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Polymers
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Polymer Materials for Holography
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Polymer Materials for Holography

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (21 November 2019) | Viewed by 25809

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Suzanne Martin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics/School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland
Interests: holographic recording materials; self-processing photopolymers; diffractive structures; holographic optical elements; holographic lenses; holographic diffusers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Izabela Naydenova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin 8, Ireland
Interests: holographic recording materials (photopolymer nanocomposites, self-processing photopolymers, azo-dye containing polymers); novel methods for fabrication of holograms, and their applications in holographic sensing, holographic data storage, optical micro patterning and micromanipulation, holographic actuators for smart devices design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of novel applications of holography, such as the design and fabrication of versatile holographic optical elements for light collection, redirection and shaping, holographic sensors and actuators, information storage and processing systems have been closely related to the development of novel recording materials. Polymer-based photosensitive materials for holographic recording are at the centre of academic and industry research interests and some remarkable achievements have been reported in recent years. Theoretical modelling and an increased understanding of recording processes have allowed the design of materials with large variety of targeted properties.

This Special Issue focuses on materials for holography and will aim at demonstrating researchers’ ability to design, synthesise and manufacture polymer-based materials that address the challenges posed by long existing and emerging holographic applications.

Prof. Izabela Naydenova
Dr. Suzanne Martin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Self-processing photopolymers
  • Photopolymers for holographic recording
  • Holographic recording materials
  • Nanocomposite polymer materials
  • Photorefractive polymers
  • Polymers for holographic lithography
  • Theoretical modeling of photosensitive polymers
  • Applications of polymer holograms
  • Manufacturing processes for polymer holograms
  • Functionalised polymer holograms
  • Polymer dispersed liquid crystals for holograph
  • Anisotropic polymer materials
  • Polymer materials for polarization holography
  • Azo-dye based polymers for holography

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1850 KiB  
Article
Study of the Effect of Methyldiethanolamine Initiator on the Recording Properties of Acrylamide Based Photopolymer
by Brian Rogers, Suzanne Martin and Izabela Naydenova
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040734 - 25 Mar 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2947
Abstract
The use of Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) in applications, such as in light shaping and redirection, requires certain characteristics such as a high Diffraction Efficiency, low angular selectivity and stability against UV damage. In order to maximize the performance of the HOEs, photosensitive [...] Read more.
The use of Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) in applications, such as in light shaping and redirection, requires certain characteristics such as a high Diffraction Efficiency, low angular selectivity and stability against UV damage. In order to maximize the performance of the HOEs, photosensitive materials are needed that have been optimised for the characteristics that are of particular importance in that application. At the core of the performance of these devices is the refractive index modulation created during holographic recording. Typically, a higher refractive index modulation will enable greater light Diffraction Efficiency and also operation with thinner devices, which in turn decreases the angular selectivity and the stability of the refractive index modulation introduced during recording, which is key to the longevity of the device. Solar concentrators based on volume HOEs can particularly benefit from thinner devices, because, for a solar concentrator to have a high angular working range, thinner photopolymer layers with a smaller angular selectivity are required. This paper presents an optimisation of an acrylamide-based photopolymer formulation for an improved refractive index modulation and recording speed. This was achieved by studying the effect of the concentration of acrylamide and the influence of different initiators in the photopolymer composition on the diffraction efficiency of holographic gratings. Two initiators of different molecular weights were compared: triethanolamine (TEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). A fivefold increase in the rate of grating formation was achieved through the modification of the acrylamide concentration alone, and it was also found that holograms recorded with MDEA as the initiator performed the best and recorded up to 25% faster than a TEA-based photopolymer. Finally, tests were carried out on the stability of the protected and unprotected photopolymer layers when subjected to UV light. The properties exhibited by this photopolymer composition make it a promising material for the production of optical elements and suitable for use in applications requiring prolonged exposure to UV light when protected by a thin melinex cover. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Holography)
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14 pages, 6256 KiB  
Article
Application of Photopolymer Materials in Holographic Technologies
by Nadezhda Vorzobova and Pavel Sokolov
Polymers 2019, 11(12), 2020; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11122020 - 6 Dec 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5937
Abstract
The possibility of the application of acrylate compositions and Bayfol HX photopolymers in holographic technologies is considered. The holographic characteristics of materials, their advantages, and limitations in relation to the tasks of obtaining holographic elements based on periodic structures are given. The conditions [...] Read more.
The possibility of the application of acrylate compositions and Bayfol HX photopolymers in holographic technologies is considered. The holographic characteristics of materials, their advantages, and limitations in relation to the tasks of obtaining holographic elements based on periodic structures are given. The conditions for obtaining controlled two and multichannel diffraction beam splitters are determined with advantages in terms of the simplicity of the fabrication process. The diffraction and selective properties of volume and hybrid periodic structures by radiation incidence in a wide range of angles in three-dimensional space are investigated, and new properties are identified that are of interest for the development of elements of holographic solar concentrators with advantages in the material used and the range of incidence angles. A new application of polymer materials in a new method of holographic 3D printing for polymer objects with arbitrary shape fabrication based on the projection of a holographic image of the object into the volume of photopolymerizable material is proposed, the advantage of which, relative to additive 3D printing technologies, is the elimination of the sequential synthesis of a three-dimensional object. The factors determining the requirements for the material, fabrication conditions, and properties of three-dimensional objects are identified and investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Holography)
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25 pages, 5928 KiB  
Article
On the Evaluation of the Suitability of the Materials Used to 3D Print Holographic Acoustic Lenses to Correct Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Aberrations
by Marcelino Ferri, José María Bravo, Javier Redondo, Sergio Jiménez-Gambín, Noé Jiménez, Francisco Camarena and Juan Vicente Sánchez-Pérez
Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091521 - 19 Sep 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5084
Abstract
The correction of transcranial focused ultrasound aberrations is a relevant topic for enhancing various non-invasive medical treatments. Presently, the most widely accepted method to improve focusing is the emission through multi-element phased arrays; however, a new disruptive technology, based on 3D printed holographic [...] Read more.
The correction of transcranial focused ultrasound aberrations is a relevant topic for enhancing various non-invasive medical treatments. Presently, the most widely accepted method to improve focusing is the emission through multi-element phased arrays; however, a new disruptive technology, based on 3D printed holographic acoustic lenses, has recently been proposed, overcoming the spatial limitations of phased arrays due to the submillimetric precision of the latest generation of 3D printers. This work aims to optimize this recent solution. Particularly, the preferred acoustic properties of the polymers used for printing the lenses are systematically analyzed, paying special attention to the effect of p-wave speed and its relationship to the achievable voxel size of 3D printers. Results from simulations and experiments clearly show that, given a particular voxel size, there are optimal ranges for lens thickness and p-wave speed, fairly independent of the emitted frequency, the transducer aperture, or the transducer-target distance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Holography)
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10 pages, 2561 KiB  
Article
Electrically Tunable Fresnel Lens in Twisted-Nematic Liquid Crystals Fabricated by a Sagnac Interferometer
by Bing-Yau Huang, Tsung-Hsien Lin, Tian-Yi Jhuang and Chie-Tong Kuo
Polymers 2019, 11(9), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091448 - 4 Sep 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2958
Abstract
This paper presents an electrically tunable Fresnel lens in a twisted nematic liquid crystal cell fabricated by using a Sagnac interferometer. When the Fresnel-patterned green beam, formed by the Sagnac interferometer, is irradiated on the azo-dye doped liquid crystal mixture, the azo-dye molecules [...] Read more.
This paper presents an electrically tunable Fresnel lens in a twisted nematic liquid crystal cell fabricated by using a Sagnac interferometer. When the Fresnel-patterned green beam, formed by the Sagnac interferometer, is irradiated on the azo-dye doped liquid crystal mixture, the azo-dye molecules undergo trans–cis photoisomerization and then generate the photo-alignment effect in the bright (odd) zones. The director of the liquid crystal molecules in the odd zones reorients the direction perpendicular to the polarization direction of the linearly polarized green beam. The various structures of liquid crystals in the odd and even zones will result in a phase difference and thus, a Fresnel lens can be generated. The experimental results show that the proposed Fresnel lens has a high diffraction efficiency of 31.5% under an applied alternating-currents (AC) voltage. The focal length of the Fresnel lens can also be tuned by thermally erasing the photo-alignment effect of the azo dyes and rewriting by a different Fresnel-like pattern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Holography)
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7 pages, 1351 KiB  
Article
Electrically Controlled Diffraction Grating in Azo Dye-Doped Liquid Crystals
by Chuen-Lin Tien, Rong-Ji Lin, Chi-Chung Kang, Bing-Yau Huang, Chie-Tong Kuo and Shuan-Yu Huang
Polymers 2019, 11(6), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11061051 - 16 Jun 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3266
Abstract
This research applies the non-linear effect of azo dye-doped liquid crystal materials to develop a small, simple, and adjustable beam-splitting component with grating-like electrodes. Due to the dielectric anisotropy and optical birefringence of nematic liquid crystals, the director of the liquid crystal molecules [...] Read more.
This research applies the non-linear effect of azo dye-doped liquid crystal materials to develop a small, simple, and adjustable beam-splitting component with grating-like electrodes. Due to the dielectric anisotropy and optical birefringence of nematic liquid crystals, the director of the liquid crystal molecules can be reoriented by applying external electric fields, causing a periodic distribution of refractive indices and resulting in a diffraction phenomenon when a linearly polarized light is introduced. The study also discusses the difference in the refractive index (Δn), the concentration of azo dye, and the rising constant depending on the diffraction signals. The experimental results show that first-order diffraction efficiency can reach ~18% with 0.5 wt % azo dye (DR-1) doped in the nematic liquid crystals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Holography)
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13 pages, 2788 KiB  
Article
Holographic Characteristics of Photopolymers Containing Different Mixtures of Nematic Liquid Crystals
by Sandra Fenoll, Francisco Brocal, José David Segura, Manuel Ortuño, Augusto Beléndez and Inmaculada Pascual
Polymers 2019, 11(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11020325 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3790
Abstract
A holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) is used to record holographic diffraction gratings. Several mixtures of nematic liquid crystals (LC) are used as components of the HPDLC to evaluate their influence in static and dynamic basic properties. The diffraction efficiency obtained in [...] Read more.
A holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) is used to record holographic diffraction gratings. Several mixtures of nematic liquid crystals (LC) are used as components of the HPDLC to evaluate their influence in static and dynamic basic properties. The diffraction efficiency obtained in the reconstruction of the holograms is evaluated to compare the influence of the different LC. Additionally, the samples are exposed to a variable electric field and the diffracted light intensity as a function of the applied voltage is measured to evaluate the influence of the LC. The results obtained show significant differences depending on the LC incorporated to the photopolymer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials for Holography)
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