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Micromachines
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Self-Powered Smart Systems
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Self-Powered Smart Systems

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "A：Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 24365

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Haixia (Alice) Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Interests: micro/nanotechnology; high efficiency energy harvesting; self-powering devices and systems; MEMS
Prof. Dr. Wei Tang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
Interests: nanogenerator; wearable electronics; self-powered systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Self-powered smart systems have been a research focus in recent years, owing to the emergence of energy harvesting technologies, functional materials, and diversified sensing systems. Traditional micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors can be sustainably powered by environmental energy or creature motion energy, an new functional materials can sense temperature, moisture, or creature motion/bending, actively delivering signal outputs. Further, some systems are able to degrade air/water pollution distributed in the environment by harnessing environmental energy. Through the development of materials, manufacturing approaches, electronic processing strategies, and system designs, more and more functional smart systems will emerge. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, and review articles that focus on novel developments in self-powered smart systems, including the development of functional materials, high-performance energy devices based on manufacturing optimization, and new designs, versatile sensing devices, and systems.

We look forward to receiving your submissions!

Prof. Dr. Haixia (Alice) Zhang
Prof. Dr. Wei Tang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • functional materials
  • energy harvesting
  • manufacturing process
  • self-powered systems
  • flexible and wearable electronics
  • environmental applications

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2724 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Self-Powered Triboelectric Tachometer with Low Friction Force
by Ling Bu, Xinbao Hou, Lanxing Qin, Zhiwei Wang, Feng Zhang, Feng Li and Tao Liu
Micromachines 2021, 12(12), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12121457 - 27 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1841
Abstract
Self-powered triboelectric tachometers have wide application prospects in mechanical and electrical industries. However, traditional disc-type tachometers typically require large contact force, which burdens rotary load and increases frictional wear. To reduce the friction force of triboelectric tachometers, we present an alternative structure defined [...] Read more.
Self-powered triboelectric tachometers have wide application prospects in mechanical and electrical industries. However, traditional disc-type tachometers typically require large contact force, which burdens rotary load and increases frictional wear. To reduce the friction force of triboelectric tachometers, we present an alternative structure defined by flapping between rigid and flexible triboelectric layers. In this work, we further characterize this type of tachometer, with particular focus on the oscillating relationship between output voltage and rotation speed due to the plucking mechanism. This oscillating relationship has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. For future self-powered triboelectric tachometers, the proved oscillating relationship can be applied as calibration criteria for further enhancing sensitivity and linearity in rotation measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Powered Smart Systems)
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14 pages, 3041 KiB  
Article
3D Printed Double Roller-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Blue Energy Harvesting
by Inkyum Kim and Daewon Kim
Micromachines 2021, 12(9), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12091089 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2615
Abstract
The ocean covers 70% of the earth’s surface and is one of the largest uncultivated resources still available for harvesting energy. The triboelectric energy harvesting technology has the potential to effectively convert the ocean’s “blue energy” into electricity. A half-cylinder structure including rollers [...] Read more.
The ocean covers 70% of the earth’s surface and is one of the largest uncultivated resources still available for harvesting energy. The triboelectric energy harvesting technology has the potential to effectively convert the ocean’s “blue energy” into electricity. A half-cylinder structure including rollers floating on the water has already been used, in which the pendulum motion of the rollers is driven by the waveform. For the stable motion of the rollers, the printed surface of the device was treated with acetone for attaining hydrophilicity. The electrical outputs with the proposed device were enhanced by increasing the contact surface area by simply implementing the double roller structure with double side-covered electrodes. With the optimized structure, the maximum power density reached a value of 69.34 µW m−2 at a load resistance of 200 MΩ with the device’s high output durability. Finally, the fabricated device was also applied to the artificial water waves to demonstrate the possibility of using this device in the ocean. By simply modifying the electrode structure and adding a roller, this device demonstrated the ability to generate over 160% of electrical output with the same covered area of the ocean by the triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and potential ocean application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Powered Smart Systems)
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9 pages, 2263 KiB  
Article
An Optimized Flutter-Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerator with a Low Cut-In Wind Speed
by Yang Xia, Yun Tian, Lanbin Zhang, Zhihao Ma, Huliang Dai, Bo Meng and Zhengchun Peng
Micromachines 2021, 12(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12040366 - 29 Mar 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3395
Abstract
We present an optimized flutter-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for wind energy harvesting. The vibration and power generation characteristics of this TENG are investigated in detail, and a low cut-in wind speed of 3.4 m/s is achieved. It is found that the air speed, [...] Read more.
We present an optimized flutter-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for wind energy harvesting. The vibration and power generation characteristics of this TENG are investigated in detail, and a low cut-in wind speed of 3.4 m/s is achieved. It is found that the air speed, the thickness and length of the membrane, and the distance between the electrode plates mainly determine the PTFE membrane’s vibration behavior and the performance of TENG. With the optimized value of the thickness and length of the membrane and the distance of the electrode plates, the peak open-circuit voltage and output power of TENG reach 297 V and 0.46 mW at a wind speed of 10 m/s. The energy generated by TENG can directly light up dozens of LEDs and keep a digital watch running continuously by charging a capacitor of 100 μF at a wind speed of 8 m/s. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Powered Smart Systems)
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10 pages, 4441 KiB  
Article
A Self-Powered Vector Angle/Displacement Sensor Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator
by Chengyu Li, Ziming Wang, Sheng Shu and Wei Tang
Micromachines 2021, 12(3), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12030231 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4445
Abstract
Recently, grating-structured triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) operating in freestanding mode have been the subject of intensive research. However, standard TENGs based on interdigital electrode structures are unable to realize real-time sensing of the direction of the freestanding electrode movement. Here, a newly designed TENG, [...] Read more.
Recently, grating-structured triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) operating in freestanding mode have been the subject of intensive research. However, standard TENGs based on interdigital electrode structures are unable to realize real-time sensing of the direction of the freestanding electrode movement. Here, a newly designed TENG, consisting of one group of grating freestanding electrodes and three groups of interdigitated induction electrodes with the identical period, has been demonstrated as a self-powered vector angle/displacement sensor (SPVS), capable of distinguishing the real-time direction of the freestanding electrode displacement. Thanks to the unique coupling effect between triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, periodic alternating voltage signals are generated in response to the rotation/sliding movement of the top freestanding electrodes on the bottom electrodes. The output peak-to-peak voltage of the SPVS can reach as high as 300 V at the rotation rate of 48 rpm and at the sliding velocity of 0.1 m/s, respectively. The resolution of the sensor reaches 8°/5 mm and can be further enhanced by decreasing the width of the electrodes. This present work not only demonstrates a novel method for angle/displacement detection but also greatly expands the applicability of TENG as self-powered vector sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Powered Smart Systems)
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Review

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22 pages, 7416 KiB  
Review
Wearable Multi-Functional Sensing Technology for Healthcare Smart Detection
by Xu Zeng, Hai-Tao Deng, Dan-Liang Wen, Yao-Yao Li, Li Xu and Xiao-Sheng Zhang
Micromachines 2022, 13(2), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13020254 - 2 Feb 2022
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5002
Abstract
In recent years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of wearable multi-functional sensing technology to fulfill the requirements of healthcare smart detection, and much progress has been achieved. Due to the appealing characteristics of flexibility, stretchability and long-term stability, the [...] Read more.
In recent years, considerable research efforts have been devoted to the development of wearable multi-functional sensing technology to fulfill the requirements of healthcare smart detection, and much progress has been achieved. Due to the appealing characteristics of flexibility, stretchability and long-term stability, the sensors have been used in a wide range of applications, such as respiration monitoring, pulse wave detection, gait pattern analysis, etc. Wearable sensors based on single mechanisms are usually capable of sensing only one physiological or motion signal. In order to measure, record and analyze comprehensive physical conditions, it is indispensable to explore the wearable sensors based on hybrid mechanisms and realize the integration of multiple smart functions. Herein, we have summarized various working mechanisms (resistive, capacitive, triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermo-electric, pyroelectric) and hybrid mechanisms that are incorporated into wearable sensors. More importantly, to make wearable sensors work persistently, it is meaningful to combine flexible power units and wearable sensors and form a self-powered system. This article also emphasizes the utility of self-powered wearable sensors from the perspective of mechanisms, and gives applications. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging materials and structures that are applied to achieve high sensitivity. In the end, we present perspectives on the outlooks of wearable multi-functional sensing technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Powered Smart Systems)
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18 pages, 3537 KiB  
Review
Progress in Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on PVDF Composite Films
by Yuan Wang, Laipan Zhu and Cuifeng Du
Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12111278 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6015
Abstract
In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of energy harvesting to satisfy increasing needs for portable, sustainable, and renewable energy. Among piezoelectric materials, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers are the most promising materials for piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) due [...] Read more.
In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of energy harvesting to satisfy increasing needs for portable, sustainable, and renewable energy. Among piezoelectric materials, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers are the most promising materials for piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) due to their unique electroactivity, high flexibility, good machinability, and long–term stability. So far, PVDF–based PENGs have made remarkable progress. In this paper, the effects of the existence of various nanofillers, including organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites, inorganic lead halide perovskites, perovskite–type oxides, semiconductor piezoelectric materials, two–dimensional layered materials, and ions, in PVDF and its copolymer structure on their piezoelectric response and energy–harvesting properties are reviewed. This review will enable researchers to understand the piezoelectric mechanisms of the PVDF–based composite–film PENGs, so as to effectively convert environmental mechanical stimulus into electrical energy, and finally realize self–powered sensors or high–performance power sources for electronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Powered Smart Systems)
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