Polymers

Research

19 pages, 8764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimization of Pressure-Assisted Microsyringe (PAM) 3D Printing Parameters for the Development of Sustainable Starch-Based Patches

by Carmen Laura Pérez Gutiérrez, Francesco Cottone, Cinzia Pagano, Alessandro Di Michele, Debora Puglia, Francesca Luzi, Franco Dominici, Rossella Sinisi, Maurizio Ricci, César Antonio Viseras Iborra and Luana Perioli

Polymers 2023, 15(18), 3792; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183792 - 17 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1543

Abstract

The aim of this work was to develop sustainable patches for wound application, using the biopolymer starch, created using a low-cost 3D printing PAM device. The composition of a starch gel was optimized for PAM extrusion: corn starch 10% w/w, [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to develop sustainable patches for wound application, using the biopolymer starch, created using a low-cost 3D printing PAM device. The composition of a starch gel was optimized for PAM extrusion: corn starch 10% w/w, β-glucan water suspension (filler, 1% w/w), glycerol (plasticizer, 29% w/w), and water 60% w/w. The most suitable 3D printing parameters were optimized as well (nozzle size 0.8 mm, layer height 0.2 mm, infill 100%, volumetric flow rate 3.02 mm³/s, and print speed 15 mm/s). The suitable conditions for post-printing drying were set at 37 °C for 24 h. The obtained patch was homogenous but with low mechanical resistance. To solve this problem, the starch gel was extruded over an alginate support, which, after drying, becomes an integral part of the product, constituting the backing layer of the final formulation. This approach significantly improved the physicochemical and post-printing properties of the final bilayer patch, showing suitable mechanical properties such as elastic modulus (3.80 ± 0.82 MPa), strength (0.92 ± 0.08 MPa), and deformation at break (50 ± 1%). The obtained results suggest the possibility of low-cost production of patches for wound treatment by additive manufacturing technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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18 pages, 4886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Assembled CNF/rGO/Tannin Composite: Study of the Physicochemical and Wound Healing Properties

by Katherina Fernández, Aylen Llanquileo, Monserrat Bustos, Valentina Aedo, Isleidy Ruiz, Sebastián Carrasco, Mauricio Tapia, Miguel Pereira, Manuel F. Meléndrez, Claudio Aguayo and Leonard I. Atanase

Polymers 2023, 15(12), 2752; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15122752 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1841

Abstract

In this study, a conductive composite material, based on graphene oxide (GO), nanocellulose (CNF), and tannins (TA) from pine bark, reduced using polydopamine (PDA), was developed for wound dressing. The amount of CNF and TA was varied in the composite material, and a [...] Read more.

In this study, a conductive composite material, based on graphene oxide (GO), nanocellulose (CNF), and tannins (TA) from pine bark, reduced using polydopamine (PDA), was developed for wound dressing. The amount of CNF and TA was varied in the composite material, and a complete characterization including SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, and TGA was performed. Additionally, the conductivity, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, and in vitro wound healing of the materials were evaluated. A successful physical interaction between CNF, TA, and GO was achieved. Increasing CNF amount in the composite reduced the thermal properties, surface charge, and conductivity, but its strength, cytotoxicity, and wound healing performance were improved. The TA incorporation slightly reduced the cell viability and migration, which may be associated with the doses used and the extract’s chemical composition. However, the in-vitro-obtained results demonstrated that these composite materials can be suitable for wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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14 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Dioxide/Chromium Oxide/Graphene Oxide Doped into Cellulose Acetate for Medical Applications

by Latifah Mohammed Ali Almaieli, Mai M. Khalaf, Mohamed Gouda, Sultan Alhayyani, Manal F. Abou Taleb and Hany M. Abd El-Lateef

Polymers 2023, 15(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15030485 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

Wound dressings have been designed based on cellulose acetate encapsulated with different concentrations of chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) and titanium oxide (TiO₂) with/without graphene oxide (GO). This study comprises the structural, morphological, optical, thermal, and biological behavior of [...] Read more.

Wound dressings have been designed based on cellulose acetate encapsulated with different concentrations of chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) and titanium oxide (TiO₂) with/without graphene oxide (GO). This study comprises the structural, morphological, optical, thermal, and biological behavior of chromium oxide/titanium dioxide/graphene oxide-integrated cellulose acetate (CA) films. The CA-based film bond formation was introduced by functional group analysis via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The fabricated Cr₂O₃/TiO₂/GO@CA film SEM micrographs demonstrate transition metal oxides Cr₂O₃ and TiO₂ on a nano-scale. The TiO₂@CA shows the lowest contact angle with 30°. Optically, the refractive index increases from 1.76 for CA to 2.14 for the TiO₂@CA film. Moreover, normal lung cells (A138) growth examination in a function of Cr₂O₃/TiO₂/GO@CA film concentration is conducted, introducing 93.46% with the usage of 4.9 µg/mL. The resulting data showed a promising wound-healing behavior of the CA-based films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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15 pages, 4928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospun Scaffolds in Periodontal Wound Healing

by Mária Budai-Szűcs, Marco Ruggeri, Angela Faccendini, Attila Léber, Silvia Rossi, Gábor Varga, Maria Cristina Bonferoni, Péter Vályi, Katalin Burián, Erzsébet Csányi, Giuseppina Sandri and Franca Ferrari

Polymers 2021, 13(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020307 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3837

Abstract

Periodontitis is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth predominantly sustained by bacterial infections. The aim of the work was the design and the development of scaffolds based on biopolymers to be inserted in the periodontal pocket to restore [...] Read more.

Periodontitis is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth predominantly sustained by bacterial infections. The aim of the work was the design and the development of scaffolds based on biopolymers to be inserted in the periodontal pocket to restore tissue integrity and to treat bacterial infections. Nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared by means of electrospinning. Gelatin was considered as base component and was associated to low and high molecular weight chitosans and alginate. The scaffolds were characterized by chemico–physical properties (morphology, solid state-FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-surface zeta potential and contact angle), and mechanical properties. Moreover, preclinical properties (cytocompatibility, fibroblast and osteoblast adhesion and proliferation and antimicrobial properties) were assessed. All the scaffolds were based on cylindrical and smooth nanofibers and preserved their nanofibrous structure upon hydration independently of their composition. They possessed a high degree of hydrophilicity and negative zeta potentials in a physiological environment, suitable surface properties to enhance cell adhesion and proliferation and to inhibit bacteria attachment. The scaffold based on gelatin and low molecular weight chitosan proved to be effective in vitro to support both fibroblasts and osteoblasts adhesion and proliferation and to impair the proliferation of Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, both pathogens involved in periodontitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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14 pages, 7926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porous Curdlan-Based Hydrogels Modified with Copper Ions as Potential Dressings for Prevention and Management of Bacterial Wound Infection—An In Vitro Assessment

by Aleksandra Nurzynska, Katarzyna Klimek, Iga Swierzycka, Krzysztof Palka and Grazyna Ginalska

Polymers 2020, 12(9), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091893 - 23 Aug 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3209

Abstract

Bacterial infections at the wound site still remain a huge problem for current medicine, as they may lead to development of chronic wounds. In order to prevent such infections, there is a need to use wound dressings that possess ability to inhibit bacterial [...] Read more.

Bacterial infections at the wound site still remain a huge problem for current medicine, as they may lead to development of chronic wounds. In order to prevent such infections, there is a need to use wound dressings that possess ability to inhibit bacterial colonization. In this study, three new curdlan-based biomaterials modified with copper ions were fabricated via simple and inexpensive procedure, and their structural, physicochemical, and biological properties in vitro were evaluated. Received biomaterials possessed porous structure, had ability to absorb high amount of simulated wound fluid, and importantly, they exhibited satisfactory antibacterial properties. Nevertheless, taking into account all evaluated properties of new curdlan-based biomaterials, it seems that Cur_Cu_8% is the most promising biomaterial for management of wounds accompanied with bacterial infections. This biomaterial exhibited the best ability to reduce Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth and moreover, it absorbed the highest amount of simulated wound fluid as well as enabled optimal water vapor transmission. Furthermore, Cur_Cu_8% biomaterial possessed the best values of selective indexes, which determine its potential safety in vitro. Thus, Cur_Cu_8% hydrogel may be considered as a promising candidate for management of infected wounds as well as it may constitute a good platform for further modifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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14 pages, 7864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and In-Vivo Study of Micro-Colloidal Zanthoxylum acanthopodium-Loaded Bacterial Cellulose as a Burn Wound Dressing

by Khatarina Meldawati Pasaribu, Saharman Gea, Syafruddin Ilyas, Tamrin Tamrin, Appealwan Altruistis Sarumaha, Ardiansyah Sembiring and Izabela Radecka

Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071436 - 27 Jun 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3990

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer commonly used for wound dressing due to its high biocompatible properties either in-vitro or in-vivo. The three-dimensional fiber structure of BC becomes an advantage because it provides a template for the impregnation of materials in order to [...] Read more.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer commonly used for wound dressing due to its high biocompatible properties either in-vitro or in-vivo. The three-dimensional fiber structure of BC becomes an advantage because it provides a template for the impregnation of materials in order to improve BC’s properties as a wound dressing, since BC has not displayed any bioactivity properties. In this study, micro-colloidal Zanthoxylum acanthopodium (MZA) fruit was loaded into BC fibers via an in-situ method. Z. acanthopodium is known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities that can support BC to accelerate the wound healing process. The FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis results showed that the loading process of MZA and the composite fabrication were successfully carried out. The TGA test also showed that the presence of MZA in BC fibers decreased T_max composite from BC, from 357.8 to 334.5 °C for BC-MZA3. Other aspects, i.e., water content, porosity, hemocompatibility and histology studies, also showed that the composite could potentially be used as a wound dressing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

21 pages, 2082 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds Loaded with Metal-Based Nanoparticles for Wound Healing

by Zheng Dang, Xuemei Ma, Zihao Yang, Xiaohu Wen and Pengxiang Zhao

Polymers 2024, 16(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16010024 - 20 Dec 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2047

Abstract

Failures of wound healing have been a focus of research worldwide. With the continuous development of materials science, electrospun nanofiber scaffolds loaded with metal-based nanoparticles provide new ideas and methods for research into new tissue engineering materials due to their excellent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, [...] Read more.

Failures of wound healing have been a focus of research worldwide. With the continuous development of materials science, electrospun nanofiber scaffolds loaded with metal-based nanoparticles provide new ideas and methods for research into new tissue engineering materials due to their excellent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing abilities. In this review, the stages of extracellular matrix and wound healing, electrospun nanofiber scaffolds, metal-based nanoparticles, and metal-based nanoparticles supported by electrospun nanofiber scaffolds are reviewed, and their characteristics and applications are introduced. We discuss in detail the current research on wound healing of metal-based nanoparticles and electrospun nanofiber scaffolds loaded with metal-based nanoparticles, and we highlight the potential mechanisms and promising applications of these scaffolds for promoting wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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23 pages, 5759 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biopolymer and Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanocomposites in Wound Dressing Applications: A Review

by Ravichandran Gobi, Palanisamy Ravichandiran, Ravi Shanker Babu and Dong Jin Yoo

Polymers 2021, 13(12), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13121962 - 13 Jun 2021

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 9809

Abstract

Biopolymers are materials obtained from a natural origin, such as plants, animals, microorganisms, or other living beings; they are flexible, elastic, or fibrous materials. Polysaccharides and proteins are some of the natural polymers that are widely used in wound dressing applications. In this [...] Read more.

Biopolymers are materials obtained from a natural origin, such as plants, animals, microorganisms, or other living beings; they are flexible, elastic, or fibrous materials. Polysaccharides and proteins are some of the natural polymers that are widely used in wound dressing applications. In this review paper, we will provide an overview of biopolymers and synthetic polymer-based nanocomposites, which have promising applications in the biomedical research field, such as wound dressings, wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and medical implants. Since these polymers have intrinsic biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and biodegradable properties, they can be used for various clinical applications. The significant advancements in materials research, drug development, nanotechnology, and biotechnology have laid the foundation for changing the biopolymeric structural and functional properties. The properties of biopolymer and synthetic polymers were modified by blending them with nanoparticles, so that these materials can be used as a wound dressing application. Recent wound care issues, such as tissue repairs, scarless healing, and lost tissue integrity, can be treated with blended polymers. Currently, researchers are focusing on metal/metal oxide nanomaterials such as zinc oxide (ZnO), cerium oxide (CeO₂), silver (Ag), titanium oxide (TiO₂), iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), and other materials (graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNT)). These materials have good antimicrobial properties, as well as action as antibacterial agents. Due to the highly antimicrobial properties of the metal/metal oxide materials, they can be used for wound dressing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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22 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Insight of Printability Quality Improvement Strategies in Natural-Based Bioinks for Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing

by Syafira Masri and Mh Busra Fauzi

Polymers 2021, 13(7), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13071011 - 25 Mar 2021

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 4856

Abstract

Skin tissue engineering aimed to replace chronic tissue injury commonly occurred due to severe burn and chronic wound in diabetic ulcer patients. The normal skin is unable to be regenerated until the seriously injured tissue is disrupted and losing its function. 3D-bioprinting has [...] Read more.

Skin tissue engineering aimed to replace chronic tissue injury commonly occurred due to severe burn and chronic wound in diabetic ulcer patients. The normal skin is unable to be regenerated until the seriously injured tissue is disrupted and losing its function. 3D-bioprinting has been one of the effective methods for scaffold fabrication and is proven to replace the conventional method, which reported several drawbacks. In light of this, researchers have developed a new fabrication approach via 3D-bioprinting by combining biomaterials (bioinks) with cells and biomolecules followed by a suitable crosslinking approach. This advanced technology has been subcategorised into three different printing techniques including inject-based, laser-based, and extrusion-based printing. However, the printable quality of the currently available bioinks demonstrated shortcomings in the physicochemical and mechanical properties. This review aims to identify the limitations raised by using natural-based bioinks and the optimum temperature for various applied printing techniques. It is essential to ensure maintaining the acceptable printed scaffold property such as the optimum pore sizes and porosity that allow cell migration activity. In addition, the properties required for an ideal bioinks design for better scaffold printability were also summarised. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

13 pages, 1195 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Characterization and Analysis of Chitosan-Gelatin Composite-Based Biomaterial Effectivity as Local Hemostatic Agent: A Systematic Review

by Heri Herliana, Harmas Yazid Yusuf, Avi Laviana, Ganesha Wandawa and Arief Cahyanto

Polymers 2023, 15(3), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15030575 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3712

Abstract

Chitosan and gelatin were the most widely used natural materials in pharmaceutical and medical fields, especially as local hemostatic agents, independently or as a composite material with the addition of other active substances. Chitosan and gelatin have excellent properties in biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity [...] Read more.

Chitosan and gelatin were the most widely used natural materials in pharmaceutical and medical fields, especially as local hemostatic agents, independently or as a composite material with the addition of other active substances. Chitosan and gelatin have excellent properties in biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity and water absorption capacity. The objective of this review was to analyze the characteristics of chitosan-gelatin (CG) composite-based biomaterial and its effectivity as a local hemostatic agent. We used PRISMA guidelines and the PICO framework to compile this review. The findings demonstrated that the CG composite-based biomaterial had excellent physical, chemical, mechanical properties and local hemostatic agent activity by adding other active substances such as oxidized fibers (OF), silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), calcium (Ca) and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) or by setting the CG composite proportion ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Technology for Nanomedicine and Wound Healing)

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