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Polymers
Special Issues
Resins for Additive Manufacturing
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Resins for Additive Manufacturing

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 April 2025 | Viewed by 7099

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Claudio Tosto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
Interests: additive manufacturing; polymers; composites; recycling
Prof. Dr. Gianluca Cicala

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture and UdR-Catania Consorzio INSTM, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy
Interests: additive manufacturing; polymers; composites; recycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of liquid resins for additive manufacturing (AM) is increased in recent decades. A significant number of processes are subject to increasing interest in the market in the way to assist and enhance conventional manufacturing. Different resin chemistries range from acrylates to epoxies, cyanates, and polyurethanes are available for AM use. Many fields benefit from 3D-printed resins, such as dental, medical, automotive, opto-electronic, microfluidic, aerospace, and robotic resins. The characteristics to be addressed are different and sometimes are in contrast with AM productivity: thermal resistance, dimensional stability under load, flame retardancy, sterilizability, chemical and abrasion resistance, high precision, flexibility, shape retention, electrostatic discharge properties, etc.

Currently, there is a substantial challenge associated with performing resins in order to present multifunctionalities, reusing, and recycling. In this way, our community, industry, and academia need to conduct further research to exploit the use of new resins, performed to withstand a precise work environment, and can be recycled at the end of life. At the same time, accurate life cycle analyses are required to obtain an accurate view on their environmental impact.

This Special Issue of Polymers aims to publish not only cutting-edge original research works but also professional reviews on the topic of “Resins for Additive Manufacturing”.

The topical subjects to be addressed include but are not limited to:

  • new blends for LCD/DLP/SLA manufacturing processes;
  • applications of 3D printed resins for tooling, dental and medical appliances;
  • recycling research and study of AM resin chemistry;
  • life cycle analysis.

Dr. Claudio Tosto
Prof. Dr. Gianluca Cicala
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • resins
  • additive manufacturing
  • 3D printing
  • polymer blends
  • recycling
  • LCA

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5414 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of ABS-like Resin for Stereolithography Versus ABS for Fused Deposition Modeling in Three-Dimensional Printing Applications for Odontology
by Victor Paes Dias Gonçalves, Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira, Noan Tonini Simonassi, Felipe Perissé Duarte Lopes, George Youssef and Henry A. Colorado
Polymers 2024, 16(20), 2921; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16202921 - 17 Oct 2024
Viewed by 670
Abstract
This study investigates the differences in mechanical properties between acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) samples produced using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) using ABS filaments and ABS-like resin, respectively. The central question is to determine how these distinct printing techniques affect the [...] Read more.
This study investigates the differences in mechanical properties between acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) samples produced using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) using ABS filaments and ABS-like resin, respectively. The central question is to determine how these distinct printing techniques affect the properties of ABS and ABS-like resin and which method delivers superior performance for specific applications, particularly in dental treatments. The evaluation methods used in this study included Shore D hardness, accelerated aging, tensile testing, Izod impact testing, flexural resistance measured by a 3-point bending test, and compression testing. Poisson’s ratio was also assessed, along with microstructure characterization, density measurement, confocal microscopy, dilatometry, wettability, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nanoindentation. It was concluded that ABS has the same hardness in both manufacturing methods; however, the FDM process results in significantly superior mechanical properties compared to SLA. Microscopy demonstrates a more accurate sample geometry when fabricated with SLA. It is also concluded that printable ABS is suitable for applications in dentistry to fabricate models and surgical guides using the SLA and FDM methods, as well as facial protectors for sports using the FDM method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resins for Additive Manufacturing)
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19 pages, 8137 KiB  
Article
Influence of Thiol-Functionalized Polysilsesquioxane/Phosphorus Flame-Retardant Blends on the Flammability and Thermal, Mechanical, and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Properties of Epoxy Resins
by Young-Hun Kim, Jeong Ju Baek, Ki Cheol Chang, Ho Sun Lim, Myung-Seok Choi, Won-Gun Koh and Gyojic Shin
Polymers 2024, 16(6), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16060842 - 19 Mar 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1681
Abstract
In this study, thiol-functionalized ladder-like polysesquioxanes end-capped with methyl and phenyl groups were synthesized via a simple sol-gel method and characterized through gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally, epoxy blends of [...] Read more.
In this study, thiol-functionalized ladder-like polysesquioxanes end-capped with methyl and phenyl groups were synthesized via a simple sol-gel method and characterized through gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally, epoxy blends of different formulations were prepared. Their structural, flame-retardant, thermal, and mechanical properties, as well as volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry, and a VOC analyzer. Compared to epoxy blends with flame retardants containing elemental phosphorus alone, those with flame retardants containing elemental phosphorus combined with silicon and sulfur exhibited superior thermal, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties with low VOC emissions. SEM of the residual char revealed a dense and continuous morphology without holes or cracks. In particular, LOI values for the combustion of methyl and phenyl end-capped polysilsesquioxane mixtures were 32.3 and 33.7, respectively, compared to 28.4% of the LOI value for the blends containing only phosphorus compounds. The silicon–sulfur–phosphorus-containing blends displayed reduced flammability concerning the blends using a flame retardant containing only phosphorus. This reflects the cooperative effects of various flame-retardant moieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resins for Additive Manufacturing)
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12 pages, 2192 KiB  
Article
Epoxy-Based Blend Formulation for Dual Curing in Liquid Crystal Display 3D Printing: A Study on Thermomechanical Properties Variation for Enhanced Printability
by Claudio Tosto, Lorena Saitta, Alberta Latteri and Gianluca Cicala
Polymers 2024, 16(3), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16030358 - 29 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1292
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the thermal properties of epoxy–acrylate blends for the liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printing technique. Starting from an epoxy–acrylate blend with a ratio of epoxy to acrylate of 50:50, the effect of adding a reactive [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to explore the thermal properties of epoxy–acrylate blends for the liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printing technique. Starting from an epoxy–acrylate blend with a ratio of epoxy to acrylate of 50:50, the effect of adding a reactive monofunctional epoxy diluent was evaluated. The diluent was a resin composed by oxirane, mono[(C12-14 alkyl) methyl] derivatives selected for its low viscosity (i.e., 1.8 Poise) at room temperature and its reactivity. The diluent content varied from 15 to 25 wt% and, for all the formulation, double curing cycles, where thermal curing followed photocuring, were studied. The effect of different curing temperatures was also evaluated. The control of the diluent content and of the curing temperature allowed tailoring of the thermomechanical resin properties while improving the resin’s processability. The glass transition ranged from 115.4 °C to 90.8 °C depending on the combination of diluent content and post-curing temperature. The resin developed displayed a faster processing time tested on a reference part with printing time of 4 h and 20 min that was much lower than the printing times (7 and 16 h) observed for the starting formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resins for Additive Manufacturing)
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15 pages, 18734 KiB  
Article
Epoxy (Meth)acrylate-Based Thermally and UV Initiated Curable Coating Systems
by Paulina Bednarczyk, Konrad Walkowiak and Izabela Irska
Polymers 2023, 15(24), 4664; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244664 - 11 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1979
Abstract
Recently, photocurable coatings are being used frequently. However, it is worth mentioning that the use of photopolymerization has its drawbacks, especially in the case of curing coatings on three-dimensional surfaces and in places that are difficult to access for UV radiation. However, it [...] Read more.
Recently, photocurable coatings are being used frequently. However, it is worth mentioning that the use of photopolymerization has its drawbacks, especially in the case of curing coatings on three-dimensional surfaces and in places that are difficult to access for UV radiation. However, it is possible to develop a system in which UV technology and thermal methods for curing coatings can be combined. Moreover, the obtained resins are derived from low-viscosity epoxy resins or diglycidyl ethers, making them an ideal building material for photopolymerization-based three-dimensional printing techniques. Due to the need to improve this method, a series of epoxy (meth)acrylates containing both epoxy and (meth)acrylate groups were obtained via the addition of acrylic or methacrylic acid to epoxy resin, diglycydylether of bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA), cyclohexane dimethanol diglycidyl ether (CHDMDE) and neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether (NPDE). The structures of the synthesized copolymers were confirmed through spectroscopic analysis (FTIR) and studied regarding their nonvolatile matter content (NV) and acid values (PAVs), as well as their epoxy equivalent values (EEs). Due to the presence of both epoxy and double carbon–carbon pendant groups, two distinct mechanisms can be applied: cationic and radical. Hence, the obtained resins can be cured using UV radiation with thermally appropriate conditions and initiators. This type of method can be used as a solution to many problems currently encountered in using UV technology, such as failure to cure coatings in underexposed areas as well as deformation of coatings. Synthesized epoxy (meth)acrylate prepolymers were employed to formulate photocurable coating compositions. Furthermore, the curing process and properties of cured coatings were investigated regarding some structural factors and parameters. Among the synthesized materials, the most promising are those based on epoxy resin, characterized by their high glass transition temperature values and satisfactory functional properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resins for Additive Manufacturing)
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