Telomeres and Telomerase

A special issue of Methods and Protocols (ISSN 2409-9279).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 18586

Special Issue Editor

Rabin Medical Center Israel, Petah Tiqwa, Israel
Interests: exosomes; microenvironment; telomeres; telomerase; hematological cancers
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The importance of telomeres and telomerase has been acknowledged since Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak won the Nobel prize in physiology in 2009. Telomeres, the end parts of linear chromosomes, together with their cognate proteins, mask the ends of chromosomes from being identified as double strand breaks that otherwise would be repaired by DNA repair mechanisms, thus conferring genomic stability. In addition, they serve as mitotic clocks, as they are getting gradually shorter with each cell division, until they reach a critical length which signals the cells to senesce. When this process is perturbed, the cells continue to divide, and telomeres become dysfunctional, allowing the accumulation of mutations, some of which may be cancerous. If some of these cells upregulate telomerase, telomeres will not be further shortened, and the cancer clone will be perpetuated. Telomerase is the reverse transcriptase that elongates telomeres by synthesizing TTAGGG repeats (in humans) at their ends. It is considered the hallmark of cancer, since it is specific mainly for cancer cells (90% of all types of cancers possess high telomerase activity, but in almost all somatic cells, the enzyme is repressed) and is vital for their endless replicative potential. As such, telomerase is considered a valid and efficient anticancer drug target.

Interestingly, apart from their canonical roles in telomere maintenance, telomerase possess numerous "extra-curricular activities" related to cell proliferation and more.

In addition to the above, due to the dependence of the cell proliferative potential on telomere lengths, the field of telomeres and telomerase is also highly relevant to aging. Therefore, activating telomerase may have to impinge on degenerative diseases related to old age.

In this Special Issue on “Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer and Aging”, we welcome original studies and review articles presenting novel findings at the basic and translational levels of research in this field. Specifically, we are interested in the following issues: 1. the roles of shelterin and other proteins in telomere lengths regulation; 2. telomerase as an anticancer drug target; 3. extracurricular activities of telomerase; and 4. the role of telomerase in various degenerative diseases.

Hopefully, the papers published in this Special Issue will contribute to our understanding of this important and interesting field.       

Dr. Orit Uziel
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Telomere
  • Shelterin complex
  • Telomerase
  • Cancer
  • Aging
  • Extracurricular activities of telomerase

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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29 pages, 8259 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Role of Telomere and Telomerase Associated Genes and Proteins in Endometrial Cancer
by Alice Bradfield, Lucy Button, Josephine Drury, Daniel C. Green, Christopher J. Hill and Dharani K. Hapangama
Methods Protoc. 2020, 3(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps3030063 - 3 Sep 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9518
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the commonest gynaecological malignancy. Current prognostic markers are inadequate to accurately predict patient survival, necessitating novel prognostic markers, to improve treatment strategies. Telomerase has a unique role within the endometrium, whilst aberrant telomerase activity is a hallmark of many [...] Read more.
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the commonest gynaecological malignancy. Current prognostic markers are inadequate to accurately predict patient survival, necessitating novel prognostic markers, to improve treatment strategies. Telomerase has a unique role within the endometrium, whilst aberrant telomerase activity is a hallmark of many cancers. The aim of the current in silico study is to investigate the role of telomere and telomerase associated genes and proteins (TTAGPs) in EC to identify potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Analysis of RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in EC (568 TTAGPs out of 3467) and ascertained DEGs associated with histological subtypes, higher grade endometrioid tumours and late stage EC. Functional analysis demonstrated that DEGs were predominantly involved in cell cycle regulation, while the survival analysis identified 69 DEGs associated with prognosis. The protein-protein interaction network constructed facilitated the identification of hub genes, enriched transcription factor binding sites and drugs that may target the network. Thus, our in silico methods distinguished many critical genes associated with telomere maintenance that were previously unknown to contribute to EC carcinogenesis and prognosis, including NOP56, WFS1, ANAPC4 and TUBB4A. Probing the prognostic and therapeutic utility of these novel TTAGP markers will form an exciting basis for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Telomeres and Telomerase)
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12 pages, 2932 KiB  
Protocol
An Optimised Step-by-Step Protocol for Measuring Relative Telomere Length
by Mugdha V. Joglekar, Sarang N. Satoor, Wilson K.M. Wong, Feifei Cheng, Ronald C.W. Ma and Anandwardhan A. Hardikar
Methods Protoc. 2020, 3(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps3020027 - 3 Apr 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8507
Abstract
Telomeres represent the nucleotide repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes and are essential for chromosome stability. They can shorten at each round of DNA replication mainly because of incomplete DNA synthesis of the lagging strand. Reduced relative telomere length is associated with [...] Read more.
Telomeres represent the nucleotide repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes and are essential for chromosome stability. They can shorten at each round of DNA replication mainly because of incomplete DNA synthesis of the lagging strand. Reduced relative telomere length is associated with aging and a range of disease states. Different methods such as terminal restriction fragment analysis, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization are available to measure telomere length; however, the qPCR-based method is commonly used for large population-based studies. There are multiple variations across qPCR-based methods, including the choice of the single-copy gene, primer sequences, reagents, and data analysis methods in the different reported studies so far. Here, we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol that we have optimized and successfully tested in the hands of other users. This protocol will help researchers interested in measuring relative telomere lengths in cells or across larger clinical cohort/study samples to determine associations of telomere length with health and disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Telomeres and Telomerase)
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