Biomarkers and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases: From Research to Personalized Medicine

A special issue of Journal of Personalized Medicine (ISSN 2075-4426). This special issue belongs to the section "Disease Biomarker".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2025 | Viewed by 788

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Internal Medicine Specialist, Hospital Universitario de Mostoles, 28935 Madrid, Spain
2. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), 28935 Madrid, Spain
3. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
Interests: infectious diseases; viral diseases; point-of-care ultrasound; travel medicine; epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infectious diseases represent one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Advances in medical science have resulted in improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of patients that would have been considered incurable in the past.

Currently, a cause of great concern is the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Early detection and effective therapy are the main goals to consider when an infected patient is being treated.

The use of biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring has potential, as they are promising clinical tools. In addition to distinguishing the infective from the noninfective, some biomarkers are used for determining the effectiveness of an intervention during the evolution of the infectious process or host response. New biomarkers related to infectious diseases have been tested, but few of them are used in clinical practice. Procalcitonin, IL-6, and C-reactive protein are widely used, but the search for even better biomarkers or combinations of them, i.e., those with acceptable specificity and sensitivity, is ongoing. Maybe bioinformatics or machine learning may develop prediction models for early detection and prognosis in terms of personalized medicine.

In view of the complexity of the infectious response, it is unlikely that a single ideal biomarker will ever be found. Better strategies are necessary to prevent overwhelming infections. Educating and training healthcare workers are effective strategies to combat the dissemination and transmission of infectious agents.

This Special Issue aims to collate evidence about the physiopathology of infections, including advances in the detection and use of potential alternative personalized diagnostic strategies. Infectious diseases are a persistent challenge for clinicians and researchers. We hope that this Special Issue will stimulate work on improving the methodologies for the detection and treatment of infections through providing comprehensive discussions so that we can achieve early diagnoses and thus reduce complications.

Dr. César Henríquez-Camacho
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • biomarkers
  • infectious diseases
  • pathogenesis
  • personalized medicine

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

10 pages, 1114 KiB  
Article
Differential Inflammatory and Immune Response to Viral Infection in the Upper-Airway and Peripheral Blood of Mild COVID-19 Cases
by Malena Gajate-Arenas, Omar García-Pérez, Angélica Domínguez-De-Barros, Candela Sirvent-Blanco, Roberto Dorta-Guerra, Alma García-Ramos, José E. Piñero, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales and Elizabeth Córdoba-Lanús
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(11), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14111099 - 9 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: COVID-19 is characterised by a wide variety of clinical manifestations, and clinical tests and genetic analysis might help to predict patient outcomes. Methods: In the current study, the expression of genes related to immune response (CCL5, IFI6, OAS1, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: COVID-19 is characterised by a wide variety of clinical manifestations, and clinical tests and genetic analysis might help to predict patient outcomes. Methods: In the current study, the expression of genes related to immune response (CCL5, IFI6, OAS1, IRF9, IL1B, and TGFB1) was analysed in the upper airway and paired-blood samples from 25 subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2. Relative gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR. Results: CCL5 expression was higher in the blood than in the upper airway (p < 0.001). In addition, a negative correlation was found between IFI6 and viral load (p = 0.033) in the upper airway, suggesting that the IFI6 expression inhibits the viral infection. Concerning sex, women expressed IL1B and IRF9 in a higher proportion than men at a systemic level (p = 0.008 and p = 0.049, respectively). However, an increased expression of IRF9 was found in men compared to women in the upper airway (p = 0.046), which could be due to the protective effect of IRF9, especially in men. Conclusions: The higher expression of CCL5 in blood might be due to the key role of this gene in the migration and recruitment of immune cells from the systemic circulation to the lungs. Our findings confirm the existence of sex differences in the immune response to early stages of the infection. Further studies in a larger cohort are necessary to corroborate the current findings. Full article
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