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Metals
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Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms
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Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion and Protection".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 April 2025 | Viewed by 8569

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chao Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Advanced Materials & Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: localized corrosion; corrosion resistance; steel
Dr. Zhongyu Cui

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Interests: stress corrosion; hydrogen embrittlement; corrosion mechanism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tianliang Zhao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
Interests: stress corrosion; corrosion fatigue; corrosion electrochemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Steel is an indispensable raw material in our human society, and corrosion is an inherent defect of steel materials that cannot be avoided. Therefore, achieving higher corrosion resistance of steel is an important research direction for scientists. This Special Issue will focus on key findings on the corrosion behavior and mechanism of metallic materials. In this Special Issue, we welcome research on the corrosion behavior and mechanism of metallic materials (such as steel), as well as research on material corrosion resistance regulation techniques and advanced corrosion characterization techniques.

Dr. Chao Liu
Dr. Zhongyu Cui
Dr. Tianliang Zhao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carbon steel
  • stainless steel
  • localized corrosion
  • corrosion resistance
  • alloy control
  • advanced corrosion characterization technology

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 11873 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Corrosion Inhibitors on the Corrosion Behavior of Ductile Cast Iron
by Jing Liu, Bingqin Wang, Tianqi Chen, Lianjun Hao, Jun Wu and Chao Liu
Metals 2025, 15(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15010070 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 483
Abstract
Based on actual service environment parameters, this experiment investigated the change in the corrosion rate of nodular cast iron (DCI) in an environment containing organic (triethanolamine phosphate, PTEA) and inorganic (hexametaphosphate, SHMP) inhibitors, and analyzed the effects of both inhibitors and the pH [...] Read more.
Based on actual service environment parameters, this experiment investigated the change in the corrosion rate of nodular cast iron (DCI) in an environment containing organic (triethanolamine phosphate, PTEA) and inorganic (hexametaphosphate, SHMP) inhibitors, and analyzed the effects of both inhibitors and the pH value of the solution on the corrosion behavior of DCI. Additionally, a variable flow rate device was used to conduct immersion tests, enabling the accurate evaluation of the materials’ corrosion resistance in an actual service environment. After a certain period, the corrosion of the DCI surface was observed, and the weight loss corrosion rate of the materials was calculated to analyze the differences in corrosion resistance under varying environmental parameters. It was found that the inhibitory effect of both inhibitors on DCI increased with the immersion time, and the inhibitory effect of the SHMP inhibitor was more pronounced under alkaline conditions. Based on the electrochemical and flow rate immersion test results, it can be concluded that, in the solution environment used in this experiment, the inhibitory effect of the SHMP inhibitor on DCI is stronger than that of the PTEA inhibitor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms)
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25 pages, 58118 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Oxide Layer Formation During Oxidation of AISI 4140 Steel at 1000 °C over Exposure Time
by Matheus O. Carvalho, Lioudmila A. Matlakhova, Sérgio N. Monteiro, Rosane S. T. Manhães and Natalia A. Palii
Metals 2024, 14(11), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14111251 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1005
Abstract
The high-temperature shaping of steels is accompanied by the formation of surface scales composed of oxide layers. However, the oxidation kinetics and morphology of these scales remain poorly understood. This study analyses the formation of oxide layers on AISI 4140 steel at varying [...] Read more.
The high-temperature shaping of steels is accompanied by the formation of surface scales composed of oxide layers. However, the oxidation kinetics and morphology of these scales remain poorly understood. This study analyses the formation of oxide layers on AISI 4140 steel at varying oxidation times (20, 40 and 60 min) at 1000 °C. The analysis revealed the presence of hematite, magnetite, and transformed wustite in the oxide layers, along with clusters of alloying element oxides, predominantly chromium and iron oxide (FeCr2O4). There was a direct correlation between the duration of the oxidation process and the thickness of the scale and the number of defects observed in the material. The coating layer of alloying element oxides demonstrated insufficient adhesion to the steel substrate. Similarly, the oxides of alloying elements within this layer exhibited low cohesion among themselves. The alloying elements are present in all oxide layers, but in greater quantity in the layer in contact with the steel substrate, where a reduction in their concentrations was observed over time. This indicates that the alloying elements tend to disperse as the thickness of the alloying element oxide layer increases over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms)
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23 pages, 4416 KiB  
Article
Water Separation and Formation of Cells with Differential Aeration as Factors Controlling Corrosion of Steel Pipelines in a Crude Oil Storage Facility
by Václav Šefl, Rojina Shrestha and Tomáš Prošek
Metals 2024, 14(10), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14101098 - 24 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1113
Abstract
The mechanism causing the dramatic intensification of the corrosion deterioration of carbon steel pipes in a crude oil storage facility has been investigated. This study considers a number of factors affecting corrosion in crude oil, such as the water content, the corrosivity of [...] Read more.
The mechanism causing the dramatic intensification of the corrosion deterioration of carbon steel pipes in a crude oil storage facility has been investigated. This study considers a number of factors affecting corrosion in crude oil, such as the water content, the corrosivity of the aqueous phase, the kinetics of water–oil separation, the effect of dissolved oxygen, the effect of the crude oil quality, the degree of stagnancy inside of the pipes, the possible contribution of microbially induced corrosion (MIC) and the presence of deposits. The key root of the corrosion intensification was the separation of the water phase, supported by stagnancy, which eventually led to the formation of stable shallow pits surrounded by cathodic areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms)
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16 pages, 14497 KiB  
Article
Effect of Etching Condition on Nanoporous Structure and Methyl Orange Decomposition of Fe-Si-B Metallic Glass
by Shushen Wang, Zhiwei Duan, Yongzhi Guo, Lingyu Gu and Kaiming Wu
Metals 2024, 14(8), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14080936 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 957
Abstract
As an efficient advanced oxidation process, the Fenton-like reaction provides a promising way toward the degradation of organic pollutants; thus, the development of a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst is of great significance. Herein, the chemical etching behavior of Fe-Si-B metallic glass (MG) ribbons [...] Read more.
As an efficient advanced oxidation process, the Fenton-like reaction provides a promising way toward the degradation of organic pollutants; thus, the development of a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst is of great significance. Herein, the chemical etching behavior of Fe-Si-B metallic glass (MG) ribbons in a dilute HF solution is studied by varying the etching time. Based on this, the uniform nanoporous (NP) structures are successfully fabricated. The Fe-Si-B MG ribbons after etching for 30, 60, and 90 min still maintain an amorphous structure and possess much larger specific surface areas than untreated Fe-Si-B ribbons. The thicknesses of their nanoporous structures, with a pore size range of tens to hundreds of nanometers, are about 92.0, 180.5, and 223.4 nm, respectively. The formation of the nanoporous structure probably follows the pitting corrosion mechanism, mainly referring to the generation of corrosion pits due to the selective leaching of Si and B and pore growth and integration owing to the selective corrosion of Fe. The Fenton-like system of NPFe/H2O2 exhibits enhanced degradation performance toward methyl orange (MO), primarily due to the high intrinsic catalytic activity of the amorphous structure and the large specific surface areas of nanoporous structures, indicating the great potential application of NPFe in wastewater treatments. The mechanism analysis shows that MO degradation mainly contains two sub-processes: the heterogeneous reaction on the catalyst surface and the homogeneous reaction in MO solution, which exhibit a strong synergistic effect with excellent degradation performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms)
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13 pages, 18656 KiB  
Article
Evolutions on Microstructure and Impact Toughness of G115 Steel after Long-Term Aging at 700 °C
by Jianming Yu, Shaohai Ma, Kui Liang, Kai Yan, Xisheng Yang and Shuli Zhang
Metals 2024, 14(8), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14080921 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 640
Abstract
The microstructure and impact toughness evolution of G115 steel after long-term (ranging from 500 h to 10,000 h) aging at 700 °C were investigated in this study. The results showed that the microstructure of the G115 steel evolved from a finer-grained matrix with [...] Read more.
The microstructure and impact toughness evolution of G115 steel after long-term (ranging from 500 h to 10,000 h) aging at 700 °C were investigated in this study. The results showed that the microstructure of the G115 steel evolved from a finer-grained matrix with minor precipitates to a coarse-grained matrix with more precipitate with aging time, presenting a decrease in the local deformation degree in the matrix. The impact toughness of the steel decreased with aging time, presenting the largest decline at the initial aging times. The decrease in impact toughness was attributed to the coarsening of precipitates (M23C6 and Laves phase) in the steel matrix. The stable impact toughness during the whole aging process (from 500 h to 10,000 h) should be related to the comprehensive effects, including the precipitation of the Laves phase, the increase in high-angle grain boundaries, and the softening of the metal matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms)
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15 pages, 10315 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Behaviors of Weathering Steels in the Actual Marine Atmospheric Zone and Immersion Zone
by Ying Yang, Tianzi Lin, Guohui Wang, Yubo Wang, Minghui Shao, Fandi Meng and Fuhui Wang
Metals 2024, 14(8), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14080903 - 9 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1602
Abstract
The corrosion behaviors of three bridge steels in a real tropical marine environment for 2 years were studied. One weathering steel (WS) was designed with higher levels of nickel, copper, and molybdenum compared to the other. These two kinds of WSs and one [...] Read more.
The corrosion behaviors of three bridge steels in a real tropical marine environment for 2 years were studied. One weathering steel (WS) was designed with higher levels of nickel, copper, and molybdenum compared to the other. These two kinds of WSs and one kind of ordinary high-strength low-alloy steel (Q345qe) were compared under two conditions (marine atmospheric zone and marine immersion zone at Sanya Marine Environmental Test Station). The morphology, corrosion rate, and corrosion product analysis of the steels were performed through SEM, XPS, FTIR and other characterization methods. The results demonstrated that weathering steels facilitate the densification of the corrosion product layer due to the addition of alloying elements Cr, Ni, and Cu, promoting rust nucleation and enhancing the compactness of the protective layer. However, in an immersion environment, the extensive erosion by chloride ions renders the benefits of WS ineffective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms)
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13 pages, 4332 KiB  
Article
Research on Atmospheric Corrosion of 45# Steel in Low-Latitude Coastal Areas of China
by Lihong Liu, Bo Zhang, Guoqiang Liu, Liyan Wang, Jiao Li, Peng Yuan, Zi Yang and Zhiyuan Feng
Metals 2024, 14(6), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14060674 - 6 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1132
Abstract
Urgent action is required to mitigate the severe corrosion of carbon steel in low-latitude regions. The combination of high humidity, temperature, and salinity in these areas significantly accelerates steel corrosion, posing a substantial threat to the service safety of offshore engineering equipment. This [...] Read more.
Urgent action is required to mitigate the severe corrosion of carbon steel in low-latitude regions. The combination of high humidity, temperature, and salinity in these areas significantly accelerates steel corrosion, posing a substantial threat to the service safety of offshore engineering equipment. This study aims to elucidate the atmospheric corrosion mechanisms of 45# steel in low-latitude coastal areas. Samples of 45# steel were exposed to atmospheric conditions over various durations in the following three geographically distinct regions: Guangzhou, Wanning, and the South China Sea. The corrosion rates were calculated using weight loss tracking and potentiodynamic polarization measurements, while surface corrosion products were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The findings indicate a clear correlation between the corrosion rate of 45# steel and the latitude and specific location of the test area, with the highest to lowest rates observed in the South China Sea, Wanning, and Guangzhou, respectively. Similarly, the extent of corrosion rust penetration in defective coatings followed the same order. Moreover, the protection ability index (PAI) calculations revealed that none of the tested samples formed a protective corrosion film. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms)
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Review

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51 pages, 22614 KiB  
Review
The Expanded Phases Formed in Stainless Steels by Means of Low-Temperature Thermochemical Treatments: A Corrosion Perspective
by Francesca Borgioli
Metals 2024, 14(12), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121371 - 1 Dec 2024
Viewed by 914
Abstract
Surface engineering of stainless steels using thermochemical treatments at low temperatures has been the subject of intensive research for enhancing the surface hardness of these alloys without impairing their corrosion resistance. By using treatment media rich in nitrogen and/or carbon, it is possible [...] Read more.
Surface engineering of stainless steels using thermochemical treatments at low temperatures has been the subject of intensive research for enhancing the surface hardness of these alloys without impairing their corrosion resistance. By using treatment media rich in nitrogen and/or carbon, it is possible to inhibit chromium compound formation and obtain supersaturated solid solutions, known as expanded phases, such as expanded austenite or S-phase in austenitic stainless steels, expanded ferrite in ferritic grades, and expanded martensite in martensitic grades. These low-temperature treatments produce a significant increase in surface hardness, which improves wear and fatigue resistance. However, the corrosion behavior of the modified surface layers remains of paramount importance. In the international literature, many studies on this topic are reported, but the results are not always univocal, and there are still open questions. In this review, the corrosion behavior of the expanded phases and the modified layers in which they are present is critically analyzed and discussed. The relationships between the phase composition and the microstructure of the modified layers and the corrosion resistance are highlighted while also considering the different test conditions. Furthermore, corrosion test methods are discussed, and suggestions are given for improving the measurements. Finally, perspectives on future directions for investigation are suggested for encouraging further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion of Metals: Behaviors and Mechanisms)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Mechanical, corrosion, and wear characteristics of Cu-based composites reinforced with zirconium diboride consolidated by SPS
Author: Kowalik
Highlights: 1. The SPS process provides high densification in Cu+ZrB2 composites, achieving an apparent density of 93-97% of theoretical density. 2. The microhardness increased significantly with the change in the content of ZrB2. 3. The wear resistance of the Cu+ZrB2 composites increases with the increasing content of ZrB2. 4. Adding ZrB2 above 5% reduces the composite's resistance to corrosion in chloride solutions.

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