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Nutraceuticals

Nutraceuticals is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on research and development of nutraceuticals, published quarterly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 23.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 1661-3821

Latest Articles

20 pages, 2551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unravelling the Neuroprotective Effects of a Novel Formulation Based on Plant Extracts, Mg, and Vitamin B6

by Simonetta Cristina Di Simone, Alessandra Acquaviva, Maria Loreta Libero, Nilofar Nilofar, Fatma Tunali, Paola Angelini, Giancarlo Angeles Flores, Gaia Cusumano, Lucia Recinella, Sheila Leone, Giustino Orlando, Gokhan Zengin, Luigi Menghini, Claudio Ferrante and Annalisa Chiavaroli

Nutraceuticals 2025, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals5010005 - 21 Jan 2025

The aim of the present study was to investigate the phenolic composition and the efficacy of an innovative formulation based on Mg, Vitamin B6, and water extracts from Vitex agnus-castus, Crocus sativus, Melissa officinalis, Betula pendula, and Betula pubescens [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the phenolic composition and the efficacy of an innovative formulation based on Mg, Vitamin B6, and water extracts from Vitex agnus-castus, Crocus sativus, Melissa officinalis, Betula pendula, and Betula pubescens developed as an effective tool to face neuroinflammation and depression symptoms occurring in premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The formulation was analyzed through colorimetric and liquid chromatography methods for determining the content in phenols and flavonoids. Additionally, scavenging/reducing properties were investigated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH,) 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and horseradish peroxidase assays. The biocompatible limits were determined via allelopathy, the brine shrimp lethality test, and Daphnia magna cardiotoxicity assay. The formulation was then assayed in an experimental model constituted by isolated mouse cortex specimens exposed to K⁺ 60 mM Krebs–Ringer buffer, a toxic depolarizing stimulus able to reproduce the burden of inflammation/oxidative stress and the increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) impoverishment occurring in different neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that the formulation is rich in benzoic acids, namely gentisic acid (155.31 µg/mL) and phenylethanoid compounds, namely hydroxytyrosol (39.79 µg/mL) that support the antioxidant effects measured via DPPH (IC₅₀: 1.48 mg/mL), ABTS (IC₅₀: 0.42 mg/mL), and horseradish peroxidase (IC₅₀: 2.02 mg/mL) assays. The ecotoxicological models indicated the formulation as non-toxic, permitting the identification of a biocompatible concentration (1000 µg/mL) to be used in isolated mouse cortex exposed to K⁺ 60 mM Krebs–Ringer buffer. In this model, the gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), estrogen receptor-1 (ESR1), prolactin receptor (PRLR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and serotonin transporter (SERT) was determined by real-time PCR. In the isolated mouse cortex, the formula reduced COX-2, IL-6, SERT, ESR1, and PRLR gene expression and increased BDNF and IL-10 gene expression. Overall, the study corroborated the use of the formulation as an innovative tool to contrast inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter impairment associated with PMS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutraceuticals in Central Nervous System Disorders)

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12 pages, 2397 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Xylitol on Tumor Progression in Syngeneic Mice Cancer Models

by Mark Cannon, Ashlee Cosantino, Lori Tran, Navdeep S. Chandel and Nayereh Ghoreishi

Nutraceuticals 2025, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals5010004 - 10 Jan 2025

This study investigates the effects of xylitol, a natural sugar alcohol, on tumor progression in syngeneic mouse cancer models. Xylitol is known for its dental health benefits, but emerging evidence suggests broader biological roles, including potential anti-cancer properties. We explored xylitol’s impact on [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of xylitol, a natural sugar alcohol, on tumor progression in syngeneic mouse cancer models. Xylitol is known for its dental health benefits, but emerging evidence suggests broader biological roles, including potential anti-cancer properties. We explored xylitol’s impact on two mouse cancer models: 4T1 mammary carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma. Xylitol’s efficacy in inhibiting cancer cell lines and modulating tumor progression was assessed using immunocompetent female mice. The experiments involved intratumoral and peritumoral administration of a 20% xylitol solution in two mouse strains: BALB/c (4T1 mammary carcinoma) and C57BL/6 (B16F10 melanoma). Tumor volume, histopathology, and metabolomic analyses were conducted to gauge xylitol’s influence. The study revealed that xylitol administration initially reduced tumor growth in the B16F10 melanoma model, accompanied by alterations in tumor metabolism. However, similar effects were not observed in the 4T1 mammary carcinoma model, and melanoma tumor growth re-commenced in the melanoma model after stroma deterioration caused xylitol solution leakage. These findings suggest that xylitol may have potential as an adjunct therapy in cancer treatment, specifically in melanoma. The differential response between the two cancer models underscores the complexity of cancer biology and the need for further investigation into xylitol’s mechanisms of action and its role in cancer therapy. Full article

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22 pages, 954 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis of Knowledge on Infant Fortification Plants and the Most Commonly Used Galactogenic Plants in Niger and Their Uses in the Republic of Niger

by Rahila Hama Garba, Idrissa Moussa, Hassimi Sadou, Ramona Suharoschi and Flore Depeint

Nutraceuticals 2025, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals5010003 - 8 Jan 2025

The use of plants for therapeutic purposes is an ancestral practice that dates back to the earliest times in the history of mankind. Even today the exploitation of plants for medicinal purposes plays a big role for the communities, especially in Africa, despite [...] Read more.

The use of plants for therapeutic purposes is an ancestral practice that dates back to the earliest times in the history of mankind. Even today the exploitation of plants for medicinal purposes plays a big role for the communities, especially in Africa, despite advances in modern medicine. According to the World Health Organization, about 80% of the population in developing countries use plants for their primary health care. In Niger, the use of medicinal plants is a foundation of traditional medicine across all ages. It remains a very common practice, especially in rural areas. This practice concerns all ages of life, including mother–child care. In infants and young children, mothers use plants as fortifiers for their prophylactic or curative powers, or to facilitate growth and weight gain, and also to fight major causes of infant morbidity and mortality. Mothers also use medicinal plants for their galactogenic power to stimulate lactation. This is even more important in rural areas where breastfeeding is the main source of infant nutrition. Over the years, these medicinal plants have been the subject of chemical and biological investigations to back up their therapeutic potential and virtues. This study aims to summarize current knowledge on the most commonly used medicinal plants in Niger in mother–child care. This helps emphasize the validation of ancestral medicinal plants through the scientific evaluation of the bioactive components and mechanisms. Elements of sustainability are discussed in future developments. Full article

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17 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Extraction of Phytochemicals from Upcycled Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

by Harichandana Valisakkagari and H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe

Nutraceuticals 2025, 5(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals5010002 - 6 Jan 2025

Kale (Brassica oleracea) is recognized as a ‘superfood’ among leafy vegetables due to its high carotenoid content and potential health benefits. This study aims to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to enhance the recovery of carotenoids and other phytochemicals from upcycled kale [...] Read more.

Kale (Brassica oleracea) is recognized as a ‘superfood’ among leafy vegetables due to its high carotenoid content and potential health benefits. This study aims to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to enhance the recovery of carotenoids and other phytochemicals from upcycled kale using response surface methodology. The optimized extraction parameters for carotenoids, i.e., aqueous ethanol as solvent, temperature, and extraction time at a fixed solid-to-solvent ratio, were established using the central composite design. The optimized extraction method was compared with other reported extraction methods for total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) analysis was also performed. Under the optimized UAE conditions of 100% ethanol at 57 °C for 30 min, total carotenoid content of 392 µg/g dry weight (DW) was observed, though the predicted carotenoid content was 550 µg/g DW. Under these conditions, TPC, FRAP, and DPPH were 10.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/g DW, 13.9 µmole Trolox equivalence/g DW, and DPPH radical scavenging activity as IC₅₀ of 2.04 ± 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. The UPLC-ESI-MS analysis showed the highest total phytochemicals recovered through microwave-assisted extraction, followed by UAE, compared to other tested extraction methods. In conclusion, the established optimized UAE process significantly enhanced the yield and quality of recovered phytochemicals from upcycled kale. Full article

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17 pages, 3100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Analysis by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography–Bioautography of Ecuadorian Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Leaves: Influence of Variety, Phenological Stage, and Place of Cultivation on Free Radical Scavenging and α-Amylase Activity

by Verónica Taco, Claudio Palmieri, Dayana Borja, Elena Villacrés, Pierre Duez and Amandine Nachtergael

Nutraceuticals 2025, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals5010001 - 27 Dec 2024

The present study aimed to qualitatively assess the influence of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. varieties (INIAP-Tunkahuan, INIAP-Pata de Venado varieties and Chimborazo genotype), phenological stages (40, 60, and 80 days), and places of cultivation (Pichincha and Chimborazo Ecuadorian provinces) on the leaf and seed [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to qualitatively assess the influence of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. varieties (INIAP-Tunkahuan, INIAP-Pata de Venado varieties and Chimborazo genotype), phenological stages (40, 60, and 80 days), and places of cultivation (Pichincha and Chimborazo Ecuadorian provinces) on the leaf and seed phenolic composition and biological properties. Their nutraceutical potential was assessed through qualitative analyses of (i) their polyphenols by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC); and (ii) their free radical scavenging (quenching of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical, DPPH^•) and α-amylase inhibitory properties (iodine visualization of starch hydrolysis) by HPTLC–bioautography. Compared to seeds, the quinoa leaf methanolic extracts present a high content of polyphenols with free radical scavenging activity, and compounds with an α-amylase inhibitory property; both biological activities indicate a remarkable potential of quinoa leaves, which may be relevant for the treatment of diabetes but also for the chemoprevention and/or treatment of pathologies related to oxidative stress. In quinoa leaves harvested after 80 days of cultivation, regardless of the place of production and the variety, a high content of bioactive compounds was observed. Future research is undoubtedly needed to further promote quinoa leaves as a dietary vegetable or to develop them into a nutritional supplement. This would empower quinoa smallholders in Andean regions to promote the sustainable development of this culture in its places of origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods as a New Therapeutic Strategy 2.0)

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15 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Capacity and Cardiovascular Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables: A Proposal for Comparative Scales

by André Oliveira, Jorge Lameiras, Pedro Mendes-Moreira and Goreti Botelho

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 695-709; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040039 - 6 Dec 2024

Fruits and vegetables are sources of natural nutraceuticals. They contain a variety of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and other phytochemicals that contribute to their health-promoting properties and disease prevention. A wide variety of fruits and vegetables should be eaten [...] Read more.

Fruits and vegetables are sources of natural nutraceuticals. They contain a variety of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and other phytochemicals that contribute to their health-promoting properties and disease prevention. A wide variety of fruits and vegetables should be eaten to ensure that an individual’s diet includes a combination of phytonutraceuticals and to obtain all their health benefits. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant potential and cardiovascular benefits within a restricted sample of ten fruits and ten vegetables, previously reported as largely consumed in Portugal. With data available from the literature, antioxidant potential scales were established. Additionally, a set of seven criteria, including high antioxidant capacity (FRAP values above 1), presence of n-3 fatty acids, saturated fat, cholesterol, trans fatty acids, fiber and sodium was used to create comparative scales of their potential cardiovascular benefits. The main results showed that the fruits that simultaneously exhibited the highest antioxidant potential values and the highest cardiovascular potential benefit were lemon, grapes, and melon; among vegetables, the top rankings were found to be tomato and onion. These products have been recognized as interesting sources of natural nutraceuticals for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In the future, similar approaches are desirable to translate complex scientific data into practical, simple and user-friendly information for food literacy initiatives, including nutrition education materials, about the relative level of the potential cardiovascular benefits of a wide diversity of food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals for Cardiometabolic Diseases: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Research)

12 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DPP-IV Inhibition by Solubilized Elastin Peptides from Yellowtail Bulbus Arteriosus Suppresses Ultraviolet-B-Induced Photoaging in Hairless Mice

by Kumiko Takemori, Ei Yamamoto, Takaaki Chikugo, Eri Shiratsuchi and Takashi Kometani

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 683-694; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040038 - 5 Dec 2024

Skin aging is intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic, or chronological, skin aging is an inevitable process of chronological and physiological alterations. The factors contributing to extrinsic skin aging involve sunlight, nutrients, and stress. Thus, extrinsic aging is thought to be superimposed over intrinsic aging [...] Read more.

Skin aging is intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic, or chronological, skin aging is an inevitable process of chronological and physiological alterations. The factors contributing to extrinsic skin aging involve sunlight, nutrients, and stress. Thus, extrinsic aging is thought to be superimposed over intrinsic aging and depends on the intensity and duration of environmental exposure and skin type (e.g., dry skin, oily skin, or eczema). The most significant extrinsic aging factor is UV radiation, which causes cellular senescence in a process known as photoaging. This study aimed to illuminate the mechanism whereby solubilized elastin peptide lotion (EL) from the bulbus arteriosus of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) prevents skin photoaging in hairless mice. EL reduced wrinkle formation, epidermal skin thickness, and Ki67 (cell growth marker) mRNA expression in skin tissues from ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated mice. EL treatment also reduced glyoxalase-1 (key enzyme of glucose metabolism) levels in skin tissue. Although no significant differences in collagen and elastin contents were found in dermal areas, matrix metalloproteinase-12 (wrinkle-related marker) expression was reduced following EL application. Furthermore, skin DPP-IV/CD26 (new senescence marker) levels decreased following EL treatment in photoaging model mice. These results suggest that EL moderates skin damage caused by UVB irradiation by regulating senescence-related molecule expression. Full article

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10 pages, 974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beta-Alanine Supplementation for CrossFit^® Performance

by Hannah Verity, Darren Candow and Philip D. Chilibeck

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 673-682; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040037 - 27 Nov 2024

This study aimed to investigate whether beta-alanine supplementation (BA) improves performance and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and reduces the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during a CrossFit^® workout. Fourteen participants were randomized in a double-blind design to either BA or placebo, with [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate whether beta-alanine supplementation (BA) improves performance and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and reduces the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during a CrossFit^® workout. Fourteen participants were randomized in a double-blind design to either BA or placebo, with 12 participants (7 males, 5 females, 32 ± 9.2 y) completing the study. Participants performed two tests, separated by three weeks of supplementing with either 6.4 g/day of BA or placebo. Performance tests involved time to complete an adapted CrossFit^® “Fran” Workout of the Day: 21-15-9 repetition scheme alternating between dumbbell thrusters and kipping pull-ups. No significant differences between the BA group and the placebo group were observed for performance time improvement (−13.4 s vs. −12.9 s, p = 0.97), change in mean RER (0.06 vs. 0.05, p = 0.84), or change in RPE (10-point scale) (−0.4 vs. −0.07, p = 0.56). There was a group × time × time during test interaction for RER (p = 0.021). Compared to pre-testing, post-testing RER was higher at the 25% time point of the test for the BA group and at the 75% and 100% time points in the placebo group (p < 0.05). Beta-alanine did not show significant ergogenic effects during an adapted version of the CrossFit^® workout “Fran”, although it might have helped with the buffering of acidity later in the test, based on RER. Full article

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15 pages, 1222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed Sweeteners Supplemented with Chromium Picolinate (CrPic) Improved Some Diabetes-Related Markers and Complications in a Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model

by Ekomobong Inyang, Ifeoma Irene Ijeh and Sunday Oyedemi

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 658-672; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040036 - 14 Nov 2024

Several studies have explored the effects of single or binary mixtures of sweeteners on both healthy individuals and those with diabetes. However, there is limited research on the impact of a combination of four sweeteners supplemented with dietary minerals. Steviol glycosides, extracted from [...] Read more.

Several studies have explored the effects of single or binary mixtures of sweeteners on both healthy individuals and those with diabetes. However, there is limited research on the impact of a combination of four sweeteners supplemented with dietary minerals. Steviol glycosides, extracted from Stevia rebaudiana, offer a zero-calorie sweetness that exerts minimal influence on blood glucose levels. When combined with other sweeteners, they can reduce the required quantity of each component thus mitigating the potential side effects. Furthermore, the incorporation of chromium picolinate into sweeteners may enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism and diminish insulin resistance in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of commercial mixed sweeteners (acesulfame-K, sucralose, sorbitol, and steviol glycoside) supplemented with chromium picolinate (MSSC) on diabetes-related markers and complications in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats (T2D). Over six weeks, diabetic rats received daily oral administration of MSSC at a standard dosage. The results demonstrated that MSSC significantly reduced weight loss in diabetic rats, lowered fasting blood glucose levels, enhanced hexokinase activity, and improved pancreatic antioxidative capacities. Additionally, MSSC treatment led to notable reductions in serum triglycerides, cholesterol, malondialdehyde (MDA), and LDL cholesterol levels. The treatment also modulated specific renal function parameters, and moderately reversed the necrotic architectures of the liver and pancreatic β cells. These results indicate that long-term administration of MSSC may alleviate certain diabetic complications without adverse effects on non-diabetic individuals. Further clinical studies are strongly recommended to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MSSC in diverse populations. Full article

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15 pages, 593 KiB

Open AccessReview

Adjunctive Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis

by Tonatiuh González Heredia, Diana Mercedes Hernández Corona, Miriam Méndez del Villar, Milton Omar Guzmán Ornelas, Fernanda Isadora Corona Meraz, Mariana Chávez Tostado, Grecia Elizabeth Diosdado Pardo, Arely Jaqueline Pérez Padilla, Fátima Berenice Pérez Villalobos, Perla Yareli Montaño Vargas and Paola Morales García

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 643-657; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040035 - 12 Nov 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune pathology that follows a chronic course characterized by the involvement of the synovial membrane of joints all over the body. Clinically, the disease is characterized by persistent and painful immune-mediated inflammation, which culminates in bone deformations and joint [...] Read more.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune pathology that follows a chronic course characterized by the involvement of the synovial membrane of joints all over the body. Clinically, the disease is characterized by persistent and painful immune-mediated inflammation, which culminates in bone deformations and joint movement limitation. Alternative therapies, such as garlic, ginger, curcumin, and resveratrol, are beneficial given their anti-inflammatory properties. These alternative therapies are a secondary option for treating the clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis, helping to improve the patient’s quality of life further and preventing future complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects)

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17 pages, 2918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Bioavailability and Immune Benefits of Liposome-Encapsulated Vitamin C: A Combination of the Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Phospholipid Membranes

by Sage V. McGarry, Dina Cruickshank, Ifeanyi Iloba and Gitte S. Jensen

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 626-642; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040034 - 12 Nov 2024

The bioavailability of vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, depends on limiting transport mechanisms that may be bypassed by liposome-encapsulation. The goal for this study was to evaluate the uptake, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects of liposome-encapsulated vitamin C (LEC) using Lypo-Spheric^® technology, compared [...] Read more.

The bioavailability of vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, depends on limiting transport mechanisms that may be bypassed by liposome-encapsulation. The goal for this study was to evaluate the uptake, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects of liposome-encapsulated vitamin C (LEC) using Lypo-Spheric^® technology, compared to three controls: ascorbic acid (AA), the phospholipid fraction composing the liposome, and placebo. A double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over study design involved twelve healthy participants attending four clinic visits. At each visit, a baseline blood draw was performed, followed by consumption of 1 g LEC, 1 g AA, the phospholipid component of LEC, or placebo. Additional blood draws were performed at 2, 4, and 6 h. Consuming LEC and AA increased blood levels of vitamin C; the levels were significantly higher after consuming LEC at all timepoints when compared to AA (p < 0.01). LEC consumption increased serum antioxidant capacity (p < 0.01 at 2 h) and protection. Consuming LEC increased IFN-γ levels at 6 h, while consuming the phospholipid fraction rapidly decreased inflammatory cytokines IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-1α at 2 h. Consuming LEC provided enhanced vitamin C bioavailability and antioxidant protection compared to AA. Consuming the phospholipids had anti-inflammatory effects. The results suggest that LEC provides antioxidant and immune benefits above AA, useful in preventive medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects)

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15 pages, 875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological, Performance and Perceptual Effects of Acute Intake of an L-Arginine and L-Citrulline Beverage Prior to a Repeated Bout of Intensive Running Among University Soccer Players

by Siphamandla Nyawose, Rowena Naidoo, Nenad Naumovski and Andrew J. McKune

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 611-625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040033 - 3 Nov 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combined L-arginine and L-citrulline beverage can enhance total nitric oxide (NOx), as well as physiological (cardiopulmonary metrics) and perceptual (rate of perceived exertion) responses to a repeated bout of high-intensity exercise among university [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combined L-arginine and L-citrulline beverage can enhance total nitric oxide (NOx), as well as physiological (cardiopulmonary metrics) and perceptual (rate of perceived exertion) responses to a repeated bout of high-intensity exercise among university soccer players. Thirty male soccer players were included in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. Participants performed two bouts of high-intensity running, spaced two hours apart. Forty minutes before the second bout only, participants consumed a 500 mL beverage containing 6 g L-arginine and 6 g L-citrulline (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15). Blood NOx concentration was measured immediately before and after both bouts. There was no significant increase in NOx or significant interaction effects for physiological, performance, or perceptual variables between the L-arginine/L-citrulline and placebo groups. The peak volume of oxygen uptake of the L-arginine/L-citrulline group was significantly higher in the second compared with the first exercise bout (54.92 ± 4.81 vs. 50.54 ± 9.22 mL/kg/min; p = 0.01). In the second bout of exercise, time to exhaustion in the L-arginine/L-citrulline group increased by 8.5% (~60 s) compared to the first. In conclusion, these results suggest that a single dose of L-arginine/L-citrulline beverage did not increase NOx yet seemed to impact aerobic metabolism in university soccer players. Full article

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15 pages, 1995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Bioactivity of Australian Finger Lime Cultivars as an Initial Evaluation of Their Nutraceutical Potential

by Joel B. Johnson, Parbat Raj Thani, Si-Yuan Chen, Janice S. Mani, Michael E. Netzel and Mani Naiker

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 596-610; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040032 - 24 Oct 2024

There is increasing interest in Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) due to its nutritional and bioactive potential. In this study, polar extracts from five finger lime cultivars were investigated for their potential bioactivity using a range of assays: antioxidant capacity (total [...] Read more.

There is increasing interest in Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) due to its nutritional and bioactive potential. In this study, polar extracts from five finger lime cultivars were investigated for their potential bioactivity using a range of assays: antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC)), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMAC), anti-diabetic activity (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition), anti-Alzheimer activity (acetylcholinesterase inhibition), Skin-whitening activity skin-brightening activity (tyrosinase inhibition), and anti-inflammatory activity (COX-2 inhibition). Commercial Tahitian lime was used as a “control” (comparison). The TPC ranged from 328 to 779 mg GAE/100 g dry weight (DW) in the pulp (compared to 1043 mg GAE/100 g for Tahitian lime) and from 755 to 1048 mg GAE/100 g in the peel (1704 mg GAE/100 g for Tahitian lime). A similar range of variation was seen for FRAP, ranging from 114 to 436 mg TE/100 g DW in the pulp (422 mg TE/100 g for Tahitian lime) and 259 to 495 mg TE/100 g DW in the peel (491 mg TE/100 g for Tahitian lime). Similarly, the TFC was generally lower in finger lime pulp (100–392 mg QE/100 g DW) compared to Tahitian lime (312 mg QE/100 g). The polar extracts did not show any significant inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, tyrosinase, or COX-2. One finger lime variety showed moderate (>50%) inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at the highest concentration screened (~1500 mg/L), as did Tahitian lime. Additionally, in silico docking against acetylcholinesterase suggested that some of the polyphenols present, including catechin, quercetin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside, could potentially dock to AChE and inhibit it. This is the first time the species has been investigated for many of these bioactive properties, and also the first time in silico docking has been performed to explore which potential compounds from this species could provide its bioactivity. Although little bioactivity was generally found across the applied bioassays, these findings nevertheless provide important basic data for future research and any claims about the potential health benefits of Australian finger lime. Full article

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34 pages, 1167 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential Applications of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic and Antioxidant Health-Promoting Properties of Curcumin: A Critical Review

by Elli Rapti, Theodora Adamantidi, Pavlos Efthymiopoulos, George Z. Kyzas and Alexandros Tsoupras

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 562-595; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040031 - 11 Oct 2024

The major constituent of turmeric, curcumin, is a bioactive phenolic compound that has been studied for its potential health benefits and therapeutic properties. Within this article, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antithrombotic properties and mechanisms of action of curcumin are thoroughly reviewed and the [...] Read more.

The major constituent of turmeric, curcumin, is a bioactive phenolic compound that has been studied for its potential health benefits and therapeutic properties. Within this article, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antithrombotic properties and mechanisms of action of curcumin are thoroughly reviewed and the main focus is shifted to its associated health-promoting effects against inflammation-related chronic disorders. An overview of the cardio-protective, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-microbial and neuro–protective health-promoting properties of curcumin are thoroughly reviewed, while relative outcomes obtained from clinical trials are also presented. Emphasis is given to the wound-healing properties of curcumin, as presented by several studies and clinical trials, which further promote the application of curcumin as a bioactive ingredient in several functional products, including functional foods, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and drugs. Limitations and future perspectives of such uses of curcumin as a bio-functional ingredient are also discussed. Full article

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40 pages, 1698 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Vanillin and Its Derivatives: A Critical Review of Their Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Infective, Wound-Healing, Neuroprotective, and Anti-Cancer Health-Promoting Benefits

by Magdalini Kafali, Marios Argyrios Finos and Alexandros Tsoupras

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 522-561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040030 - 11 Oct 2024

Cited by 2

Inflammation and thrombosis are implicated in several non-communicable chronic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, renal and neurodegenerative disorders, skin diseases, and especially in cancer. Natural bioactives and especially phytochemicals like phenolic compounds have been proposed to reduce the inflammatory burden with several health [...] Read more.

Inflammation and thrombosis are implicated in several non-communicable chronic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, renal and neurodegenerative disorders, skin diseases, and especially in cancer. Natural bioactives and especially phytochemicals like phenolic compounds have been proposed to reduce the inflammatory burden with several health benefits against these disorders. Vanillin is a phenolic compound found in the seeds of various species of vanilla plants. It has been known since ancient times for its aromatic and soothing properties; however, recent outcomes have outlined several other pleiotropic actions for this phenolic bioactive compound. Within this article, the potent anti-inflammatory activities of vanillin and its derivatives are thoroughly reviewed, with emphasis on their anti-cancer, anti-infective, wound-healing, and neuroprotective health-promoting properties. The mechanisms of their action(s), along with recent outcomes from in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials, on the benefits of these vanillin-based phenolic bioactives against each of these disorders, and especially against specific types of cancer, are also outlined. Limitations and future perspectives of their use solely as bioactive ingredients, as ingredients in several functional products—such as functional foods, supplements, nutraceuticals, or even cosmetics and drugs—and even as adjuvant therapies are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects)

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19 pages, 4076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction and Nutritional Value of Soybean Meal Protein Isolate

by Kudirat Alarape, Adewale Adeniyi, Tawakalt Ayodele, Ibrahim Adebayo Bello, Niloy Chandra Sarker, Clairmont Clementson and Ademola Hammed

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 503-521; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040029 - 11 Oct 2024

The increasing protein demand driven by global population growth necessitates the search for an alternative protein source. Soybean meal (SM), with approximately 47–49% proteins, is a viable option. Soymeal protein isolate (SMPI) is a cost-efficient protein source with a well-balanced amino acid profile, [...] Read more.

The increasing protein demand driven by global population growth necessitates the search for an alternative protein source. Soybean meal (SM), with approximately 47–49% proteins, is a viable option. Soymeal protein isolate (SMPI) is a cost-efficient protein source with a well-balanced amino acid profile, making it suitable for addressing this demand. This study attempts to address the lack of information regarding the extractability and nutritional potential of SMPI obtained utilizing a weak base and recoverable solvent. In this work, the structural and compositional studies of SMPI, as well as the aqueous extractability of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH), are investigated. Furthermore, we examined the effects of heat treatment during oil extraction, where a comparison between protein isolates from soymeal and whole soybeans was carried out. The maximum extraction yield of 24.1% was achieved by increasing the concentration of NH₄OH from 0.25–1%. In comparison to the soy protein isolate from whole soybeans (SPI), the compositional analysis report revealed that SMPI had higher levels of crude protein, moisture, and ash content, but lower levels of fat and carbohydrates. Furthermore, the examination of the amino acid composition confirms the existence of vital amino acids in SMPI. The amino acid score indicates that methionine, lysine, and threonine are the limiting amino acids. SMPI and SPI share structural and functional group similarities, as demonstrated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Gel electrophoresis using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide shows that the protein molecular weight distributions of SPI and SMPI are similar. This in-depth evaluation emphasizes the advantages of SM by advocating its application in other sectors beyond conventional animal feed, such as nutritional supplements and bio-based products, and by improving the environmental sustainability and global food chains. Full article

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34 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cardio-Protective-Promoting Properties of Functional Foods Inducing HDL-Cholesterol Levels and Functionality

by Athina Velissaridou, Ellie Panoutsopoulou, Vasileios Prokopiou and Alexandros Tsoupras

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 469-502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040028 - 30 Sep 2024

Cited by 2

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been proposed to provide cardio-protective properties through the functionality of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant enzymatic machinery. Within this article, the beneficial effects of several functional foods on HDL levels and functionality for cardio-protection are thoroughly reviewed. Emphasis is given [...] Read more.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been proposed to provide cardio-protective properties through the functionality of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant enzymatic machinery. Within this article, the beneficial effects of several functional foods on HDL levels and functionality for cardio-protection are thoroughly reviewed. Emphasis is given to functional foods and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory health-promoting effects for the cardiovascular system through their benefits on HDL, which act either solely or synergistically as an adjuvant approach with well-established anti-atherogenic therapies. Promising outcomes from both in vitro and in vivo studies in animal models and clinical trials, which outline the beneficial effects of such functional foods on HDL levels and functionality, are thoroughly discussed. The mechanisms of the obtained antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and cardio-protective effects on HDL activities of functional foods containing natural bioactives are also outlined. Limitations and future perspectives on the overall benefits that these natural bioactive compounds exert as important ingredients in functional foods to induce HDL-related benefits and to strengthen cardiovascular health are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals for Cardiometabolic Diseases: Prophylactic and Therapeutic Research)

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19 pages, 1625 KiB

Open AccessReview

Promising Phytoconstituents in Antiangiogenesis Drug Development

by Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah and Amani Taamalli

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(4), 450-468; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040027 - 29 Sep 2024

Angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels from existing ones, is crucial in both physiological and pathological conditions, such as tumor growth, metastasis, and inflammatory disorders. Targeting angiogenesis has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Recent research has increasingly focused on the [...] Read more.

Angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels from existing ones, is crucial in both physiological and pathological conditions, such as tumor growth, metastasis, and inflammatory disorders. Targeting angiogenesis has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of bioactive components found in food in regulating angiogenesis, although there are certain limitations. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the origins, composition, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms of action of these components in medicinal foods, reflecting the growing intersection of medicine and nutrition. The goal is to aid in preventing angiogenesis-related complications and fostering healthier habits. The insights offered in this review aim to advance the development of effective, low-toxicity antiangiogenic drugs. Additionally, there has been a notable rise in interest in plant-derived compounds with antiangiogenic properties. This review investigates the potential of phytoconstituents from plants as drug candidates targeting angiogenesis, exploring their mechanisms of action, the research conducted thus far, and the challenges associated with transitioning these compounds into clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and Their Anti-inflammatory Effects)

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20 pages, 378 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effectiveness of Commercial Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Products for the Treatment of Symptoms in Menopausal Women—A Narrative Review

by Mirjana Zukić, Irzada Taljić and Ines Banjari

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(3), 430-449; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4030026 - 9 Sep 2024

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is found in southeast Europe and Anatolia. Its primary traditional medicinal use includes the treatment of various conditions of the upper respiratory tract. In recent years, its isoflavones have become the focus of research aimed at developing [...] Read more.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is found in southeast Europe and Anatolia. Its primary traditional medicinal use includes the treatment of various conditions of the upper respiratory tract. In recent years, its isoflavones have become the focus of research aimed at developing treatments to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Reduced levels of circulating estrogen due to reduced ovarian function can cause short-term symptoms such as hot flashes, palpitations, difficulty sleeping, headaches, fatigue, mood disorders and reduced concentration but also long-term chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, accelerated weight and bone mass loss, atrophic vaginitis, osteoporosis, and cognitive impairment. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the effects of commercially available and standardized red clover extracts on menopausal women. Eight randomized controlled trials on a total of 8769 menopausal women (aged 40 to 65 years) evaluated the effect of red clover isoflavone extract on menopausal symptoms. In all studies, isoflavone extract treatment showed improvement in all menopausal symptoms, including some common comorbidities, namely, hot flashes (1487 women, 25%), blood lipids (1155 women, 19%), atherosclerosis (6938 women, 79%), risk of breast cancer and endometrial cancer (428 women, 5%), osteoporosis and osteopenia (555 women, 6%), and menopause-related cognitive impairment (3530 women, 40%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods as a New Therapeutic Strategy 2.0)

13 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Obesity Prevention Effects of Avocado (Persea americana) Seed Powder in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats

by Shoeshoe Mokhele, Oluwaseyi Aboyade and David R. Katerere

Nutraceuticals 2024, 4(3), 417-429; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4030025 - 9 Sep 2024

Cited by 1

Avocado seed contains 64% of the phenolic compounds of the whole fruit. This makes avocado seed a potential candidate for the development of treatments for different illnesses, including obesity (the major risk factor for metabolic disorders). The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

Avocado seed contains 64% of the phenolic compounds of the whole fruit. This makes avocado seed a potential candidate for the development of treatments for different illnesses, including obesity (the major risk factor for metabolic disorders). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of avocado seed powder on high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Sprague Dawley rats (16 rats) were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks, the rats were assigned into two groups of eight animals each and were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD; control group) or a high-fat diet containing avocado seed powder (HFD-A; treatment group) for 6 weeks. Animals were weighed weekly, and weekly weight gain was determined. Animals in the treatment (avocado seed) group showed significantly lower body weight gain (7.8 ± 9.63 g) than animals in the control group (33.9 ± 10.84 g) at the end of this study. The treatment group presented with lower triglycerides than the control, with LDL and HDL comparable to the control group. Avocado seed powder showed potential to reduce obesity in rats fed a high-fat diet. Avocado seed can therefore be investigated further as a potential anti-obesity nutraceutical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods as a New Therapeutic Strategy 2.0)

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