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Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives

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A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 May 2023) | Viewed by 22686

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Dr. Andrea Govetto

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Guest Editor

Oftalmico Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
Interests: vitreoretinal interface; epiretinal membrane; macular hole; lamellar macular hole; macular edema; vitreoretinal surgery; retinal detachment

Dr. Giuseppe Casalino

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Eye Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Interests: age-related macular degeneration; intraocular inflammation; inherited retinal dystrophies; retinal imaging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last decade, advances in retinal imaging and options of effective treatment have remarkably improved the diagnosis, management and treatment of vitreoretinal diseases.

The advent of non-invasive high-resolution imaging techniques, especially optical coherence tomography, has made it possible to study in detail a broad spectrum of retinal conditions, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, vitreomacular interface disorders (i.e., macular holes, epiretinal membranes, etc.), retinal detachment, posterior uveitis and inherited retinal dystrophies.

At the same time, the widespread use of treatments such as intravitreal injections and minimally invasive vitreoretinal surgery has revolutionized the entire world of the retina.

The present Special Issue welcomes original contributions and reviews on any aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of retinal conditions.

Dr. Giuseppe Casalino
Dr. Andrea Govetto
Guest Editors

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Keywords

retinal diseases
age-related macular degeneration
diabetic retinopathy
retinal vein occlusions
vitreoretinal interface disorders
retinal detachment
uveitis
inherited retinal dystrophies

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suspension of Anti-VEGF Treatment Does Not Affect Expansion of RPE Atrophy in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

by Shinichiro Chujo, Hisashi Matsubara, Yoshitsugu Matsui, Masahiko Sugimoto and Mineo Kondo

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(11), 3659; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113659 - 25 May 2023

Viewed by 1912

Abstract

Purpose: To determine whether atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), which meets the criteria for the suspension of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment, is associated with anti-VEGF treatments. Methods: Twelve eyes of 12 patients with nAMD who began anti-VEGF treatment and were followed for 1 year after meeting the criteria for the suspension of anti-VEGF were studied. Six eyes of six patients were placed in the continuation group, and six eyes of six patients were placed in the suspension group. The RPE atrophic area at the time of the last anti-VEGF treatment was set as the baseline size and that at 12 months after the baseline (Month 12) was taken as the final size. A comparison of the expansion rate of RPE atrophy between the two groups was made by the square-root transformed differences. Results: The expansion rate of atrophy was 0.55 (0.43, 0.72) mm/year in the continuation group and 0.33 (0.15, 0.41) mm/year in the suspension group. This difference was not significant. (p = 0.29). Conclusions: Suspension of anti-VEGF treatments in eyes with nAMD does not alter the expansion rate of RPE atrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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12 pages, 1668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Assessment of Choroidal Thickness and Choroidal Vascular Features in Healthy Eyes Based on Image Binarization of EDI-OCT: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Analysis in Chinese Population

by Luping Wang, Wei Wang, Zhuohua Zhou, Hao Wang, Usha Chakravarthy, Tunde Peto, Giuseppe Casalino, Kang Wang and Shuang Li

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(5), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12051911 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

Purpose: To quantify the structural changes in choroidal vessels and to observe choroid microstructural changes in different age and sex groups in a healthy Chinese population. Methods: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) was employed to analyze the luminal area, stromal area, total choroidal area, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), large choroidal vessel layer (LCVL), choriocapillaris–medium choroidal vessel layer, and LCVL/SFCT of the choroid in the subfoveal macular area within 1500 μm of the macula. We analyzed the age- and sex-related changes in the subfoveal choroidal structure. Results: A total of 1566 eyes from 1566 healthy individuals were included. The mean age of the participants was 43.62 ± 23.29 years, the mean SFCT of healthy individuals was 269.30 ± 66.43 μm, LCVL/SFCT percentage was 77.21 ± 5.84%, and the mean macular CVI was 68.39 ± 3.15%. CVI was maximum in the 0–10 years group, decreasing with age, and the lowest values occurred in the >80 years group; LCVL/SFCT was the lowest in the 0–10 years group, increasing with age and reaching a maximum in the >80 years group. CVI showed a significant negative correlation with age, and LCVL/SFCT showed a significant positive correlation with age. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females. Interrater and intrarater reliability was less variable with CVI than with SFCT. Conclusions: The choroidal vascular area and CVI decreased with age in the healthy Chinese population, of which the age-related decrease in vascular components maybe dominated by the decrease in choriocapillaris and medium choroidal vessels. Sex had no effect on CVI. The CVI of healthy populations showed better consistency and reproducibility when compared with SFCT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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14 pages, 7803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy Evaluation of Tissue Plasminogen Activator with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drugs for Submacular Hemorrhage Treatment: A Meta-Analysis

by Xuejun He, Wenye Cao, Zhiyi Wang, Ningzhi Zhang, Kexin Xu, Lu Yu, Yiqiao Xing and Ning Yang

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(3), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031035 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

Submacular hemorrhage (SMH) is the accumulation of blood in the macular area that can severely damage the macular structure and visual function. Recently, the intraocular administration of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs was reported to have a positive effect on SMH. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of the drug combination. We systematically searched the Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases and screened relevant full-length literature reports. The quality of the reports was assessed by two independent reviewers. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and foveal thickness (FT) were considered the main indicators of efficacy. RevMan 5.4 software was used for this meta-analysis. Twelve studies were analyzed, and the results showed that BCVA at 1 month (p < 0.001), 3 months (p < 0.001), 6 months (p < 0.001), and the last follow-up (p < 0.001) was improved relative to the preoperative value. The postoperative FT was lower than the preoperative FT (p < 0.001). No significant difference in efficacy was observed between subretinal and intravitreal TPA injections (p = 0.37). TPA with anti-VEGF drugs is safe for SMH treatment and can significantly improve BCVA and reduce FT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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7 pages, 5079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Optics of Kyrieleis Plaques in Varicella Zoster Virus-Associated Posterior Uveitis: A Multimodal Imaging Analysis

by Paolo Milella, Chiara Mapelli, Marco Nassisi, Gaia Leone, Giada Ruggi, Antonio Scialdone, Giuseppe Casalino and Francesco Viola

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(3), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12030884 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1339

Abstract

Kyrieleis plaques (KP) represent a peculiar type of vasculitis affecting retinal arterial branches in a beaded segmental pattern that can be found in several posterior inflammatory ocular conditions. The nature and precise location of KP is unclear. Adaptive Optics (AO) provides an in vivo visualization of retinal vasculature on a microscopic level, thus permitting a more detailed characterization of KP as compared to traditional imaging techniques. This study aims to report AO imaging of KP in Varicella Zoster virus (VZV)-associated posterior uveitis and to correlate the findings with traditional imaging techniques. Three patients diagnosed with VZV posterior uveitis underwent adaptive optics (AO) imaging and traditional multimodal imaging techniques, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography. In all subjects, AO imaging revealed segmental hyporeflectivity confined to the vessel wall, with no evidence of arterial wall disruption or extravascular involvement. In our series, AO findings support the view that KP are localized within the inner arterial wall, possibly at the endothelial level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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9 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study of Different Treatment Responses between Bevacizumab, Aflibercept and Dexamethasone Implant According to Renal Function in Diabetic Macular Edema Patients

by Tae Hwan Moon, Gwon Hui Jo, Eoi Jong Seo, Kyung Tae Kim, Eu Jeong Ku, Soon Kil Kwon, Jin Young Kim, Ju Byung Chae and Dong Yoon Kim

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(23), 7047; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237047 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between responses to intravitreal bevacizumab injection and renal function in diabetic macular edema (DME) patients. Methods: A retrospective study of the medical records of 104 treatment-naïve DME patients who received intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVBI) was conducted. Based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²), the participants were classified into three groups. Intergroup comparisons of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield retinal thickness (CST) changes were performed after three-monthly consecutive IVBIs. In the groups with decreased renal function, the response to further treatment with a different drug was investigated. Results: A total of 104 participants were included in the study: 60 participants in the preserved renal function group (eGFR ≥ 60), 25 participants in the moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD) group (30 ≤ eGFR < 60), and 19 participants in the severe CKD group (eGFR < 30). After three-monthly consecutive IVBIs, BCVA (p < 0.001) and CST (p < 0.001) were significantly improved only in the preserved renal function group. Following further treatment of patients with decreased renal function, the treatment results were significantly better in those who were switched to aflibercept or dexamethasone implant than in those who were maintained on IVBI. Conclusions: From this preliminary study, we observed that renal function might affect the response to IVBI treatment in patients with DME. In the case of a poor response to initial IVBI treatment for DME in patients with moderate to severe CKD, our study supports switching to the aflibercept or dexamethasone implant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 2205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Natural History Study of RP2-Related Retinopathy

by Riccardo Cheloni, Daniel Jackson and Mariya Moosajee

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(23), 6877; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236877 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2352

Abstract

X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a severe form of RP, often with early macular involvement. This study aimed to characterise the natural history of patients with a diagnosis of X-linked RP due to RP2 mutations. Clinical details, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and multimodal retinal imaging were retrospectively collected from patients with RP2 variants from Moorfields Eye Hospital (London, UK). Measures of the ellipsoid-zone (EZ) width, central retinal thickness (CRT), and thickness of the photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium complex (PR+RPE, taken between the external limiting membrane and RPE) were extracted from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans. A total of 47 affected males (median baseline age: 20 years, IQR: 12.5–36.5) were included, and 41 had two or more visits (median follow-up: 8.0 years, IQR: 3.2–14.5). A total of 24 RP2 variants were identified, 13 of which were novel. BCVA dropped from 0.66 LogMAR at baseline (IQR, 0.35–1.4) to 1.3 LogMAR at the most recent visit (IQR: 0.6–1.4). SD-OCT revealed a prevalent outer retinal atrophy (n = 23/35, 65.7%), and measurable EZ width at baseline in 34.3% of patients (n = 12). Age significantly affected all quantitative measures (p < 0.001) except EZ width (p = 0.58), with exponential decays of 46–49% and 12.6–33.9% per decade for BCVA and SD-OCT measures, respectively. RP2 patients exhibited rapid progression to outer retina atrophy and early macular involvement with substantial vision loss by age 30–40. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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11 pages, 2084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure-Function Relationship in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa and Hyperautofluorescent Rings

by Soung Jun Kim, Chae Hyun Song, Kun Ho Bae, Chang Ki Yoon, Un Chul Park and Eun Kyoung Lee

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(17), 5137; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11175137 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1573

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the association between retinal sensitivity and retinal microstructures in fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and hyperautofluorescent (hyperAF) rings. This cross-sectional study included 44 eyes from 26 consecutive patients with RP. The morphological geometry of the hyperAF ring, such as three distinct FAF regions, hyperAF ring area, and longest diameter of the hyperAF ring on FAF, and the retinal microstructure, such as total retinal thickness (TRT) and outer retinal thickness (ORT), on OCT, were evaluated. A strong correlation of mean retinal sensitivity with hyperAF ring area (R = 0.8013, p < 0.001) and longest diameter of the hyperAF ring (R = 0.9072, p < 0.001) was observed. Segmented linear regression (SLR) analysis revealed breakpoints of 12.83 mm² and 5.21 mm, respectively. ORT (R = 0.6551, p < 0.001) was more strongly correlated with retinal sensitivity than TRT (R = 0.2732, p < 0.001). SLR analysis revealed a breakpoint between the ORT and retinal sensitivity of 145.12 μm. In patients with RP and hyperAF rings, retinal sensitivity was strongly associated with the morphological geometry of the hyperAF ring. ORT, rather than TRT, strongly correlated with retinal sensitivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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13 pages, 2280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Peripapillary and Macular Regions Using OCT Angiography in Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

by Edyta Koman-Wierdak, Joanna Róg, Agnieszka Brzozowska, Mario Damiano Toro, Vincenza Bonfiglio, Katarzyna Załuska-Ogryzek, Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz, Robert Rejdak and Katarzyna Nowomiejska

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(18), 4131; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184131 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3142

Abstract

Purpose: To measure RNFL and vasculature around the optic disc and in the macula in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: 24 eyes of patients with SZ and 16 eyes of patients with BD as well as 30 eyes of healthy subjects were examined with OCTA. The radiant peripapillary capillary (RPC) density and RNFL thickness were measured in the peripapillary area. Moreover, macular thickness and vessel density were measured in both superficial and deep layers. Results: Significantly decreased values of vessel density in the macular deep vascular complex were found in the eyes of patients with SZ, compared to BD and the control group. The macular thickness in the whole vascular complex and in the fovea was significantly lower in SZ and BD group than in the control group. The radiant peripapillary vascular density and RNFL thickness were similar across groups. Conclusions: The retinal microvascular dysfunction occurs in the macula in patients with SZ and BD, but not around optic disc. OCTA can become an essential additional diagnostic tool in detection of psychiatric disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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9 pages, 1840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Repeatability and Reproducibility of Macular Hole Size Measurements Using Optical Coherence Tomography

by Carmen Baumann, Ahmed Almarzooqi, Katharina Blobner, Daniel Zapp, Katharina Kirchmair, Lydia S. Schwer, Chris P. Lohmann and Stephen B. Kaye

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(13), 2899; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132899 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1761

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of measuring the minimum linear diameter (MLD) of macular holes (MHs) using horizontal linear and radial scan modes in optical coherence tomography (OCT). Patients with concurrent sets of radial and horizontal linear OCT volume scans were included. The MLD was measured twice in both scan modes by six raters of three different experience levels (groups). Outcome measures were the reliability and repeatability of MLD measurements. Fifty patients were included. Mean MLD was 317.21(±170.63) µm in horizontal linear and 364.52 (±161.71) µm in radial mode, a difference of 47.31 (±26.48) µm (p < 0.001). In the radial scan mode, MLD was identified within 15° of the horizontal meridian in 27% and within 15° of the vertical meridian in 26.7%, with the remainder (46.3%) in oblique meridians. The intra-group coefficients of repeatability (CR) for horizontal linear mode were 23 µm, 33 µm and 45 µm, and for radial mode 25 µm, 44 µm and 57 µm for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The inter-group CR, taking group 1 as reference standard for groups 2 and 3, were 74 µm and 71 µm for the linear mode, and 62 µm and 78 µm for radial mode. The radial mode provides good repeatability and reliability for measurement of MLD. In a majority of cases the MLD does not lie in the horizontal meridian and would be underestimated using a horizontal OCT mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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14 pages, 6028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Chronic Heart Failure on Retinal Vessel Density Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Children with Dilated Cardiomyopathy

by Klaudia Rakusiewicz, Krystyna Kanigowska, Wojciech Hautz and Lidia Ziółkowska

J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(12), 2659; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122659 - 16 Jun 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2699

Abstract

(1) Introduction: The aim of this study is to assess retinal vessel density (VD) in the superficial capillary plexus layer (SP) and deep capillary plexus layer (DP) in children with chronic heart failure (CHF) in the course of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). (2) Methods: Thirty children with CHF due to DCM lasting more than six months, with an enlarged left ventricle and impaired left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 55%), were enrolled to have both their eyes assessed for this study. Mean age of the children was 9.9 ± 3.57 years. The control group consisted of an additional 30 children without CHF (mean age 11.27 ± 3.33 years) matched for age and gender against the study group. All participants underwent transthoracic echocardiography to measure LVEF using Simpson method. Blood serum was tested for N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) marker value. All children underwent OCTA with evaluation of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), whole superficial vessel density (wsVD), foveal superficial vessel density (fsVD), parafoveal superficial vessel density (psVD), whole deep vessel density (wdVD), foveal deep vessel density (fdVD), parafoveal deep vessel density (pdVD), whole thickness (WT), foveal thickness (FT), and parafoveal thickness (PFT). (3) Results: Retinal VD in SP was significantly lower in children with CHF as compared to the controls. The following SP parameters in the study group were statistically significantly lower than these same measurements for the control group. Details, with study group findings quantified first, include wsVD (46.2% vs. 49.83%, p < 0.05), fsVD (18.07% vs. 24.15%, p < 0.05), and psVD (49.24% vs. 52.51%, p < 0.05). The WT (311.03 micrometers (μm) vs. 323.55 μm, p < 0.05), FT (244.57 μm vs. 256.98 μm, p < 0.05), and PFT (320.63 μm vs. 332.02 μm, p < 0.05). No significant differences in DP retinal VD were found between the two groups. No statistically significant differences in the FAZ were found. The fsVD and FT were correlated with biometry and the age of the study participants. There was a correlation between FAZ and FT (p < 0.001). There were no correlations between retinal VD in both plexuses and refractive error, sex, NT-proBNP, and LVEF. (4) Conclusions: In children with CHF in the course of DCM as compared to the control group, significantly decreased retinal VD in SP was observed. The results of our study indicate that measurements of the OCTA may be a useful diagnostic method in children with chronic heart failure, but it is necessary to conduct further studies in larger groups of participants and long-term observation of these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Disorders: Clinical Updates and Perspectives)

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