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Pathogens
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Animal Retrovirus
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Animal Retrovirus

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 6342

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Christophe Guillon

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, MMSB-IBCP, UMR 5086, CNRS, University of Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, 69367 Lyon, France
Interests: retrovirology; structural virology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Animal retroviruses represent an important issue for a lot of reasons. The most obvious is of course their veterinary impact, either because they infect domestic animals (such as Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) in cats), or because of their economic impact when they infect horses (equine infectious anemia virus), livestock (caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus, visna-mardi virus, bovine immunodeficiency or bovine leukemia viruses, Jembrana disease virus...) or poultry (Avian leukosis virus...). Some of them represent also a threat for wild-life, such as FIV which has been described to infect wild felines, including endangered species such as cheetahs, but also retroviruses specific for wild animal species such as the Koala retrovirus.

The understanding of the biology of animal retroviruses is also of prime importance for human health: some animal retroviruses, such as Moloney murine leukemia virus, are being used for retroviral gene therapy in human. Others (such as FIV or Simian Immunodeficiency Virus) have also been studied as potential animal models for HIV-1 when the pathogenesis they induce in their natural host is close to that of HIV.

This Special Issue of Pathogens aims at being a strong asset for the community working on animal retroviruses, by gathering research articles, review articles, short notes as well as communications at the forefront of animal retroviruses research regarding molecular and epidemiological aspects, virus–host interactions, therapeutic and vaccine development. We look forward to your contribution.

Dr. Christophe Guillon
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords


  • Animal Retroviruses
  • Epidemiology and transmission
  • Viral replication
  • Molecular and structural mechanisms of replication
  • Animal models
  • Innate and adaptive immunity
  • Vaccine development
  • Drug development

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4211 KiB  
Article
Productive Replication of HIV-1 but Not SIVmac in Small Ruminant Cells
by Hibet Errahmane Chergui, Takfarinas Idres, Chloé Chaudesaigues, Diana Noueihed, Jean Gagnon and Yahia Chebloune
Pathogens 2022, 11(7), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070799 - 15 Jul 2022
Viewed by 2515
Abstract
Animal lentiviruses (LVs) have been proven to have the capacity to cross the species barrier, to adapt in the new hosts, and to increase their pathogenesis, therefore leading to the emergence of threatening diseases. However, their potential for widespread diffusion is limited by [...] Read more.
Animal lentiviruses (LVs) have been proven to have the capacity to cross the species barrier, to adapt in the new hosts, and to increase their pathogenesis, therefore leading to the emergence of threatening diseases. However, their potential for widespread diffusion is limited by restrictive cellular factors that block viral replication in the cells of many species. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the restriction of CAEV infection of sheep choroid plexus cells was due to aberrant post-translation cleavage of the CAEV Env gp170 precursor. Later, we showed that the lack of specific receptor(s) for caprine encephalitis arthritis virus (CAEV) on the surface of human cells was the only barrier to their infection. Here, we examined whether small ruminant (SR) cells can support the replication of primate LVs. Three sheep and goat cell lines were inoculated with cell-free HIV-1 and SIVmac viral stocks or transfected with infectious molecular clone DNAs of these viruses. The two recombinant lentiviral clones contained the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter sequence. Infection was detected by GFP expression in target cells, and the infectious virus produced and released in the culture medium of treated cells was detected using the indicator TZM-bl cell line. Pseudotyped HIV-GFP and SIV-GFP with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G) allowed the cell receptors to be overcome for virus entry to further evaluate the viral replication/restriction in SR cells. As expected, neither HIV nor SIV viruses infected any of the SR cells. In contrast, the transfection of plasmid DNAs of the infectious molecular clones of both viruses in SR cells produced high titers of infectious viruses for human indicators, but not SR cell lines. Surprisingly, SR cells inoculated with HIV-GFP/VSV-G, but not SIV-GFP/VSV-G, expressed the GFP and produced a virus that efficiently infected the human indictor, but not the SR cells. Collectively, these data provide a demonstration of the lack of replication of the SIVmac genome in SR cells, while, in contrast, there was no restriction on the replication of the IV-1 genome in these cells. However, because of the lack of functional receptors to SIVmac and HIV-1 at the surface of SR cells, there is specific lentiviral entry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Retrovirus)
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Review

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13 pages, 2248 KiB  
Review
Review and Perspectives on the Structure–Function Relationships of the Gag Subunits of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
by Mathieu Long, Johan Toesca and Christophe Guillon
Pathogens 2021, 10(11), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111502 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
The Gag polyprotein is implied in the budding as well as the establishment of the supramolecular architecture of infectious retroviral particles. It is also involved in the early phases of the replication of retroviruses by protecting and transporting the viral genome towards the [...] Read more.
The Gag polyprotein is implied in the budding as well as the establishment of the supramolecular architecture of infectious retroviral particles. It is also involved in the early phases of the replication of retroviruses by protecting and transporting the viral genome towards the nucleus of the infected cell until its integration in the host genome. Therefore, understanding the structure–function relationships of the Gag subunits is crucial as each of them can represent a therapeutic target. Though the field has been explored for some time in the area of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), it is only in the last decade that structural data on Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Gag subunits have emerged. As FIV is an important veterinary issue, both in domestic cats and endangered feline species, such data are of prime importance for the development of anti-FIV molecules targeting Gag. This review will focus on the recent advances and perspectives on the structure–function relationships of each subunit of the FIV Gag polyprotein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Retrovirus)
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