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Gold Catalysts
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Gold Catalysts

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2011) | Viewed by 55972

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. A. Stephen K. Hashmi

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Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitt Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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402 KiB  
Article
Kinetic Study of Oxygen Adsorption over Nanosized Au/γ-Al2O3 Supported Catalysts under Selective CO Oxidation Conditions
by Dimitrios Gavril, Aglaia Georgaka and George Karaiskakis
Molecules 2012, 17(5), 4878-4895; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17054878 - 27 Apr 2012
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5364
Abstract
O2 adsorption is a key process for further understanding the mechanism of selective CO oxidation (SCO) on gold catalysts. Rate constants related to the elementary steps of O2 adsorption, desorption and surface bonding, as well as the respective activation energies, over [...] Read more.
O2 adsorption is a key process for further understanding the mechanism of selective CO oxidation (SCO) on gold catalysts. Rate constants related to the elementary steps of O2 adsorption, desorption and surface bonding, as well as the respective activation energies, over a nanosized Au/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, were determined by Reversed-Flow Inverse Gas Chromatography (RF-IGC). The present study, carried-out in a wide temperature range (50–300 °C), both in excess as well as in the absence of H2, resulted in mechanistic insights and kinetic as well as energetic comparisons, on the sorption processes of SCO reactants. In the absence of H2, the rate of O2 binding, over Au/γ-Al2O3, drastically changes with rising temperature, indicating possible O2 dissociation at elevated temperatures. H2 facilitates stronger O2 bonding at higher temperatures, while low temperature binding remains practically unaffected. The lower energy barriers observed, under H2 rich conditions, can be correlated to O2 dissociation after hydrogenation. Although, H2 enhances both selective CO reactant’s desorption, O2 desorption is more favored than that of CO, in agreement with the well-known mild bonding of SCO reactant’s at lower temperatures. The experimentally observed drastic change in the strength of CO and O2 binding is consistent both with well-known high activity of SCO at ambient temperatures, as well as with the loss of selectivity at higher temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Catalysts)
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277 KiB  
Communication
Anti-Addition Mechanism in the Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Alkenes Catalyzed by PVP-Stabilized Nanogold
by Hiroaki Kitahara and Hidehiro Sakurai
Molecules 2012, 17(3), 2579-2586; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17032579 - 2 Mar 2012
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6351
Abstract
(1R*,4S*,4aR*,9aS*,10S*)-10-Hydroxy-10-phenyl-1,4a,9a,10-tetrahydro-1,4-methanoanthracen-9(4H)-one (1c) was prepared for the elucidation of the reaction mechanism of intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of alkenes catalyzed by gold nanoclusters stabilized by a hydrophilic polymer, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) ( [...] Read more.
(1R*,4S*,4aR*,9aS*,10S*)-10-Hydroxy-10-phenyl-1,4a,9a,10-tetrahydro-1,4-methanoanthracen-9(4H)-one (1c) was prepared for the elucidation of the reaction mechanism of intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of alkenes catalyzed by gold nanoclusters stabilized by a hydrophilic polymer, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (Au:PVP). It was found that the reaction proceeded via anti-addition of alcohol to the alkene assisted by p-activation of the gold clusters, which is the same mechanism as the hydroamination by toluenesulfonamides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Catalysts)
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497 KiB  
Article
Chemisorption and Reactions of Small Molecules on Small Gold Particles
by Geoffrey C. Bond
Molecules 2012, 17(2), 1716-1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17021716 - 9 Feb 2012
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 5664
Abstract
The activity of supported gold particles for a number of oxidations and hydrogenations starts to increase dramatically as the size falls below ~3 nm. This is accompanied by an increased propensity to chemisorption, especially of oxygen and hydrogen. The explanation for these phenomena [...] Read more.
The activity of supported gold particles for a number of oxidations and hydrogenations starts to increase dramatically as the size falls below ~3 nm. This is accompanied by an increased propensity to chemisorption, especially of oxygen and hydrogen. The explanation for these phenomena has to be sought in kinetic analysis that connects catalytic activity with the strength and extent of chemisorption of the reactants, the latter depending on the electronic structure of the gold atoms constituting the active centre. Examination of the changes to the utilisation of electrons as particle size is decreased points to loss of metallic character at about 3 nm, as energy bands are replaced by levels, and a band gap appears. Detailed consideration of the Arrhenius parameters (E and ln A) for CO oxidation points clearly to a step-change in activity at the point where metallic character is lost, as opposed to there being a monotonic dependence of rate on a physical property such as the fraction of atoms at corners or edges of particles. The deplorable scarcity of kinetic information on other reactions makes extension of this analysis difficult, but non-metallic behaviour is an unavoidable property of very small gold particles, and therefore cannot be ignored when seeking to explain their exceptional activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Catalysts)
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1136 KiB  
Article
Size-Dependent Electrocatalytic Activity of Gold Nanoparticles on HOPG and Highly Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces
by Tine Brülle, Wenbo Ju, Philipp Niedermayr, Andrej Denisenko, Odysseas Paschos, Oliver Schneider and Ulrich Stimming
Molecules 2011, 16(12), 10059-10077; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules161210059 - 6 Dec 2011
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7399
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles were prepared by electrochemical deposition on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and boron-doped, epitaxial 100-oriented diamond layers. Using a potentiostatic double pulse technique, the average particle size was varied in the range from 5 nm to 30 nm in the case [...] Read more.
Gold nanoparticles were prepared by electrochemical deposition on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and boron-doped, epitaxial 100-oriented diamond layers. Using a potentiostatic double pulse technique, the average particle size was varied in the range from 5 nm to 30 nm in the case of HOPG as a support and between < 1 nm and 15 nm on diamond surfaces, while keeping the particle density constant. The distribution of particle sizes was very narrow, with standard deviations of around 20% on HOPG and around 30% on diamond. The electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction of these carbon supported gold nanoparticles in dependence of the particle sizes was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. For oxygen reduction the current density normalized to the gold surface (specific current density) increased for decreasing particle size. In contrast, the specific current density of hydrogen evolution showed no dependence on particle size. For both reactions, no effect of the different carbon supports on electrocatalytic activity was observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Catalysts)
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1289 KiB  
Article
The Beneficial Effect of Hydrogen on CO Oxidation over Au Catalysts. A Computational Study
by Akhtar Hussain, Jose Gracia, J. W. Niemantsverdriet and B. E. Nieuwenhuys
Molecules 2011, 16(11), 9582-9599; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16119582 - 16 Nov 2011
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6779
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to explore the effect of hydrogen on the oxidation of CO in relation to the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of excess hydrogen (PROX). A range of gold surfaces have been selected including [...] Read more.
Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to explore the effect of hydrogen on the oxidation of CO in relation to the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of excess hydrogen (PROX). A range of gold surfaces have been selected including the (100), stepped (310) surfaces and diatomic rows on the (100) surface. These diatomic rows on Au(100) are very efficient in H-H bond scission. O2 hydrogenation strongly enhances the surface-oxygen interaction and assists in scission of the O–O bond. The activation energy required to make the reaction intermediate hydroperoxy (OOH) from O2 and H is small. However, we postulate its presence on our Au models as the result of diffusion from oxide supports to the gold surfaces. The OOH on Au in turn opens many low energy cost channels to produce H2O and CO2. CO is selectively oxidized in a H2 atmosphere due to the more favorable reaction barriers while the formation of adsorbed hydroperoxy enhances the reaction rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Catalysts)
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727 KiB  
Article
Gold Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Environmentally Benign Deoxygenation of Epoxides to Alkenes
by Akifumi Noujima, Takato Mitsudome, Tomoo Mizugaki, Koichiro Jitsukawa and Kiyotomi Kaneda
Molecules 2011, 16(10), 8209-8227; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16108209 - 28 Sep 2011
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8412
Abstract
We have developed a highly efficient and green catalytic deoxygenation of epoxides to alkenes using gold nanoparticles (NPs) supported on hydrotalcite [HT: Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16] (Au/HT) with alcohols, CO/H2O or H2 as the reducing [...] Read more.
We have developed a highly efficient and green catalytic deoxygenation of epoxides to alkenes using gold nanoparticles (NPs) supported on hydrotalcite [HT: Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16] (Au/HT) with alcohols, CO/H2O or H2 as the reducing reagent. Various epoxides were selectively converted to the corresponding alkenes. Among the novel metal NPs on HT, Au/HT was found to exhibit outstanding catalytic activity for the deoxygenation reaction. Moreover, Au/HT can be separated from the reaction mixture and reused with retention of its catalytic activity and selectivity. The high catalytic performance of Au/HT was attributed to the selective formation of Au-hydride species by the cooperative effect between Au NPs and HT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Catalysts)
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1295 KiB  
Article
Studies on the Electrochemical Behavior of Thiazolidine and Its Applications Using a Flow–Through Chronoamperometric Sensor Based on a Gold Electrode
by Lai-Hao Wang and Wen-Jie Li
Molecules 2011, 16(9), 7608-7620; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097608 - 6 Sep 2011
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5314
Abstract
The electrochemical behaviors of thiazolidine (tetrahydrothiazole) on gold and platinum electrodes were investigated in a Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2.77–11.61), acetate buffer (pH 4.31), phosphate buffer solutions (pH 2.11 and 6.38) and methanol or acetonitrile containing various supporting electrolytes. Detection was based on a [...] Read more.
The electrochemical behaviors of thiazolidine (tetrahydrothiazole) on gold and platinum electrodes were investigated in a Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2.77–11.61), acetate buffer (pH 4.31), phosphate buffer solutions (pH 2.11 and 6.38) and methanol or acetonitrile containing various supporting electrolytes. Detection was based on a gold wire electrochemical signal obtained with a supporting electrolyte containing 20% methanol-1.0 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 6.87, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate) as the mobile phase. Comparison with results obtained with a commercial amperometric detector shows good agreement. Using the chronoamperometric sensor with the current at a constant potential, and measurements with suitable experimental parameters, a linear concentration from 0.05 to 16 mg L−1 was found. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method for thiazolidine was found to be 1 ng. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Catalysts)
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Review

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649 KiB  
Review
Gold-Catalyzed Cyclizations of Alkynol-Based Compounds: Synthesis of Natural Products and Derivatives
by Benito Alcaide, Pedro Almendros and José M. Alonso
Molecules 2011, 16(9), 7815-7843; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097815 - 13 Sep 2011
Cited by 70 | Viewed by 9984
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed dramatic growth in the number of reactions catalyzed by gold complexes because of their powerful soft Lewis acid nature. In particular, the gold-catalyzed activation of propargylic compounds has progressively emerged in recent years. Some of these gold-catalyzed reactions [...] Read more.
The last decade has witnessed dramatic growth in the number of reactions catalyzed by gold complexes because of their powerful soft Lewis acid nature. In particular, the gold-catalyzed activation of propargylic compounds has progressively emerged in recent years. Some of these gold-catalyzed reactions in alkynes have been optimized and show significant utility in organic synthesis. Thus, apart from significant methodology work, in the meantime gold-catalyzed cyclizations in alkynol derivatives have become an efficient tool in total synthesis. However, there is a lack of specific review articles covering the joined importance of both gold salts and alkynol-based compounds for the synthesis of natural products and derivatives. The aim of this Review is to survey the chemistry of alkynol derivatives under gold-catalyzed cyclization conditions and its utility in total synthesis, concentrating on the advances that have been made in the last decade, and in particular in the last quinquennium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Catalysts)
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