUC) analysis plays an essential role in urban planning policy, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of LRT impacts have [...] Read more.
Light rail transit (LRT), an essential urban public transport system in China, significantly reshaped the urban land-use (LU) pattern. Although the LRT impact and land-use change (LUC) analysis plays an essential role in urban planning policy, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of LRT impacts have not been considered in LUC simulation studies. This study simulates the urban LU change, considering the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of LRT construction impacts on urban LUC. LUC from 1995 to 2005 in Nanjing, China, is chosen as a case study. At first, the distance decay function is employed to verify the quantitative impact of LRT construction on LU change. Accordingly, the variation trends of each LU type during different stages are described in time and space. A cellular automata model incorporated by the generated LRT impact is established and then implemented for simulation. According to model performance assessment results, the proposed model can produce a realistic urban pattern with Freedom of Movement (FoM) exceeding 24% and a significantly lower relative error than the CA simulation without considering LRT influence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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19 pages, 33116 KiB  
Article
Spatial Pattern of Highway Transport Dominance in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau at the County Scale
by Zhiheng Wang, Hongkui Fan, Daikun Wang, Tao Xing, Dongchuan Wang, Qiaozhen Guo and Lina Xiu
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(5), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050304 - 5 May 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3127
Abstract
The highway is an important mode of transportation in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and can be regarded as a major contributor to the high-quality and sustainable development of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. It is of great significance to explore its spatial distribution and characteristics for [...] Read more.
The highway is an important mode of transportation in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and can be regarded as a major contributor to the high-quality and sustainable development of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. It is of great significance to explore its spatial distribution and characteristics for understanding the regional and geographical process. Although Qinghai–Tibet Plateau’s highway transportation infrastructure has been experiencing rapid development in recent years, there lacks a systematic examination of the whole Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from the perspective of supportive capacity for its socio-economic activities. This paper applies geospatial analysis methods, such as network analysis, spatial statistics, and weighted overlay, to model the highway transport dominance in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in 2015 at the county scale and reveals the basic characteristics of the highway transport dominance’s spatial pattern. The results are mainly of four aspects: 1) there is a significant difference between the east and west of the highway in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, showing an irregular circle structure of gradual attenuation from the east to west; 2) at the county scale, the highway transport dominance in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau shows strong spatial autocorrelation and a certain extent of spatial heterogeneity, presenting a spatial distribution pattern of High–High and Low–Low clustering; 3) the urban locations of Lhasa, Xining and other center cities have obvious spatial constraints on the distribution of highway transport dominance and generally have a logarithmic decline trend; and 4) there are obvious differences in distribution among the three Urban Agglomerations in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Due to the influence of traffic location, topography, construction of national trunk lines, and level of socio-economic development., the traffic conditions of Lan-Xi Urban Agglomeration and Lhasa Urban Agglomeration are better than Kashgar Urban Agglomeration. This study can be used to guide the optimization of the highway network structure and provide a macro decision-making reference for the planning and evaluation of major highway projects in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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23 pages, 11087 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Degree of Threat to Railway Infrastructure by Falling Tree Vegetation
by Michal Kučera and Zdena Dobesova
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(5), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050292 - 3 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2838
Abstract
The article presents a method for determining and evaluating the threat to railway infrastructure from falling trees. The main objective was to identify the degree of threat according to three parameters: the height of tree stands, species composition, and vegetation health. Identification of [...] Read more.
The article presents a method for determining and evaluating the threat to railway infrastructure from falling trees. The main objective was to identify the degree of threat according to three parameters: the height of tree stands, species composition, and vegetation health. Identification of the threat to individual railway sections would allow the creation of measures that could increase operational safety. Evaluation should be carried out at regular intervals to assess vegetation health during certain seasons. We, therefore, recommend the use of satellite images to provide a data source and regular data updates. The potential benefit is a reduction in railway infrastructure damage and an increase in traffic flow, especially during periods of exceptional weather conditions involving high wind, ice or heavy snow. The new method presented in the paper, based on data for railway infrastructure, law and other data sources in the Czech Republic, determines a Vegetation Threat Index for Railways (VTIR). We selected the Liberec Region as an example case study because of its large spread of wooded areas around railway lines and high incidence of railway traffic accidents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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20 pages, 3420 KiB  
Article
Linking Public Transport User Satisfaction with Service Accessibility for Sustainable Mobility Planning
by Giuseppe Inturri, Nadia Giuffrida, Michela Le Pira, Martina Fazio and Matteo Ignaccolo
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(4), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040235 - 6 Apr 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5375
Abstract
Increasing the Quality of Service (QoS) of Public Transport (PT), in order to attract more users, is one of the goals of transport companies and urban policy-makers. A continuous monitoring of data on users’ satisfaction is desirable, but most of the time such [...] Read more.
Increasing the Quality of Service (QoS) of Public Transport (PT), in order to attract more users, is one of the goals of transport companies and urban policy-makers. A continuous monitoring of data on users’ satisfaction is desirable, but most of the time such process is costly. Finding correlations between PT accessibility, user satisfaction and PT ridership might be the key to prioritize where and how service quality improvements have to be put in place. The aim of this paper is to investigate the correlation among PT use, user satisfaction and PT accessibility using a spatial and statistical approach to find useful and simple indicators for sustainable mobility planning. The case study is Catania, a medium-sized city located in southern Italy, with a focus on the mobility of University students. In this respect, students experienced fare-free PT from 2018 to 2020 as one of the main results of collaboration between the University and the two urban PT operators, providing free access to bus and metro transport services in the city. Student satisfaction and relevant data regarding their mobility behavior were constantly monitored via a web survey: the analysis conducted in this study is based on a database of about 4000 responses collected between 2018 and 2019. Spatial and statistical correlations between user satisfaction, transit ridership and accessibility will provide useful information for a correct planning and management of PT networks by transport companies, highlighting diverse insights for different PT options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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20 pages, 4437 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Development of Transport as a Regional Policy Target for Sustainable Development—A Case Study of Poland
by Marek Ogryzek and Ada Wolny-Kucińska
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030132 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3011
Abstract
In central and eastern European countries that joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 and 2007, there are strong connections between transport development and sustainable regional development. The needs for transport development in post-socialist countries are so high that it is difficult to [...] Read more.
In central and eastern European countries that joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 and 2007, there are strong connections between transport development and sustainable regional development. The needs for transport development in post-socialist countries are so high that it is difficult to finance them, and most governments have to choose between immediate and less urgent needs. The aim of this study was to determine the role played by sustainable transport growth in the improvement of regional cohesion and sustainable regional development with a use of geographical information systems’ capabilities. The specific goals of the study were to: (i) determine the impact of EU subsidies on the regional transport development; (ii) identify threats to regional cohesion resulting from under-capitalised regions, (iii) examine geographical information systems’ capabilities in periodical regional transport development monitoring. The analyses include evaluation of the regions’ involvement in sustainable transport development as well as the presentation of direct and indirect results, such as road system improvement, with the use of GIS capabilities. It is particularly important to develop a system for monitoring the level of EU fund allocation with the use of GIS tools and the capabilities of geographic information systems. Such in-depth analysis would be useful for regional governments and decision-makers in creating and updating long term transport policies as well as monitoring long term regional development strategies. Both sustainable transport development and EU fund allocation can be monitored within the use of GIS tools, and such analyses should supplement the INSPIRE Geoportal scope. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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34 pages, 9315 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study of Several Metaheuristic Algorithms to Optimize Monetary Incentive in Ridesharing Systems
by Fu-Shiung Hsieh
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(10), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9100590 - 8 Oct 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3246
Abstract
The strong demand on human mobility leads to excessive numbers of cars and raises the problems of serious traffic congestion, large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and insufficient parking space in cities. Although ridesharing is a potential transport mode to solve [...] Read more.
The strong demand on human mobility leads to excessive numbers of cars and raises the problems of serious traffic congestion, large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and insufficient parking space in cities. Although ridesharing is a potential transport mode to solve the above problems through car-sharing, it is still not widely adopted. Most studies consider non-monetary incentive performance indices such as travel distance and successful matches in ridesharing systems. These performance indices fail to provide a strong incentive for ridesharing. The goal of this paper is to address this issue by proposing a monetary incentive performance indicator to improve the incentives for ridesharing. The objectives are to improve the incentive for ridesharing through a monetary incentive optimization problem formulation, development of a solution methodology and comparison of different solution algorithms. A non-linear integer programming optimization problem is formulated to optimize monetary incentive in ridesharing systems. Several discrete metaheuristic algorithms are developed to cope with computational complexity for solving the above problem. These include several discrete variants of particle swarm optimization algorithms, differential evolution algorithms and the firefly algorithm. The effectiveness of applying the above algorithms to solve the monetary incentive optimization problem is compared based on experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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17 pages, 4842 KiB  
Article
Public Traffic Congestion Estimation Using an Artificial Neural Network
by Yanyan Gu, Yandong Wang and Shihai Dong
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(3), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030152 - 8 Mar 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4137
Abstract
Alleviating public traffic congestion is an efficient and effective way to improve the travel time reliability and quality of public transport services. The existing public network optimization models usually ignored the essential impact of public traffic congestion on the performance of public transport [...] Read more.
Alleviating public traffic congestion is an efficient and effective way to improve the travel time reliability and quality of public transport services. The existing public network optimization models usually ignored the essential impact of public traffic congestion on the performance of public transport service. To address this problem, this study proposes a data-based methodology to estimate the traffic congestion of road segments between bus stops (RSBs). The proposed methodology involves two steps: (1) Extracting three traffic indicators of the RSBs from smart card data and bus trajectory data; (2) The self-organizing map (SOM) is used to cluster and effectively recognize traffic patterns embedded in the RSBs. Furthermore, a congestion index for ranking the SOM clusters is developed to determine the congested RSBs. A case study using real-world datasets from a public transport system validates the proposed methodology. Based on the congested RSBs, an exploratory example of public transport network optimization is discussed and evaluated using a genetic algorithm. The clustering results showed that the SOM could suitably reflect the traffic characteristics and estimate traffic congestion of the RSBs. The results obtained in this study are expected to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology in sustainable public transport improvements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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Review

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17 pages, 805 KiB  
Review
A Systematic Review of Station Location Techniques for Bicycle-Sharing Systems Planning and Operation
by Mohammad Sadegh Bahadori, Alexandre B. Gonçalves and Filipe Moura
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(8), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080554 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5973
Abstract
Designing or expanding a bicycle-sharing system (BSS) involves addressing the infrastructure’s location of the bicycle stations. Station location is an essential factor for designing and implementing a new system or for its operation. In a complex spatial optimization context, geographic information systems (GIS) [...] Read more.
Designing or expanding a bicycle-sharing system (BSS) involves addressing the infrastructure’s location of the bicycle stations. Station location is an essential factor for designing and implementing a new system or for its operation. In a complex spatial optimization context, geographic information systems (GIS) can support this decision problem. There are also numerous ways of subdividing the broad spectrum of location-allocation models used in previous studies. However, a station location comprehensive review and systematization with the specific aim of characterizing the state of the art of BSS is missing. The present research aimed to provide a comprehensive systematization for station location problems, criteria, and techniques, seeking to identify the current state of practice. We searched scientific publication databases to collect relevant publications—the final list comprised 24 papers for the literature review. The systematization addresses the two major problems concerning bicycle station location: initial network design and operation improvement (where changes in operating a BSS are implemented). Based on the literature, we propose a set of four main criteria for choosing appropriate places for bike stations (or parking) in a city: “bike network”, “operator”, “user”, and “city infrastructure”. The sub-criteria mentioned in the literature are categorized based on the proposed classification and new sub-criteria are suggested. We also group location modeling techniques into three categories: “mathematical algorithms”, “multi-criteria decision making”, and “GIS”. Combining GIS and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) has received more attention in recent years to locate bike stations, evaluate their operating performance, and have more accurate and practical results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GIS in Sustainable Transportation)
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