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Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials

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A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Structural Integrity of Metals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 55979

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Rajashekhara Shabadi

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Guest Editor

University of Lille, Lille, France
Interests: solid state phase transformations; precipitation phenomena in steels; characterization of nano scale features (HREM, EELS, SAXS, SANS, and PAS); synthesis of new materials under extreme conditions
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the explosion in the development and design of new type of materials, whether they find application in aerospace, aeronautical, automotive, electronic, and/or in the field of bio-medical applications, materials need to be characterized from atomistic and microstructural points of view to correlate the structure with the properties they are exhibiting. There has been a leap in development in the field of physical methods used to characterize materials in the last decade. To name a few, interactions with radiation (X-rays, photons, neutrons, and or electrons) that involve diffraction techniques (X-Rays and electrons), scattering techniques (SAXS, SANS), or microscopy using high-resolution SEM or TEM and spectroscopies are extensively used in characterizing advanced materials. This modern equipment helps in terms of advanced capabilities to understand the microstructure and the physico-chemical nature of the constituents at the nanoscale, to better relate with the properties and multi-scale modeling techniques, thereby revealing the interrelationship with the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials.

This Special Issue intends to bring together a list of scholarly works in the field of the design, development, and characterization of advance materials that have contributed to our understanding of material behavior. The aim of this Issue is to show the advances in characterization methods, their input into the modeling of the phenomena, and the final outcome on the cross-correlation with the properties observed.

Prof. Dr. Rajashekhara Shabadi
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

phase transformation
functional properties
advance characterization
SAXS
SANS
HREM
EELS
PAS
design and development

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterning SS304 Surface at Microscale to Reduce Wettability and Corrosion in Saline Water

by Vivek Anand Annakodi, Ramachandra Arvind Singh, Subramanian Jayalakshmi, Yupeng Zhang, Muhammed Anaz Khan, Koppula Srinivas Rao and Rajashekhara Shabadi

Metals 2022, 12(7), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071137 - 3 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1875

Abstract

Stainless steel 304 (SS304) experiences corrosion when it is exposed to a saline atmosphere, which attains severity due to its high surface wettability. Topographical modification of metallic surfaces is an effective route to reduce wettability and thereby mitigate liquid-mediated corrosion. In this work, topographical modification of stainless steel 304 flat surface in the form of micropillars was done (pillar width: 100 μm, inter-pillar distance: 100 μm and height: 80 μm). Micropillars were fabricated by a chemical etching process. Wetting and corrosion of the micropillars was studied over long-time duration in comparison with flat surface, before and after intermittent and continuous exposures to saline water for 168 h. Wetting was characterized by measuring the static water contact angle on the test surfaces and their corrosion by electrochemical polarization tests (electrolyte: 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride solution). The relationship between the nature of wetting of the test surfaces and their corrosion was examined. Micropillars showed predominantly composite wetting over a long time, which imparted an effective resistance against corrosion over a long time to the SS304 surface. When compared to the flat surface, the corrosion rates of the micropillars were lower by two orders of magnitude, prior to and also upon long-time contact with the NaCl solution. Micropillars lowered corrosion due to composite wetting, i.e., solid-liquid-air interface that reduced the area that was in contact with the NaCl solution. The efficiency of corrosion inhibition (η) of micropillars was 88% before long-time contact, 84% after intermittent contact, and 77% after continuous contact with NaCl solution. Topographical modification in the form of micropillars that can impart composite wetting is an effective route to induce long-term anticorrosion ability to the SS304 surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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15 pages, 44293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anticorrosion Behaviour of SS304 Microgroove Surfaces in Saline Water

by Vivek Anand Annakodi, Ramachandra Arvind Singh, Subramanian Jayalakshmi, Yupeng Zhang, Koppula Srinivas Rao and Rajashekhara Shabadi

Metals 2021, 11(10), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11101543 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2162

Abstract

The 304 Stainless Steel (SS304) is severely affected by salt water corrosion due to its high surface wettability. By reducing its surface wettability, its corrosion can be reduced. To achieve this, topographical modification of the steel surface is an effective route. In this work, SS304 flat surfaces were topographically modified into microgrooves (ridge width 250 μm to 500 μm, groove width 200 μm, width ratio = ridge width/groove width >1). Wire cut electrical discharge machining was used to fabricate the microgrooves. Long-term wetting characteristics and long-term corrosion behaviour of flat surface and microgrooves were studied. The influence of the nature of wetting of the tested surfaces on their corrosion behaviour was examined. The sessile drop method and potentiodynamic polarization tests in sodium chloride (3.5 wt. % NaCl) solution (intermittent and continuous exposures for 168 h) were studied to characterize their wetting and corrosion behaviours, respectively. Topographical modification imparted long-term hydrophobicity and, as a consequence, long-term anticorrosion ability of the steel surface. Micropatterning reduced the corrosion rate by two orders of magnitude due to reduction in interfacial contact area with the corrosive fluid via composite wetting, i.e., solid–liquid–air interface. Microgrooves showed corrosion inhibition efficiency ≥88%, upon long-term exposure to NaCl solution. By comparing the wetting and corrosion behaviours of the microgrooves with those of the previously studied microgrooves (ridge width/groove width <1), it was found that the surface roughness of their ridges strongly influences their wetting and corrosion properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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19 pages, 7356 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Utilizing Iron as Reinforcement to Enhance Ambient Mechanical Response and Impression Creep Response of Magnesium

by Subramanian Jayalakshmi, Seetharaman Sankaranarayanan, Ramachandra Arvind Singh, Rajashekhara Shabadi and Manoj Gupta

Metals 2021, 11(9), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091448 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2154

Abstract

To realize light-weight materials with high strength and ductility, an effective route is to incorporate strong and stiff metallic elements in light-weight matrices. Based on this approach, in this work, magnesium–iron (Mg-Fe) composites were designed and characterized for their microstructure and mechanical properties. The Mg-Fe binary system has extremely low solubility of Fe in the Mg-rich region. Pure magnesium was incorporated with 5, 10, and 15 wt.% Fe particles to form Mg-Fe metal–metal composites by the disintegrated melt deposition technique, followed by hot extrusion. Results showed that the iron content influences (i) the distribution of Fe particles in the Mg matrix, (ii) grain refinement, and (iii) change in crystallographic orientation. Mechanical testing showed that amongst the composites, Mg-5Fe had the highest hardness, strength, and ductility due to (a) the uniform distribution of Fe particles in the Mg matrix, (b) grain refinement, (c) texture randomization, (d) Fe particles acting as effective reinforcement, and (e) absence of deleterious interfacial reactions. Under impression creep, the Mg-5Fe composite had a creep rate similar to those of commercial creep-resistant AE42 alloys and Mg ceramic composites at 473 K. Factors influencing the performance of Mg-5Fe and other Mg metal–metal composites having molybdenum, niobium, and titanium (elements with low solubility in Mg) are presented and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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12 pages, 3726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Extruded Mg-Sn-Y Alloys

by Devadas Bhat Panemangalore, Rajashekhara Shabadi, Manoj Gupta and Ludovic Lesven

Metals 2021, 11(7), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071095 - 9 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2356

Abstract

Magnesium and its alloys, with their unique properties such as high strength/density ratio, good castability, and machinability, have found several applications in the aerospace and automotive industries. One of the reasons that restrict their widespread applicability is their poor corrosion resistance since Mg is readily oxidized in the presence of oxygen and humidity. The oxide layer is pseudo-passive and non-protective. The present effort tried to improve the passivity of this layer with the addition of alloying elements such as Tin (Sn) and Yttrium (Y) to create phases that interact differently with the oxidizing environment, thereby improving the corrosion resistance. In this work, the corrosion behavior of pure magnesium and Mg-5Sn-xY (x = 0.5, 1, 2 wt.%) were evaluated using immersion and potentiodynamic polarization tests. XRD, SEM-EDS, and EBSD have investigated the microstructure and elemental composition of the alloys. The present study is focused on elucidating the microstructure-corrosion relationship in Mg-Sn-Y alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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16 pages, 5517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Behavior, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Novel Mg-Zn-Ca-Er Alloy for Bio-Medical Applications

by Devadas Bhat Panemangalore, Rajashekhara Shabadi and Manoj Gupta

Metals 2021, 11(3), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030519 - 22 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4009

Abstract

In this study, the effect of calcium (Ca) and erbium (Er) on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of magnesium-zinc alloys is reported. The alloys were prepared using disintegrated melt deposition (DMD) technique using the alloying additions as Zn, Ca, and Mg-Er master alloys and followed by hot extrusion. Results show that alloying addition of Er has significantly reduced the grain sizes of Mg-Zn alloys and also when compared to pure magnesium base material. It also has substantially enhanced both the tensile and the compressive properties by favoring the formation of MgZn₂ type secondary phases that are uniformly distributed during hot-extrusion. The quaternary Mg-Zn-Ca-Er alloy exhibited the highest strength due to lower grain size and particle strengthening due to the influence of the rare earth addition Er. The observed elongation was a result of extensive twinning observed in the alloys. Also, the degradation rates have been substantially reduced as a result of alloying additions and it is attributed to the barrier effect caused by the secondary phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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10 pages, 3627 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Symmetry Breakdown Related Fracture in 42CrMo4 Steel

by Jian Feng, Stefan Barth and Marc Wettlaufer

Metals 2021, 11(2), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020344 - 18 Feb 2021

Viewed by 2303

Abstract

Austenite grains that underwent the f.c.c. to b.c.c. (or b.c.t.) transformation are typically composed of 24 Kurdjumov–Sachs variants that can be categorized by three axes of Bain transformations; thus, a complete transformation generally displays 3-fold symmetry in (001) pole figures. In the present work, crystallographic symmetry in 42CrMo4 steel austempered below martensite start temperature was investigated with the help of the orientation distribution function (ODF) analysis based on the FEG-SEM/EBSD technique. It is shown that, upon phase transformations, the specimens contained 6-fold symmetry in all (001), (011), and (111) pole figures of an ODF. The ODF analysis, verified by theoretical modeling, showed that under plane-strain conditions cracks prefer to propagate through areas strongly offset by the high symmetry. The origin of high symmetry was investigated, and the mechanism of the symmetry breakdown was explained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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11 pages, 3930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Precipitation in 7055 Aluminum Alloy by Laser Ultrasonics

by Zhenge Zhu, Hao Peng, Yacheng Xu, Xueyong Song, Jinrong Zuo, Ying Wang, Xuedao Shu and Anmin Yin

Metals 2021, 11(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020275 - 5 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2552

Abstract

After different rolling conditions, four 7055 aluminum alloy samples with different precipitation sizes were measured by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and laser ultrasonic. The attenuation coefficients of ultrasound measured by laser ultrasonic were calculated in the time domain, frequency domain and wavelet denoising, respectively. The relationship between the precipitate size and attenuation coefficient was established. The results show that the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave is related to the size of the precipitated phase; this provides a new method for rapid non-destructive testing of the precipitation of aluminum alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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Review

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38 pages, 14074 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Evolution of Intermetallic Compounds in High-Entropy Alloys: From the Secondary Phase to the Main Phase

by Junqi Liu, Xiaopeng Wang, Ajit Pal Singh, Hui Xu, Fantao Kong and Fei Yang

Metals 2021, 11(12), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11122054 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9340

Abstract

High-performance structural materials are critical to the development of transportation, energy, and aerospace. In recent years, newly developed high-entropy alloys with a single-phase solid-solution structure have attracted wide attention from researchers due to their excellent properties. However, this new material also has inevitable shortcomings, such as brittleness at ambient temperature and thermodynamic instability at high temperature. Efforts have been made to introduce a small number of intermetallic compounds into single-phase solid-solution high-entropy alloys as a secondary phase to their enhance properties. Various studies have suggested that the performance of high-entropy alloys can be improved by introducing more intermetallic compounds. At that point, researchers designed an intermetallic compound-strengthened high-entropy alloy, which introduced a massive intermetallic compound as a coherent strengthening phase to further strengthen the matrix of the high-entropy alloy. Inspired from this, Fantao obtained a new alloy—high-entropy intermetallics—by introducing different alloying elements to multi-principalize the material in a previous study. This new alloy treats the intermetallic compound as the main phase and has advantages of both structural and functional materials. It is expected to become a new generation of high-performance amphibious high-entropy materials across the field of structure and function. In this review, we first demonstrate the inevitability of intermetallic compounds in high-entropy alloys and explain the importance of intermetallic compounds in improving the properties of high-entropy alloys. Secondly, we introduce two new high-entropy alloys mainly from the aspects of composition design, structure, underlying mechanism, and performance. Lastly, the high-entropy materials containing intermetallic compound phases are summarized, which lays a theoretical foundation for the development of new advanced materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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27 pages, 8685 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Roll Bonding Processes: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

by Haris Ali Khan, Kamran Asim, Farooq Akram, Asad Hameed, Abdullah Khan and Bilal Mansoor

Metals 2021, 11(9), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091344 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 14632

Abstract

Roll bonding (RB) describes solid-state manufacturing processes where cold or hot rolling of plates or sheet metal is carried out for joining similar and dissimilar materials through the principle of severe plastic deformation. This review covers the mechanics of RB processes, identifies the key process parameters, and provides a detailed discussion on their scientific and/or engineering aspects, which influence the microstructure–mechanical behavior relations of processed materials. It further evaluates the available research focused on improving the metallurgical and mechanical behavior of bonded materials such as microstructure modification, strength enhancement, local mechanical properties, and corrosion and electrical resistance evolution. Moreover, current applications and advantages, limitations of the process and developments in dissimilar material hot roll bonding technologies for producing titanium to steel and stainless steel to carbon steel ultra-thick plates are also discussed. The paper concludes by deliberating on the bonding mechanisms, engineering guidelines and process–property–structure relationships, and recommending probable areas for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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27 pages, 3886 KiB

Open AccessReview

Coating Technologies for Copper Based Antimicrobial Active Surfaces: A Perspective Review

by Naveen Bharadishettar, Udaya Bhat K and Devadas Bhat Panemangalore

Metals 2021, 11(5), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050711 - 26 Apr 2021

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 12510

Abstract

Microbial contamination of medical devices and treatment rooms leads to several detrimental hospital and device-associated infections. Antimicrobial copper coatings are a new approach to control healthcare-associated infections (HAI’s). This review paper focuses on the efficient methods for depositing highly adherent copper-based antimicrobial coatings onto a variety of metal surfaces. Antimicrobial properties of the copper coatings produced by various deposition methods including thermal spray technique, electrodeposition, electroless plating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and sputtering techniques are compared. The coating produced using different processes did not produce similar properties. Also, process parameters often could be varied for any given coating process to impart a change in structure, topography, wettability, hardness, surface roughness, and adhesion strength. In turn, all of them affect antimicrobial activity. Fundamental concepts of the coating process are described in detail by highlighting the influence of process parameters to increase antimicrobial activity. The strategies for developing antimicrobial surfaces could help in understanding the mechanism of killing the microbes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Development and Characterization of Advanced Metallic Materials)

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