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Understanding and Treatment for Anxiety Disorders

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Mental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2020) | Viewed by 23409

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llogregat, Spain
2. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
Interests: epidemiology; aging; mental health; cognitive function; lifetime perspective; depression; anxiety
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Anxiety disorders are among one of the most prevalent mental conditions, accounting for up to 13% of disability worldwide. It is estimated that more than 260 million people are affected by anxiety. Untreated anxiety disorders tend to be chronic, and they are often risk factors for latter depression and substance abuse. They usually start early in life, especially phobias and separation anxiety, with the highest incidence risk between 6 and 17 years of age. Epidemiological studies show that, in general, anxiety disorders are more prevalent at younger ages than in older adults, although recent studies suggest that the presence of anxiety late in life might be associated with an increased risk for dementia. Additionally, anxiety disorders are more difficult to diagnose and treat in older adults and are typically related to psychiatric and medical comorbidities.

The presence of anxiety disorders has been consistently shown to be linked to increased personal and societal costs, frequent outpatient and emergency service visits, loss of labour productivity, unemployment and social impairment. They have also been associated with poor quality of life and an increased risk for disability and premature death. Early preventive programs delivered during childhood and adolescence appear as a potentially effective tool to reduce anxiety-related impairment and the risk of future mental health problems. Cognitive behavioural therapy is often one of the first-line treatments for certain anxiety disorders, whereas pharmacological treatment usually includes antidepressants as one of the first-line therapeutic options.

A considerable amount of literature addressing anxiety disorders has been published during the last few decades. Still, there are several questions that need to be addressed. This Special Issue is devoted to advancing the understanding of anxiety disorders from a lifetime perspective. This includes improvement of diagnosis and early detection of anxiety disorders, taking into account different periods of life and cultural factors, and categorical or dimensional approaches; determining which factors impact the trajectories of anxiety disorders (which includes prognosis of the disease, course and relapses) using a longitudinal perspective; and understanding the underlying mechanisms that contribute to vulnerability to anxiety disorders. Additionally, this Special Issue is intended to explore potential new therapies for anxiety disorders, considering preventive programs delivered early in life, and effective and lasting treatments, both psychological and biological, with special attention to new ways to deliver these interventions (e.g., computed-assisted, Internet-based and app treatments).

Dr. Beatriz Olaya
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • anxiety disorders
  • lifetime
  • epidemiology
  • treatment
  • prevention
  • risk factors
  • comorbidity
  • diagnosis
  • Internet-based interventions

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 773 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Temporomandibular Disorders and Psychological and Sleep Aspects in University Teaching Staff: A Regression Model
by Guadalupe Molina-Torres, Pablo Roman, Andrada Butilca, Nuria Sánchez-Labraca, Diana Cardona and Manuel Gonzalez-Sanchez
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(12), 3960; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123960 - 7 Dec 2020
Viewed by 2201
Abstract
Aim: The objective was to analyze burnout syndrome, anxiety, depression and sleep quality in teaching and research staff in the university setting and its impact on temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), and to analyze the psycho-emotional variables that could explain the possibility of someone suffering [...] Read more.
Aim: The objective was to analyze burnout syndrome, anxiety, depression and sleep quality in teaching and research staff in the university setting and its impact on temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), and to analyze the psycho-emotional variables that could explain the possibility of someone suffering from TMD. Methods: A transversal study was carried out with a sample consisting of 173 participants belonging to university teaching and research staff. The correlation between variables was performed using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Through a linear regression, an estimate of the degree of contribution was calculated that each independent variable (burnout syndrome, anxiety, depression and sleep quality) has on the dependent variable (TMD). Results: the scores are higher in the group non-tenured staff compared to tenured staff in relation to psycho-emotional variables and TMD and how psycho-emotional variables can influence the presence or absence of temporomandibular dysfunction based on job stability, this value being higher in the group of non-tenured staff (77.8%) compared to the tenured staff (44.2%). Conclusions: The non-tenured university teaching staff demonstrate higher levels of depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and poorer sleep quality. Furthermore, these variables show a higher incidence in the probability that university teaching and/or research personnel suffer from TMD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Treatment for Anxiety Disorders)
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22 pages, 3503 KiB  
Article
Mental Disorders, Musculoskeletal Disorders and Income-Driven Patterns: Evidence from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
by Stefanos Tyrovolas, Victoria Moneta, Iago Giné Vázquez, Ai Koyanagi, Adel S. Abduljabbar and Josep Maria Haro
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(7), 2189; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072189 - 10 Jul 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3185
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to use the extensive Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) database from 1990–2017 to evaluate the levels and temporal correlation trends between disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to musculoskeletal (MSK) [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of the present study was to use the extensive Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) database from 1990–2017 to evaluate the levels and temporal correlation trends between disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, all mental disorders collectively and by mental disorder sub-category. Methods: We utilized results of the GBD 2017 to describe the correlation patterns between DALYs due to MSK disorders, mental disorders and other diseases among 195 countries. Mixed model analysis was also applied. Results: A consistent relation was reported between age-adjusted DALYs attributed to MSK and mental disorders (in total) among the 195 countries, in both sexes, for 1990 to 2017 (1990 Rho = 0.487; 2017 Rho = 0.439 p < 0.05). Distinct regional and gender correlation patterns between age-adjusted DALYs due to MSK and mental disorders were reported. No correlation was reported between DALYs due to MSK and all mental disorders collectively, among Low- or Middle-income countries. However, in High-income countries (HICs), the correlation was strong and consistent between 1990 and 2017 (1990 Rho = 0.735; 2017 Rho = 0.727, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The reported correlation patterns call for targeted preventive strategies and intervention policies for mental and MSK disorders internationally. Special attention is needed among HICs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Treatment for Anxiety Disorders)
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Review

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15 pages, 237 KiB  
Review
New Developments in Emotion-Focused Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
by Ben Shahar
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(9), 2918; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092918 - 10 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8989
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly complex, chronic, disabling and costly anxiety disorder. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for many patients, many others do not respond to CBT or remain considerably symptomatic at the end of treatment. Pharmacological effects are also [...] Read more.
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly complex, chronic, disabling and costly anxiety disorder. Although cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for many patients, many others do not respond to CBT or remain considerably symptomatic at the end of treatment. Pharmacological effects are also modest. More empirically-supported treatment options are needed in order to increase patient access to effective treatment. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) shows great promise in treating SAD effectively and is particularly suitable for treating SAD because pervasive emotional avoidance, difficulties with emotional differentiation, and high levels of self-criticism, which are central psychopathological processes in SAD, are also primary therapeutic targets in EFT. EFT is based on the assumption that the most efficient way to change a maladaptive emotion is not through reason or skill learning, but through the activation of other, more adaptive emotions. EFT aims to access shame-based emotional memories that underlie SAD, and transform them by exposing them to new adaptive emotional experiences, such as empowering assertive anger, grief, and self-compassion. In this paper, the core features of EFT for SAD are presented, as well as the EFT view of dysfunction in SAD and EFT change processes. Research findings regarding the effectiveness of EFT for SAD are presented together with initial findings regarding mechanisms of change occurring during treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Treatment for Anxiety Disorders)
14 pages, 1117 KiB  
Review
Does Anxiety Increase the Risk of all-Cause Dementia? An Updated Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
by Javier Santabárbara, Darren M. Lipnicki, Beatriz Olaya, Beatriz Villagrasa, Juan Bueno-Notivol, Lucia Nuez, Raúl López-Antón and Patricia Gracia-García
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(6), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061791 - 9 Jun 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5051
Abstract
Background: Anxiety has been suggested as a potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia, but results are still controversial. Our main objectives are to develop an updated meta-analysis of prospective population-based studies on the relationship between anxiety and risk of dementia, and to estimate [...] Read more.
Background: Anxiety has been suggested as a potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia, but results are still controversial. Our main objectives are to develop an updated meta-analysis of prospective population-based studies on the relationship between anxiety and risk of dementia, and to estimate the population fraction of dementia attributable to anxiety (PAF). Methods: We searched for cohort studies listed on PubMed or Web of Science from January 2018 to January 2020 that reported risk estimates for the association between anxiety and incident dementia. These were added to cohort studies published before January 2018 that were used in a previously published meta-analysis. Fully adjusted RRs were pooled using random effects models. We estimated the proportion of incident dementia attributable to anxiety by using PAF. Results: The meta-analysis included nine prospective cohorts from eight studies, representing 29,608 participants. The overall relative risk (RR) of dementia was 1.24 (95% CI: 1.06–1.46) and the PAF of dementia due to anxiety was 3.9%. Conclusions: Anxiety is significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia. The treatment or prevention of anxiety might help to reduce dementia incidence rates, but more research is needed to clarify whether anxiety is a cause of dementia rather than a prodrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Treatment for Anxiety Disorders)
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13 pages, 645 KiB  
Review
Association between Anxiety and Vascular Dementia Risk: New Evidence and an Updated Meta-Analysis
by Javier Santabárbara, Darren M. Lipnicki, Beatriz Olaya, Beatriz Villagrasa, Patricia Gracia-García, Juan Bueno-Notivol, Antonio Lobo and Raúl López-Antón
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(5), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051368 - 6 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3167
Abstract
The association between anxiety and vascular dementia (VaD) is unclear. We aimed to reliably estimate the association between anxiety and VaD risk using meta-analysis to pool new results from a large community-based cohort (Zaragoza Dementia and Depression (ZARADEMP) study) and results from previous [...] Read more.
The association between anxiety and vascular dementia (VaD) is unclear. We aimed to reliably estimate the association between anxiety and VaD risk using meta-analysis to pool new results from a large community-based cohort (Zaragoza Dementia and Depression (ZARADEMP) study) and results from previous studies. ZARADEMP participants (n = 4057) free of dementia were followed up on for up to 12 years. Cases and subcases of anxiety were determined at baseline. A panel of four psychiatrists diagnosed incident cases of VaD by consensus. We searched for similar studies published up to October 2019 using PubMed and Web of Science. Observational studies reporting associations between anxiety and VaD risk, and adjusting at least for age, were selected. Odds ratios (ORs) from each study were combined using fixed-effects models. In the ZARADEMP study, the risk of VaD was 1.41 times higher among individuals with anxiety (95% CI: 0.75–2.68) compared with non-cases (p = 0.288). Pooling this result with results from two previous studies yielded an OR of 1.65 (95% CI: 1.07–2.53; p = 0.022). These findings indicate that anxiety is associated with an increased risk of VaD. Taking into account that anxiety is commonly observed in the elderly, treating and preventing it might reduce the prevalence and incidence of VaD. However, whether anxiety is a cause of a prodrome of VaD is still unknown, and future research is needed to clarify this. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding and Treatment for Anxiety Disorders)
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