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VNIR-TIR Spectroscopy: How Reflectance and Emissivity of Minerals, Rocks and...
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VNIR-TIR Spectroscopy: How Reflectance and Emissivity of Minerals, Rocks and Meteorites Can Help Planetary Exploration

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Exploration Methods and Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 11393

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Cristian Carli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute of Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
Interests: planetary sciences; spectroscopy; meteorites; petrology; volanology
Dr. Kerri Donaldson-Hanna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
Interests: remote sensing of planetary surfaces; laboratory spectroscopy; airless planetary bodies; planetary analogue samples
Dr. Giulia Alemanno

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Interests: planetary spectroscopy; laboratory spectroscopy; planetary surfaces and atmopsheres

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The analysis of hyperspectral remote sensing observations from orbiting spacecraft and rovers in recent decades has improved our knowledge about the different bodies in our solar system. Visible to near-infrared as well as thermal infrared spectroscopy enables the mapping of surface compositions of the different planetary surfaces, through the detection of rock-forming minerals as well as secondary mineralogies, and highlights the different molecular species in planetary atmospheres. Moreover, future explorations will likely involve these techniques in situ robotic or human exploration with higher-spatial resolution data. Each solar system object has its specifics, including temperature, atmospheric pressure and composition and exposition level to solar and galactic energetic particles. For these reasons, past and future explorations, both from orbit and in situ, need the support of laboratory activities involving different types of spectroscopic techniques, sample characterization and the integration of different datasets.

Manuscripts on experimental works, data analysis and modeling of laboratory data applying different techniques, as well as the integration of reflectance or emissivity data with other datasets, aiming to characterize the investigated materials are solicited. This Special Issue will provide the scientific community with works looking for new approaches to the investigation of the composition and weathering of minerals, and their mixtures, and rock analogs, as well as meteorites, focusing on the present and future goals of understanding the surface composition of planetary bodies using reflectance and emissivity.

Dr. Cristian Carli
Dr. Kerri Donaldson-Hanna
Dr. Giulia Alemanno
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • reflectance
  • emissivity
  • analogs
  • meteorites
  • surface composition
  • planetary geology
  • experimental planetology

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 3933 KiB  
Article
Raman–Infrared Spectral Correlation of an Artificially Space-Weathered Carbonaceous Chondrite Meteorite
by Ildiko Gyollai, Sándor Biri, Zoltán Juhász, Csilla Király, Richárd Rácz, Dániel Rezes, Béla Sulik, Máté Szabó, Zoltán Szalai, Péter Szávai, Tamás Szklenár and Ákos Kereszturi
Minerals 2024, 14(3), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030288 - 9 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Raman and infrared measurements of the same locations were conducted on a northwest African (NWA) 10580 CO3 meteorite sample, before and after three proton irradiations (1 keV ion energy using 1011, 1014, and 1017 ion/cm2 fluent values), [...] Read more.
Raman and infrared measurements of the same locations were conducted on a northwest African (NWA) 10580 CO3 meteorite sample, before and after three proton irradiations (1 keV ion energy using 1011, 1014, and 1017 ion/cm2 fluent values), to simulate space weathering effects. In the case of Raman spectroscopy, both FWHM and peak positions of the major olivine and pyroxene bands changed after the irradiation, and the minor bands disappeared. In the FTIR spectra, the minor bands of olivine and pyroxene also disappeared; meanwhile, major IR bands of pyroxene remained visible, demonstrating both positive and negative peak shifts, and the olivines were characterised only by negative peak shifts. The olivines were characterised by negative FWHM changes for major bands, but positive FWHM changes for minor bands. The pyroxenes were characterised by elevated FWHM changes for minor bands after the irradiation. The disappearance of minor bands both of IR and Raman spectra indicates the amorphization of minerals. The negative peak shift in IR spectra indicates Mg loss for olivine and pyroxene, in agreement with the literature. The Raman spectra are characterised by positive peak shift and positive FWHM changes; the IR spectra are characterised by a negative peak shift. The Mg loss, which was detected by negative peak shifts of FTIR bands, may be caused by distortion of the crystal structure, which could be detected by a positive peak shift in Raman spectra. This joint observation and interpretation has not been formulated in the literature, but indicates further possibilities in the confirmation of mineral changes by different instruments. Shock alteration-based observations by other researchers could be used as a reference for irradiation experiments as irradiation makes a similar structural alteration, like a low-grade shock metamorphism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue VNIR-TIR Spectroscopy: How Reflectance and Emissivity of Minerals, Rocks and Meteorites Can Help Planetary Exploration)
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16 pages, 2360 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Emissivity Spectra of Sulphide-Bearing Samples, New Constraints for the Surface of Mercury: Oldhamite in Mafic Aggregates
by Cristian Carli, Sabrina Ferrari, Alessandro Maturilli, Giovanna Serventi, Maria Sgavetti, Arianna Secchiari, Alessandra Montanini and Jörn Helbert
Minerals 2024, 14(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14010062 - 4 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1181
Abstract
Exploration of Mercury will continue in the near future with ESA/JAXA’s BepiColombo mission, which will increase the number and the type of datasets, and it will take advantage of the results from NASA’s MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENviroment, GEochemistry and Ranging) mission. One [...] Read more.
Exploration of Mercury will continue in the near future with ESA/JAXA’s BepiColombo mission, which will increase the number and the type of datasets, and it will take advantage of the results from NASA’s MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENviroment, GEochemistry and Ranging) mission. One of the main discoveries from MESSENGER was the finding of a relatively high abundance of volatiles, and in particular of sulphur, on the surface. This discovery correlates well with the morphological evidence of pyroclastic activity and with features attributable to degassing processes like the hollows. BepiColombo will return compositional results from different spectral ranges and instruments, and, in particular, among them the first results from the orbit of emissivity in the thermal infrared. Here, we investigate the results from the emissivity spectra of different samples between a binary mixture of a volcanic regolith-like for Mercury and oldhamite (CaS). The acquisitions are taken at different temperatures in order to highlight potential shifts due to both mineral variation and temperature dependence on these materials that potentially could be present in hollows. Different absorption features are present for the two endmembers, making it possible to distinguish the oldhamite with respect to the regolith bulk analogue. We show how, in the mixtures, the Christiansen feature is strongly driven by the oldhamite, whereas the Reststrahlen minima are mainly dominated by mafic composition. The spectral contrast is strongly reduced in the mixtures with respect to the endmembers. The variations of spectral features are strong enough to be measured via MERTIS, and the spectral variations are stronger in relation to the mineralogy with respect to temperature dependence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue VNIR-TIR Spectroscopy: How Reflectance and Emissivity of Minerals, Rocks and Meteorites Can Help Planetary Exploration)
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14 pages, 5987 KiB  
Article
Mapping the Spectral and Mineralogical Variability of Lunar Breccia Meteorite NWA 13859 by VNIR Reflectance Spectroscopy
by Enrico Bruschini, Cristian Carli and Federico Tosi
Minerals 2023, 13(8), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13081000 - 28 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1614
Abstract
We provide the first visible near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectroscopy characterization of a sample from the lunar feldspathic breccia NWA 13859. The sample is a 2 mm thick slab with an approximate area of 35 ± 2 cm2. We characterized the spectroscopic [...] Read more.
We provide the first visible near-infrared (VNIR) reflectance spectroscopy characterization of a sample from the lunar feldspathic breccia NWA 13859. The sample is a 2 mm thick slab with an approximate area of 35 ± 2 cm2. We characterized the spectroscopic variability by choosing and analyzing representative spots throughout the sample. Our results show a distinct spectral contribution from orthopyroxene, which, according to a preliminary mineralogical characterization, should be a minor phase in the sample. In a second step, we measured several spectra along a transect between a clast and the matrix. In order to oversample the signal, the points analyzed along the sample were partly superimposed to each other (80% areal superposition). The same approach was extended to a grid of points covering an area of about 8.6 cm2, with the goal of obtaining a spatial resolution of the spectral parameters higher than the instrument’s spot size. Using this strategy, we obtained 2D maps of spectral parameters, which allowed us to infer the major mineralogical composition of the sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue VNIR-TIR Spectroscopy: How Reflectance and Emissivity of Minerals, Rocks and Meteorites Can Help Planetary Exploration)
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15 pages, 3101 KiB  
Article
Study of Detection Limits of Carbonate Phases in Mixtures with Basaltic-like Fine Regolith in the MIR (1–5.5 µm) Spectral Range
by Giulia Alemanno, Cristian Carli, Giovanna Serventi, Alessandro Maturilli and Jörn Helbert
Minerals 2023, 13(6), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13060764 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1501
Abstract
The presence of minerals formed under the occurrence of liquid water during the first billion years on Mars was a key discovery, but there is still a large number of open issues that make the study of these mineral deposits a main focus [...] Read more.
The presence of minerals formed under the occurrence of liquid water during the first billion years on Mars was a key discovery, but there is still a large number of open issues that make the study of these mineral deposits a main focus of remote sensing and laboratory studies. Moreover, even though there is extensive research related to the study of the spectral behavior of mixtures, we still lack a full understanding of the problem. The main goal of this work is the analysis of the detection limits of hydrated and carbonate phases within mixtures with basaltic-like fine regolith in the spectral region 1.0–5.5 µm (1818–10,000 cm−1). We selected two different basalt samples and mixed them with two carbonate phases: a dolomite and a calcite. Spectral features have been investigated isolating the main carbonate absorption features and overtones; deriving trends of spectral parameters such as band depth, band area, full-width-half-maximum; percentage and grain size variations. The results obtained in this work show how the presence of a basaltic component can strongly influence the appearance of the hydrated and carbonate features showing different trends and intensities depending on the grain size and percentage of the carbonate components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue VNIR-TIR Spectroscopy: How Reflectance and Emissivity of Minerals, Rocks and Meteorites Can Help Planetary Exploration)
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26 pages, 12105 KiB  
Article
Effects of Temperature on Visible and Infrared Spectra of Mercury Minerals Analogues
by Nicolas Bott, Rosario Brunetto, Alain Doressoundiram, Cristian Carli, Fabrizio Capaccioni, Yves Langevin, Davide Perna, François Poulet, Giovanna Serventi, Maria Sgavetti, Francesco Vetere, Diego Perugini, Cristina Pauselli, Ferenc Borondics and Christophe Sandt
Minerals 2023, 13(2), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020250 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2249
Abstract
Mercury’s peculiar orbit around the Sun (3:2 spin–orbit resonance) and lack of atmosphere result in one the widest temperature ranges experienced at the surface of a planetary body in the solar system. Temperature variations affect the physical and, therefore, spectral properties of minerals [...] Read more.
Mercury’s peculiar orbit around the Sun (3:2 spin–orbit resonance) and lack of atmosphere result in one the widest temperature ranges experienced at the surface of a planetary body in the solar system. Temperature variations affect the physical and, therefore, spectral properties of minerals to varying degrees; thus, it is crucial to study them in the context of the upcoming arrival of the BepiColombo spacecraft in Mercury orbit in the fall of 2025. In this work, we heated and cooled analog materials (plagioclase and volcanic glasses) at temperatures representative of the hermean surface. With our experimental setup, we could measure near-infrared (1.0–3.5 μm) and thermal infrared (2.0–14.3 μm) reflectance spectra of our analogs at various temperatures during a heating (25–400 ∘C) or cooling cycle (−125–25 ∘C), allowing us to follow the evolution of the spectral properties of minerals. We also collected reflectance spectra in the visible domain (0.47–14.3 μm) before and after heating. In the visible spectra, we identified irreversible changes in the spectral slope (reddening) and the reflectance (darkening or brightening) that are possibly associated with oxidation, whereas the temperature had reversible effects (e.g., band shifts of from ten to a hundred nanometers towards greater wavelengths) on the infrared spectral features of our samples. These reversible changes are likely caused by the crystal lattice dilatation during heating. Finally, we took advantage of the water and ice present on/in our samples to study the different components of the absorption band at 3.0 μm when varying temperatures, which may be useful as a complement to future observations of the north pole of Mercury. The wavelength ranges covered by our measurements are of interest for the SIMBIO-SYS and MERTIS instruments, which will map the mineralogy of Mercury’s surface from spring 2026, and for which we selected useful spectral parameters that are proxies of surface temperature variations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue VNIR-TIR Spectroscopy: How Reflectance and Emissivity of Minerals, Rocks and Meteorites Can Help Planetary Exploration)
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17 pages, 2454 KiB  
Article
Mid-Infrared (MIR) Spectroscopy of Silicate Glasses as Analogs for Mercury’s Surface: The Influence of Grain Size
by Alessandro Pisello, Matteo Bisolfati, Giovanni Poggiali, Pietro Tolomei, Eleonora Braschi, John Robert Brucato and Diego Perugini
Minerals 2023, 13(2), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020170 - 24 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2230
Abstract
Volcanic products are widely present on Mercury: they occur as low-viscosity lava flows, but traces of ash deriving from explosive volcanism are also observed. Silicate glasses represent a major component in volcanic products, and it is likely that the fine-powdered regolith on Mercury [...] Read more.
Volcanic products are widely present on Mercury: they occur as low-viscosity lava flows, but traces of ash deriving from explosive volcanism are also observed. Silicate glasses represent a major component in volcanic products, and it is likely that the fine-powdered regolith on Mercury contains a non-negligible fraction of glassy material. In the laboratory, we have reproduced a Mercury-like silicate glass, from which we have obtained 14 powdered samples with different granulometric characteristics: 8 samples are extremely sorted with grain sizes ranging from 25 to 425 µm, and 6 samples consist of less sorted powders with normal distributions, varying mean values (30, 95, and 160 µm) and standard deviation (40 and 80 µm). The reflectance of samples was investigated in the mid-infrared (MIR) region: we observe how the reflectance intensity increases with grain size, and the presence of extremely fine material defines the emergence of the transparency feature (TF). We provide reference data with qualitative observations and quantitative parameterization of spectral characteristics; in particular, we observe how a small fraction of fine material can greatly influence the spectral response of coarser powders. Results of this work will be crucial for the interpretation of data collected by the BepiColombo mission, but need to be integrated with other possible Mercurian compositions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue VNIR-TIR Spectroscopy: How Reflectance and Emissivity of Minerals, Rocks and Meteorites Can Help Planetary Exploration)
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