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Microorganisms
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Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023
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Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 40893

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrea Marzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Virology, DIR, NIAID, NIH, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
Interests: emerging viruses; filoviruses; VSV; pathogenesis; animal models; vaccines; therapeutics; host–pathogen interactions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. José Ramón Blanco

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Infectious Diseases Department, San Pedro University Hospital-Center for Biomedical Research from La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
Interests: aging; circadian rhythm; COVID-19; emerging infection; inflammaging; HIV-infection; senolytics; senescence; virus infection
Prof. Dr. Davide Gibellini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Section of Microbiology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
Interests: virology; pathogenesis of viral infection; molecular virology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to collect high-quality review papers in all fields of virology. We encourage researchers from related fields to contribute review papers that highlight the latest developments in virology, or to invite relevant experts and colleagues to do so. Full length comprehensive reviews are preferred.

Dr. Andrea Marzi
Dr. José Ramón Blanco
Prof. Dr. Davide Gibellini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antivirals and vaccines
  • cell biology
  • chronic/persistent viral diseases
  • detection and diagnosis
  • disease and viral pathogenesis
  • ecology
  • emerging and neglected viruses/viral diseases
  • epidemiology and public health
  • host response
  • host–virus interactions
  • immunology
  • laboratory methods
  • molecular virology
  • pathology
  • phylogenetics and molecular genetics
  • preclinical studies
  • viral lifecycle and particle morphology
  • virus evolution
  • zoonotic diseases

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Review

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16 pages, 353 KiB  
Review
Considerations of COVID-19 in Ophthalmology
by Maria Letizia Salvetat, Mutali Musa, Francesco Pellegrini, Carlo Salati, Leopoldo Spadea and Marco Zeppieri
Microorganisms 2023, 11(9), 2220; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092220 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1604
Abstract
Since its emergence in early 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 infection has had a significant impact on the entire eye care system. Ophthalmologists have been categorized as a high-risk group for contracting the virus due to the belief that the eye may be a site [...] Read more.
Since its emergence in early 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 infection has had a significant impact on the entire eye care system. Ophthalmologists have been categorized as a high-risk group for contracting the virus due to the belief that the eye may be a site of inoculation and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a result, clinical ophthalmologists, optometrists, and eyecare professionals have had to familiarize themselves with the ocular manifestations of COVID-19, as well as its treatments and vaccines. The implementation of measures to prevent the transmission of the virus, such as restrictions, lockdowns, telemedicine, and artificial intelligence (AI), have led to substantial and potentially irreversible changes in routine clinical practice, education, and research. This has resulted in the emergence of a new mode of managing patients in a routine clinical setting. This brief review aims to provide an overview of various aspects of COVID-19 in ophthalmology, including the ocular manifestations related to the disease, the modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection, precautions taken in ophthalmic practice to prevent the spread of the virus, drugs, and vaccines used in the treatment of COVID-19, the impact of the pandemic on patients, clinicians, and the eye care system as a whole, and the future of ophthalmology conditioned by this global pandemic experience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023)
20 pages, 3114 KiB  
Review
Multifaceted Nature of Lipid Droplets in Viral Interactions and Pathogenesis
by Luis Herrera-Moro Huitron, Luis Adrián De Jesús-González, Macario Martínez-Castillo, José Manuel Ulloa-Aguilar, Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez, Cecilia Helguera-Repetto, Julio Garcia-Cordero and Moisés León Juárez
Microorganisms 2023, 11(7), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071851 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4045
Abstract
Once regarded as inert organelles with limited and ill-defined roles, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as dynamic entities with multifaceted functions within the cell. Recent research has illuminated their pivotal role as primary energy reservoirs in the form of lipids, capable of being [...] Read more.
Once regarded as inert organelles with limited and ill-defined roles, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as dynamic entities with multifaceted functions within the cell. Recent research has illuminated their pivotal role as primary energy reservoirs in the form of lipids, capable of being metabolized to meet cellular energy demands. Their high dynamism is underscored by their ability to interact with numerous cellular organelles, notably the endoplasmic reticulum (the site of LD genesis) and mitochondria, which utilize small LDs for energy production. Beyond their contribution to cellular bioenergetics, LDs have been associated with viral infections. Evidence suggests that viruses can co-opt LDs to facilitate their infection cycle. Furthermore, recent discoveries highlight the role of LDs in modulating the host’s immune response. Observations of altered LD levels during viral infections suggest their involvement in disease pathophysiology, potentially through production of proinflammatory mediators using LD lipids as precursors. This review explores these intriguing aspects of LDs, shedding light on their multifaceted nature and implications in viral interactions and disease development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023)
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35 pages, 1656 KiB  
Review
Gestational Viral Infections: Role of Host Immune System
by Silvia Beltrami, Sabrina Rizzo, Giovanna Schiuma, Giorgia Speltri, Dario Di Luca, Roberta Rizzo and Daria Bortolotti
Microorganisms 2023, 11(7), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071637 - 22 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3442
Abstract
Viral infections in pregnancy are major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Infections can develop in the neonate transplacentally, perinatally, or postnatally (from breast milk or other sources) and lead to different clinical manifestations, depending on the viral agent and the [...] Read more.
Viral infections in pregnancy are major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Infections can develop in the neonate transplacentally, perinatally, or postnatally (from breast milk or other sources) and lead to different clinical manifestations, depending on the viral agent and the gestational age at exposure. Viewing the peculiar tolerogenic status which characterizes pregnancy, viruses could exploit this peculiar immunological status to spread or affect the maternal immune system, adopting several evasion strategies. In fact, both DNA and RNA virus might have a deep impact on both innate and acquired immune systems. For this reason, investigating the interaction with these pathogens and the host’s immune system during pregnancy is crucial not only for the development of most effective therapies and diagnosis but mostly for prevention. In this review, we will analyze some of the most important DNA and RNA viruses related to gestational infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023)
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15 pages, 1267 KiB  
Review
The Fight against Poliovirus Is Not Over
by Chaldam Jespère Mbani, Magloire Pandoua Nekoua, Donatien Moukassa and Didier Hober
Microorganisms 2023, 11(5), 1323; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051323 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5601
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV), the virus that causes both acute poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome, is classified within the Enterovirus C species, and there are three wild PV serotypes: WPV1, WPV2 and WPV3. The launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988 eradicated two [...] Read more.
Poliovirus (PV), the virus that causes both acute poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome, is classified within the Enterovirus C species, and there are three wild PV serotypes: WPV1, WPV2 and WPV3. The launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988 eradicated two of the three serotypes of WPV (WPV2 and WPV3). However, the endemic transmission of WPV1 persists in Afghanistan and Pakistan in 2022. There are cases of paralytic polio due to the loss of viral attenuation in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), known as vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Between January 2021 and May 2023, a total of 2141 circulating VDPV (cVDPV) cases were reported in 36 countries worldwide. Because of this risk, inactivated poliovirus (IPV) is being used more widely, and attenuated PV2 has been removed from OPV formulations to obtain bivalent OPV (containing only types 1 and 3). In order to avoid the reversion of attenuated OPV strains, the new OPV, which is more stable due to genome-wide modifications, as well as sabin IPV and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, is being developed and offers promising solutions for eradicating WP1 and VDPV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023)
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15 pages, 861 KiB  
Review
Markers of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
by Cyril Debuysschere, Magloire Pandoua Nekoua and Didier Hober
Microorganisms 2023, 11(5), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051262 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3604
Abstract
Viral infections have been suspected of being involved in the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases for many years. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family, is thought to be associated with the onset and/or the progression of multiple sclerosis [...] Read more.
Viral infections have been suspected of being involved in the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases for many years. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family, is thought to be associated with the onset and/or the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome and type 1 diabetes. The lifecycle of EBV consists of lytic cycles and latency programmes (0, I, II and III) occurring in infected B-cells. During this lifecycle, viral proteins and miRNAs are produced. This review provides an overview of the detection of EBV infection, focusing on markers of latency and lytic phases in MS. In MS patients, the presence of latency proteins and antibodies has been associated with lesions and dysfunctions of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, miRNAs, expressed during lytic and latency phases, may be detected in the CNS of MS patients. Lytic reactivations of EBV can occur in the CNS of patients as well, with the presence of lytic proteins and T-cells reacting to this protein in the CNS of MS patients. In conclusion, markers of EBV infection can be found in MS patients, which argues in favour of a relationship between EBV and MS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023)
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15 pages, 541 KiB  
Review
Should We Expect an Increase in the Number of Cancer Cases in People with Long COVID?
by Ana Amiama-Roig, Laura Pérez-Martínez, Pilar Rodríguez Ledo, Eva M. Verdugo-Sivianes and José-Ramón Blanco
Microorganisms 2023, 11(3), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030713 - 9 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 17360
Abstract
The relationship between viral infections and the risk of developing cancer is well known. Multiple mechanisms participate in and determine this process. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has resulted in the deaths of millions of people worldwide. Although the effects [...] Read more.
The relationship between viral infections and the risk of developing cancer is well known. Multiple mechanisms participate in and determine this process. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has resulted in the deaths of millions of people worldwide. Although the effects of COVID-19 are limited for most people, a large number of people continue to show symptoms for a long period of time (long COVID). Several studies have suggested that cancer could also be a potential long-term complication of the virus; however, the causes of this risk are not yet well understood. In this review, we investigated arguments that could support or reject this possibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023)
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Other

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14 pages, 618 KiB  
Systematic Review
Human Orf with Immune-Mediated Reactions: A Systematic Review
by Luca Rossi, Giorgio Tiecco, Marina Venturini, Francesco Castelli and Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
Microorganisms 2023, 11(5), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051138 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2109
Abstract
Background: Orf is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in sheep and goats worldwide. Human Orf is usually a self-limiting disease, but potential complications, including immune-mediated reactions, may occur. Methods: We included all articles regarding Orf-associated immunological [...] Read more.
Background: Orf is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in sheep and goats worldwide. Human Orf is usually a self-limiting disease, but potential complications, including immune-mediated reactions, may occur. Methods: We included all articles regarding Orf-associated immunological complications published in peer-reviewed medical journals. We conducted a literature search of the United States National Library of Medicine, PubMed, MEDLINE, PubMed Central, PMC, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials. Results: A total of 16 articles and 44 patients were included, prevalently Caucasian (22, 95.7%) and female (22, 57.9%). The prevailing immunological reaction was erythema multiforme (26, 59.1%), followed by bullous pemphigoid (7, 15.9%). In most cases, the diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical and epidemiological history (29, 65.9%), while a biopsy of secondary lesions was performed in 15 patients (34.1%). A total of 12 (27.3%) patients received a local or systemic treatment for primary lesions. Surgical removal of primary lesion was described in two cases (4.5%). Orf-immune-mediated reactions were treated in 22 cases (50.0%), mostly with topical corticosteroids (12, 70.6%). Clinical improvement was reported for all cases. Conclusions: Orf-related immune reactions can have a varied clinical presentation, and it is important for clinicians to be aware of this in order to make a prompt diagnosis. The main highlight of our work is the presentation of complicated Orf from an infectious diseases specialist’s point of view. A better understanding of the disease and its complications is essential to achieve the correct management of cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Virology 2023)
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