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Microorganisms
Special Issues
Viral Infection and Immunity
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Viral Infection and Immunity

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2024) | Viewed by 3748

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zhen Luo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
Interests: viral pathogenesis; host innate immunity; anti-viral therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Kuanhui Xiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
Interests: viral infectious model establishment; viral-host interaction and antiviral therapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The challenge of certain virus-caused infectious diseases remains a public health threat to humans and their surrounding environments, including resistant viral infection (i.e., hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and human cytomegalovirus) and acute viral infection (i.e., influenza A virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus or -2, enterovirus, and Zika virus). For many viruses with the potential to cause outbreaks, there are no specific treatments, so it is urgent to know the mechanisms of virus–host interactions. Upon viral infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host cells recognize pathogenic elements to initiate the signaling of innate immunity, which could be followed by regulatory adoptive immunity. The interaction between viral infection and host immunity usually encompasses the (1) antiviral response and (2) virus-caused imbalance of inflammation-associated cell death and tissue injury. The interplay of viral infection and immunity is of high concern, which provides the clue to uncovering viral pathogenesis, prevention, or/and broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutic strategies in these infectious diseases.

This Special Issue welcomes studies focusing on (1) the mechanisms of innate and adoptive immune responses, or related viral pathogenesis upon viral infection; (2) therapeutic strategies in antiviral agents targeting the inflammatory response; and (3) the development of the design and evaluation of vaccines against viral infections. We are looking forward to submissions of both original research and review articles that concern these themes.

Dr. Zhen Luo
Dr. Kuanhui Xiang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • viral infection
  • host immunity
  • viral pathogenesis
  • antiviral agents
  • vaccine

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 7740 KiB  
Communication
Central Nervous System Disorders with Auto-Antibodies in People Living with HIV
by Giacomo Stroffolini, Cristiana Atzori, Daniele Imperiale, Mattia Trunfio, Giovanni Di Perri and Andrea Calcagno
Microorganisms 2024, 12(9), 1758; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091758 - 24 Aug 2024
Viewed by 622
Abstract
Abstract: People living with HIV (PLWH) may present atypical neurological complications. Recently, autoimmune manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. We retrospectively described the features of PLWH presenting with acute neurological symptoms with positive anti-CNS antibodies. We analyzed relevant CSF [...] Read more.
Abstract: People living with HIV (PLWH) may present atypical neurological complications. Recently, autoimmune manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. We retrospectively described the features of PLWH presenting with acute neurological symptoms with positive anti-CNS antibodies. We analyzed relevant CSF characteristics. Twelve patients were identified, with demyelinating, inflammatory, or no MRI lesions. We observed CSF inflammatory features. Aspecific CSF anti-CNS antibodies were found in all subjects and a specific antibody (second-level blotting panel) was found in one. The cases presented a slow resolution of symptoms with sequelae. More studies are needed to better describe the spectrum and prognosis of autoimmune CNS diseases in PLWH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection and Immunity)
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11 pages, 1467 KiB  
Communication
A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis of Viral SARI in Pregnant Women in Southern Brazil
by Sonia Maria Lissa, Bruna Amaral Lapinski, Maria Ester Graf, Somaia Reda, Maria do Carmo Debur, Mayra Presibella, Luciane Aparecida Pereira, Newton Sérgio de Carvalho, Jaqueline Carvalho de Oliveira, Sonia Mara Raboni and Meri Bordignon Nogueira
Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081555 - 30 Jul 2024
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Abstract
Pregnant women (PW) are at a higher risk of diseases and hospitalization from viral respiratory infections, particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2, due to cardiopulmonary and immunological changes. This study assessed the impact of viral respiratory infections on PW hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection [...] Read more.
Pregnant women (PW) are at a higher risk of diseases and hospitalization from viral respiratory infections, particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2, due to cardiopulmonary and immunological changes. This study assessed the impact of viral respiratory infections on PW hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a cross-sectional study with 42 PW and 85 non-pregnant women (NPW) admitted with SARI to two tertiary hospitals between January 2015 and December 2019. The rates of virus prevalence, SARI hospitalization, length of hospital stay, oxygen supplementation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death were comparable between PW and NPW. A multivariate analysis showed that PW had a higher rate of viral SARI hospitalizations (OR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.02–5.48) as compared to NPW, with the influenza virus being the most prevalent (aOR = 7.58; 95% CI = 1.53–37.66). The length of hospital stays (aOR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.73–0.95) and admissions to the ICU (aOR = 0.028; 95% CI = 0.004–0.25) were lower in PW as compared to hospitalized NPW. The influenza virus had a greater impact on the frequency of SARI in the group of PW, and these had a better outcome than NPW due to the earlier antiviral treatment they received. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection and Immunity)
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13 pages, 3630 KiB  
Communication
Genomic Evolution and Selective Pressure Analysis of a Novel Porcine Sapovirus in Shanghai, China
by Jie Tao, Benqiang Li, Ying Shi, Jinghua Cheng, Pan Tang, Jiajie Jiao and Huili Liu
Microorganisms 2024, 12(3), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030569 - 12 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1309
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) is one of the most significant pathogens causing piglet diarrhea, and one with limited genetic characterization. In this study, the prevalence, infection pattern, and genetic evolution of porcine sapovirus were elucidated in detail. The positive rate of PoSaV was 10.1% [...] Read more.
Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) is one of the most significant pathogens causing piglet diarrhea, and one with limited genetic characterization. In this study, the prevalence, infection pattern, and genetic evolution of porcine sapovirus were elucidated in detail. The positive rate of PoSaV was 10.1% (20/198), with dual, triple, and quadruple infections of 45%, 40%, and 5%, respectively. To further explore the viral composition in the PoSaV-positive diarrhea feces, metagenomic sequencing was carried out. The results confirmed that RNA viruses accounted for a higher proportion (55.47%), including the two primary viruses of PoSaV (21.78%) and porcine astrovirus (PAstV) (24.54%) in the tested diarrhea feces samples. Afterward, a full-length sequence of the PoSaV isolate was amplified and named SHCM/Mega2023, and also given the identifier of GenBank No. PP388958. Phylogenetic analysis identified the prevalent PoSaV strain SHCM/Mega2023 in the GIII genogroup, involving a recombinant event with MK962338 and KT922089, with the breakpoint at 2969–5132 nucleotides (nt). The time tree revealed that the GIII genogroup exhibits the widest divergence time span, indicating a high likelihood of viral recombination. Moreover, SHCM/Mega2023 had three nucleotide “RPL” insertions at the 151–153 nt site in the VP2 gene, compared to the other GIII strains. Further selective pressure calculations demonstrate that the whole genome of the SHCM/Mega2023 strain was under purifying selection (dN/dS < 1), with seven positively selected sites in the VP1 protein, which might be related to antigenicity. In conclusion, this study presents a novel genomic evolution of PoSaV, offering valuable insights into antigenicity and for vaccine research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection and Immunity)
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Review

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24 pages, 639 KiB  
Review
RNA Modifications in Pathogenic Viruses: Existence, Mechanism, and Impacts
by Yingying Zou, Zhoule Guo, Xing-Yi Ge and Ye Qiu
Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2373; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112373 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 447
Abstract
RNA modification is a key posttranscriptional process playing various biological roles, and one which has been reported to exist extensively in cellular RNAs. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that viral RNAs also contain a variety of RNA modifications, which are regulated dynamically by [...] Read more.
RNA modification is a key posttranscriptional process playing various biological roles, and one which has been reported to exist extensively in cellular RNAs. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that viral RNAs also contain a variety of RNA modifications, which are regulated dynamically by host modification machinery and play critical roles in different stages of the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize the reports of four typical modifications reported on viral RNAs, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N4-acetylcytosine (ac4C), and N1-methyladenosine (m1A), describe the molecular mechanisms of these modification processes, and illustrate their impacts on viral replication, pathogenicity, and innate immune responses. Notably, we find that RNA modifications in different viruses share some common features and mechanisms in their generation, regulation, and function, highlighting the potential for viral RNA modifications and the related host machinery to serve as the targets or bases for the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection and Immunity)
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