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11 pages, 2322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disposable Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Graphene Oxide-DNA Complex as Signal Amplifier towards Ultrasensitive Detection of Ochratoxin A

by Yang Hu, Hanyin Xie, Jiaying Hu and Danting Yang

Micromachines 2022, 13(6), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13060834 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

Signal amplification is crucial in developing a reliable disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs)-based biosensor for analyte detection with a narrow detection window. This work demonstrated a novel label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on SPCEs for the ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). The graphene [...] Read more.

Signal amplification is crucial in developing a reliable disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs)-based biosensor for analyte detection with a narrow detection window. This work demonstrated a novel label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on SPCEs for the ultrasensitive detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). The graphene oxide-DNA (GO-DNA) complex as a signal amplifier with easy preparation was investigated for the first time. The proposed aptasensor based on the SPCEs/GO/cDNA-aptamer/3D-rGO-AuNPs structure was formed through the hybridization of aptamer-linked 3D-rGO/AuNPs and its complementary DNA-linked GO (GO-cDNA). The presence of OTA was discerned by its specific aptamer forming a curled OTA-aptamer complex and releasing the GO-cDNA from the surface of SPCEs. The resulting OTA-aptamer complex hindered interfacial electron transfer on the sensing surface, leading to the decreased peak current. The GO-cDNA further amplified the peak current change. This electrochemical aptasensor showed a low limit of detection of 5 fg/mL as well as good reproducibility with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.38%. Moreover, the detection result of OTA in the rice and oat samples was comparable with that of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. In general, the OTA aptasensor used in this work with convenient preparation, low-cost, good selectivity, high sensitivity and acceptable reproducibility can be proposed as a reliable point-of-care (POC) technique for OTA determination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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16 pages, 3273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of GO/ZIF-67 Nanocomposite: Investigation of Catalytic Activity for the Determination of Epinine in the Presence of Dobutamine

by Mahboobeh Shahsavari, Mojtaba Mortazavi, Somayeh Tajik, Iran Sheikhshoaie and Hadi Beitollahi

Micromachines 2022, 13(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13010088 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3970

Abstract

In this study, we prepared graphene oxide (GO)/ZIF-67 nanocomposites. Therefore, GO/ZIF-67 nanocomposites were used as a modifier on a screen-printed electrode (GO/ZIF-67/SPE) for studying the electrochemical behavior of epinine in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.0 with voltammetry techniques. The GO/ZIF-67/SPE showed [...] Read more.

In this study, we prepared graphene oxide (GO)/ZIF-67 nanocomposites. Therefore, GO/ZIF-67 nanocomposites were used as a modifier on a screen-printed electrode (GO/ZIF-67/SPE) for studying the electrochemical behavior of epinine in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.0 with voltammetry techniques. The GO/ZIF-67/SPE showed greater electrocatalytic activities than the bare SPE. As a result, the GO/ZIF-67/SPE was utilized for additional electrochemical examinations. The epinine concentration determination was in the range 9.0 × 10⁻⁸ M to 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ M, and the limit of detection (LOD) as well as the limit of quantification (LOQ) equaled 2.0 and 6.6 nM, respectively. From the scan rate study, the oxidation of epinine was found to be diffusion-controlled, and the simultaneous detection of epinine and dobutamine were well achieved with the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) technique. Moreover, the stability and reproducibility of epinine at the GO/ZIF-67/SPE was studied, and the use of the GO/ZIF-67/SPE to detect epinine and dobutamine in real samples was furthermore successfully demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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11 pages, 3411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Senecionine in Dietary Sources by Single-Use Electrochemical Sensor

by Huseyin Senturk, Ece Eksin, Ulvi Zeybek and Arzum Erdem

Micromachines 2021, 12(12), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12121585 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3067

Abstract

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are produced by plants as secondary compounds that are the most widely distributed natural toxins. There have been many cases of human toxicity caused by consumption of toxic plant species, as herbal teas and grain or grain products contaminated with [...] Read more.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are produced by plants as secondary compounds that are the most widely distributed natural toxins. There have been many cases of human toxicity caused by consumption of toxic plant species, as herbal teas and grain or grain products contaminated with PA-containing seeds have been reported. Companies that produce dried spices and tea leaves should examine the PA level in their products. For the first time in the literature, a simple and inexpensive electrochemical assay based on a single-use sensor was introduced for quantitative determination of senecionine (SEN) in the most frequently contaminated food sources. SEN was immobilized on a pencil graphite electrode surface by the passive adsorption technique. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to evaluate the oxidation signal of SEN, which was observed to be around +0.95 V. The oxidation signal was specific to the SEN in the sample, and the current value was proportional to its concentration. The selectivity of our assay was also tested in the presence of other similar PAs such as intermedine, lycopsamine, and heliotrine. The detection limit is calculated by developed assay and found to be 5.45 µg/mL, which is an acceptable concentration value of SEN occurring at toxic levels for consumers. As an application of the developed sensor in food products, the electrochemical detection of SEN was successfully performed in flour and herbal tea products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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10 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Convenient Heme Nanorod Modified Electrode for Quercetin Sensing by Two Common Electrochemical Methods

by Jin-Guang Liu, Jia-Zheng Wan, Qing-Min Lin, Guo-Cheng Han, Xiao-Zhen Feng and Zhencheng Chen

Micromachines 2021, 12(12), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12121519 - 7 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2411

Abstract

Quercetin (Qu) is one of the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet. High concentrations of Qu can easily cause adverse effects and induce inflammation, joint pain and stiffness. In this study, Heme was used as a sensitive element and deposited and formed [...] Read more.

Quercetin (Qu) is one of the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet. High concentrations of Qu can easily cause adverse effects and induce inflammation, joint pain and stiffness. In this study, Heme was used as a sensitive element and deposited and formed nanorods on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the detection of Qu. The Heme/GCE sensor was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Under optimized conditions, the developed sensor presented a linear concentration ranging from 0.1 to 700 μmol·L⁻¹ according to the CV and DPV methods. The detection limit for the sensor was 0.134 μmol·L⁻¹ and its sensitivity was 0.12 μA·μM⁻¹·cm⁻², which were obtained from CV analysis. Through DPV analysis we obtained a detection limit of 0.063 μmol·L⁻¹ and a sensitivity of 0.09 μA·μM⁻¹·cm⁻². Finally, this sensor was used to detect the Qu concentration in loquat leaf powder extract, with recovery between 98.55–102.89% and total R.S.D. lower than 3.70%. The constructed electrochemical sensor showed good anti-interference, repeatability and stability, indicating that it is also usable for the rapid detection of Qu in actual samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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18 pages, 4078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Detection of Epirubicin as Anticancer Drug Based on Nickel Ferrite Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles

by Mohammad Mehmandoust, Nevin Erk, Ceren Karaman, Fatemeh Karimi and Sadegh Salmanpour

Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12111334 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 3563

Abstract

The accurate and precise monitoring of epirubicin (EPR), one of the most widely used anticancer drugs, is significant for human and environmental health. In this context, we developed a highly sensitive electrochemical electrode for EPR detection based on nickel ferrite decorated with gold [...] Read more.

The accurate and precise monitoring of epirubicin (EPR), one of the most widely used anticancer drugs, is significant for human and environmental health. In this context, we developed a highly sensitive electrochemical electrode for EPR detection based on nickel ferrite decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au@NiFe₂O₄) on the screen-printed electrode (SPE). Various spectral characteristic methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the surface morphology and structure of the synthesized Au@NiFe₂O₄ nanocomposite. The novel decorated electrode exhibited a high electrocatalytic activity toward the electrooxidation of EPR, and a nanomolar limit of detection (5.3 nM) was estimated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with linear concentration ranges from 0.01 to 0.7 and 0.7 to 3.6 µM. The stability, selectivity, repeatability reproducibility and reusability, with a very low electrode response detection limit, make it very appropriate for determining trace amounts of EPR in pharmaceutical and clinical preparations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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9 pages, 3975 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Quantification of Silicon in Rice Based on an Electrochemical Sensor via an Amplified Electrocatalytic Strategy

by Li Fu, Yuhong Zheng, Pengchong Zhang and Guosong Lai

Micromachines 2021, 12(9), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12091048 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

Silicon plays a very important role in the growth of rice. The study of the relationship between rice and silicon has become a hot area in the last decade. Currently, the silica-molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method is mostly used for the determination of silicon [...] Read more.

Silicon plays a very important role in the growth of rice. The study of the relationship between rice and silicon has become a hot area in the last decade. Currently, the silica-molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method is mostly used for the determination of silicon content in rice. However, the results of this method vary greatly due to the different choices of reducing agents, measurement wavelengths and color development times. In this work, we present for the first time an electrochemical sensor for the detection of silicon content in rice. This electrochemical analysis technique not only provides an alternative detection strategy, but also, due to the rapid detection by electrochemical methods and the miniaturization of the instrument, it is suitable for field testing. Methodological construction using electrochemical techniques is a key objective. The silicon in rice was extracted by HF and becomes silica after pH adjustment. The silica was then immobilized onto the glassy carbon surface. These silica nanoparticles provided additional specific surface area for adsorption of sodium borohydride and Ag ions, which in turn formed Ag nanoparticles to fabricate an electrochemical sensor. The proposed electrochemical sensor can be used for indirect measurements of 10–400 mg/L of SiO₂, and thus, the method can measure 4.67–186.8 mg/g of silicon. The electrochemical sensor can be used to be comparable with the conventional silicon-molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method. The RSD of the current value was only 3.4% for five sensors. In practical use, 200 samples of glume, leaf, leaf sheath and culm were tested. The results showed that glume had the highest silicon content and culm had the lowest silicon content. The linear correlation coefficients for glume, leaf, leaf sheath and culm were 0.9841, 0.9907, 0.9894 and 0.993, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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12 pages, 2727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Electrochemical Platform for Dasatinib Anticancer Drug Sensing Using Fe₃O₄-SWCNTs/Ionic Liquid Paste Sensor

by Ali Moghaddam, Hassan Ali Zamani and Hassan Karimi-Maleh

Micromachines 2021, 12(4), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12040437 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2808

Abstract

A new electrochemical platform was suggested for the sensing of the dasatinib (DA) anticancer drug based on paste electrode modification (PE) amplified with Fe₃O₄-SWCNTs nanocomposite and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (mim-BF₄⁻). The new platform showed a linear dynamic [...] Read more.

A new electrochemical platform was suggested for the sensing of the dasatinib (DA) anticancer drug based on paste electrode modification (PE) amplified with Fe₃O₄-SWCNTs nanocomposite and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (mim-BF₄⁻). The new platform showed a linear dynamic range from 0.001–220 µM with a detection limit of 0.7 nM to determine DA at optimal condition. Electrochemical investigation showed that the redox reaction of DA is relative to changing the pH of solution. Moreover, Fe₃O₄-SWCNTs/mim-BF₄⁻/PE has improved the oxidation current of DA about 5.58 times which reduced its oxidation potential by about 120 mV at optimal condition. In the final step, Fe₃O₄-SWCNTs/mim-BF₄⁻/PE was used as an analytical platform to determine the DA in tablets and a dextrose saline spike sample, and the results showed recovery data 99.58–103.6% which confirm the powerful ability of the sensor as an analytical tool to determine the DA in real samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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9 pages, 2859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Horseradish Peroxidase Labelled-Sandwich Electrochemical Sensor Based on Ionic Liquid-Gold Nanoparticles for Lactobacillus brevis

by Le Zhao

Micromachines 2021, 12(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010075 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2363

Abstract

Lactobacillus brevis is the most common bacteria that causes beer spoilage. In this work, a novel electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated for ultra-sensitive determination of L. brevis. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were firstly electro-deposited on the electrode surface for enhancing the electro-conductivity and specific surface [...] Read more.

Lactobacillus brevis is the most common bacteria that causes beer spoilage. In this work, a novel electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated for ultra-sensitive determination of L. brevis. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were firstly electro-deposited on the electrode surface for enhancing the electro-conductivity and specific surface area. Ionic liquid was used for improving the immobilization performance of the immunosensor. After optimization, a linear regression equation can be observed between the ∆_current and concentration of L. brevis from 10⁴ CFU/mL to 10⁹ CFU/mL. The limit of detection can be estimated to be 10³ CFU/mL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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11 pages, 24540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Voltammogram Recording for Identifying Varieties of Ornamental Plants

by Rutong Yang, Boyuan Fan, Shu’an Wang, Linfang Li, Ya Li, Sumei Li, Yuhong Zheng, Li Fu and Cheng-Te Lin

Micromachines 2020, 11(11), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11110967 - 29 Oct 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2060

Abstract

An electrochemical voltammogram recording method for plant variety identification is proposed. Electrochemical voltammograms of Vistula, Andromeda, Danuta, Armandii ‘Apple Blossom,’ Proteus, Hagley Hybrid, Violet Elizabeth, Kiri Te Kanawa, Regina, and Veronica’s Choice were recorded using leaf extracts with two solvents under buffer solutions. [...] Read more.

An electrochemical voltammogram recording method for plant variety identification is proposed. Electrochemical voltammograms of Vistula, Andromeda, Danuta, Armandii ‘Apple Blossom,’ Proteus, Hagley Hybrid, Violet Elizabeth, Kiri Te Kanawa, Regina, and Veronica’s Choice were recorded using leaf extracts with two solvents under buffer solutions. The voltametric data recorded under different conditions were derived as scatter plots, 2D density patterns, and hot maps for variety identification. In addition, the voltametric data were further used for genetic relationship studies. The dendrogram deduced from the voltammograms was used as evidence for relationship study. The dendrogram deduced from voltametric data suggested the Andromeda, Danuta, Proteus, Regina, and Hagley Hybrid were closely related, while Violet Elizabeth and Veronica’s Choice were closely related. In addition, Vistula and Armandii ‘Apple Blossom’ could be considered outliers among the varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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Review

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17 pages, 3088 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bimetallic Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Biosensor Platforms for Clinical Applications

by Palanisamy Kannan and Govindhan Maduraiveeran

Micromachines 2022, 13(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13010076 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3589

Abstract

Diabetes is a foremost health issue that results in ~4 million deaths every year and ~170 million people suffering globally. Though there is no treatment for diabetes yet, the blood glucose level of diabetic patients should be checked closely to avoid further problems. [...] Read more.

Diabetes is a foremost health issue that results in ~4 million deaths every year and ~170 million people suffering globally. Though there is no treatment for diabetes yet, the blood glucose level of diabetic patients should be checked closely to avoid further problems. Screening glucose in blood has become a vital requirement, and thus the fabrication of advanced and sensitive blood sugar detection methodologies for clinical analysis and individual care. Bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) are nanosized structures that are of rising interest in many clinical applications. Although their fabrication shares characteristics with physicochemical methodologies for the synthesis of corresponding mono-metallic counterparts, they can display several interesting new properties and applications as a significance of the synergetic effect between their two components. These applications can be as diverse as clinical diagnostics, anti-bacterial/anti-cancer treatments or biological imaging analyses, and drug delivery. However, the exploitation of BMNPs in such fields has received a small amount of attention predominantly due to the vital lack of understanding and concerns mainly on the usage of other nanostructured materials, such as stability and bio-degradability over extended-time, ability to form clusters, chemical reactivity, and biocompatibility. In this review article, a close look at bimetallic nanomaterial based glucose biosensing approaches is discussed, concentrating on their clinical applications as detection of glucose in various real sample sources, showing substantial development of their features related to corresponding monometallic counterparts and other existing used nanomaterials for clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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18 pages, 3636 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of MicroRNA

by Sze Shin Low, Daizong Ji, Wai Siong Chai, Jingjing Liu, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Sadegh Salmanpour, Fatemeh Karimi, Balakrishnan Deepanraj and Pau Loke Show

Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12111409 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 5802

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important non-coding, single-stranded RNAs possessing crucial regulating roles in human body. Therefore, miRNAs have received extensive attention from various disciplines as the aberrant expression of miRNAs are tightly related to different types of diseases. Furthermore, the exceptional stability of miRNAs [...] Read more.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important non-coding, single-stranded RNAs possessing crucial regulating roles in human body. Therefore, miRNAs have received extensive attention from various disciplines as the aberrant expression of miRNAs are tightly related to different types of diseases. Furthermore, the exceptional stability of miRNAs has presented them as biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity. However, small size, high sequence similarity, low abundance of miRNAs impose difficulty in their detection. Hence, it is of utmost importance to develop accurate and sensitive method for miRNA biosensing. Electrochemical biosensors have been demonstrated as promising solution for miRNA detection as they are highly sensitive, facile, and low-cost with ease of miniaturization. The incorporation of nanomaterials to electrochemical biosensor offers excellent prospects for converting biological recognition events to electronic signal for the development of biosensing platform with desired sensing properties due to their unique properties. This review introduces the signal amplification strategies employed in miRNA electrochemical biosensor and presents the feasibility of different strategies. The recent advances in nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of miRNA were also discussed and summarized based on different types of miRNAs, opening new approaches in biological analysis and early disease diagnosis. Lastly, the challenges and future prospects are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Modified Electrochemical Sensors)

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