Polymers

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11 pages, 2532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surfactant-Modulation of the Cationic-Polymer-Induced Aggregation of Anionic Particulate Dispersions

by Wasiu Abdullahi, Martin Crossman and Peter Charles Griffiths

Polymers 2020, 12(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020287 - 1 Feb 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5606

Abstract

Commodity formulations contain many chemically distinct components and their mutual interactions define the beneficial characteristics of the formulation. Mixing oppositely charged polymers and surfactants invariably induces macroscopic phase separation, to a degree dependent on the prevailing polymer and surface charge densities, and the [...] Read more.

Commodity formulations contain many chemically distinct components and their mutual interactions define the beneficial characteristics of the formulation. Mixing oppositely charged polymers and surfactants invariably induces macroscopic phase separation, to a degree dependent on the prevailing polymer and surface charge densities, and the interaction can be modulated by added ionic surfactants. Here, it is shown that a general universality exists between the charge present on a series of cationic-modified cellulose polymers—the charge being controlled either by the degree of cationic modification of the polymer itself or through the subsequent level of anionic surfactant binding—and its capacity to remove anionic colloidal material from solution, be that silica particles or polystyrene-butadiene lattices. Particulate material not removed from solution bears no adsorbed polymer, i.e., the particle surface is bare. Addition of nonionic surfactant does not negate this universality, implying that the nonionic surfactant is largely a spectator molecule or structure (micelle) in these systems, and that the dominant force is an electrostatic one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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19 pages, 2252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Responsive Adsorption of N-Isopropylacrylamide Based Copolymers on Polymer Brushes

by Guillaume Sudre, Elodie Siband, Bruno Gallas, Fabrice Cousin, Dominique Hourdet and Yvette Tran

Polymers 2020, 12(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010153 - 7 Jan 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4135

Abstract

We investigate the adsorption of pH- or temperature-responsive polymer systems by ellipsometry and neutron reflectivity. To this end, temperature-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes and pH-responsive poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes have been prepared using the “grafting onto” method to investigate the [...] Read more.

We investigate the adsorption of pH- or temperature-responsive polymer systems by ellipsometry and neutron reflectivity. To this end, temperature-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes and pH-responsive poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes have been prepared using the “grafting onto” method to investigate the adsorption process of polymers and its reversibility under controlled environment. To that purpose, macromolecular brushes were designed with various chain lengths and a wide range of grafting density. Below the transition temperature (LCST), the characterization of PNIPAM brushes by neutron reflectivity shows that the swelling behavior of brushes is in good agreement with the scaling models before they collapse above the LCST. The reversible adsorption on PNIPAM brushes was carried out with linear copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid, P(NIPAM-co-AA). While these copolymers remain fully soluble in water over the whole range of temperature investigated, a quantitative adsorption driven by solvophobic interactions was shown to proceed only above the LCST of the brush and to be totally reversible upon cooling. Similarly, the pH-responsive adsorption driven by electrostatic interactions on PAA brushes was studied with copolymers of NIPAM and N,N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide, P(NIPAM-co-MADAP). In this case, the adsorption of weak polycations was shown to increase with the ionization of the PAA brush with interactions mainly located in the upper part of the brush at pH 7 and more deeply adsorbed within the brush at pH 9. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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13 pages, 1984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scalable Fabrication of Highly Flexible Porous Polymer-Based Capacitive Humidity Sensor Using Convergence Fiber Drawing

by Maryam Mesgarpour Tousi, Yujing Zhang, Shaowei Wan, Li Yu, Chong Hou, Ning Yan, Yoel Fink, Anbo Wang and Xiaoting Jia

Polymers 2019, 11(12), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121985 - 2 Dec 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5521

Abstract

In this study, we fabricated a highly flexible fiber-based capacitive humidity sensor using a scalable convergence fiber drawing approach. The sensor’s sensing layer is made of porous polyetherimide (PEI) with its porosity produced in situ during fiber drawing, whereas its electrodes are made [...] Read more.

In this study, we fabricated a highly flexible fiber-based capacitive humidity sensor using a scalable convergence fiber drawing approach. The sensor’s sensing layer is made of porous polyetherimide (PEI) with its porosity produced in situ during fiber drawing, whereas its electrodes are made of copper wires. The porosity induces capillary condensation starting at a low relative humidity (RH) level (here, 70%), resulting in a significant increase in the response of the sensor at RH levels ranging from 70% to 80%. The proposed humidity sensor shows a good sensitivity of 0.39 pF/% RH in the range of 70%–80% RH, a maximum hysteresis of 9.08% RH at 70% RH, a small temperature dependence, and a good stability over a 48 h period. This work demonstrates the first fiber-based humidity sensor fabricated using convergence fiber drawing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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10 pages, 3214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polymer Stabilized Liquid Crystal Smart Window with Flexible Substrates Based on Low-Temperature Treatment of Polyamide Acid Technology

by Yang Zhang, Changrui Wang, Wei Zhao, Ming Li, Xiao Wang, Xiulan Yang, Xiaowen Hu, Dong Yuan, Weiping Yang, Yi Zhang, Pengrong Lv, Jialin He and Guofu Zhou

Polymers 2019, 11(11), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111869 - 13 Nov 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4981

Abstract

Polymer stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) devices can be used as smart privacy windows that switch between transparent and opaque states. The polyimide alignment layer of a PSLC device is usually obtained by the treatment of polyamide acid (PAA) with temperatures over 200 °C. [...] Read more.

Polymer stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) devices can be used as smart privacy windows that switch between transparent and opaque states. The polyimide alignment layer of a PSLC device is usually obtained by the treatment of polyamide acid (PAA) with temperatures over 200 °C. This hinders the fabrication of PSLC devices on flexible substrates, which melt at these high temperatures. In this work, the fabrication of a PSLC alignment layer using a lower temperature that is compatible with most flexible substrates, is demonstrated. It was found that the treatment of PAA at 150 °C could generate the same alignment for liquid crystals. Based on this, a PSLC device was successfully fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, demonstrating excellent electro-optic performances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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12 pages, 3875 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

AgBr/BiOBr Nano-Heterostructure-Decorated Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers: A Recyclable High-Performance Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation under Visible-Light Irradiation

by Mingyi Zhang, Ying Qi and Zhenyi Zhang

Polymers 2019, 11(10), 1718; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101718 - 19 Oct 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4060

Abstract

Macrostructural flexible photocatalysts have been proven to have desirable recyclable properties during the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water. However, the photocatalytic activities of these photocatalysts are often unsatisfactory due to the fast recombination of charge carriers and the limited surface active [...] Read more.

Macrostructural flexible photocatalysts have been proven to have desirable recyclable properties during the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water. However, the photocatalytic activities of these photocatalysts are often unsatisfactory due to the fast recombination of charge carriers and the limited surface active sites. Herein, we developed a novel flexible photocatalyst of AgBr/BiOBr/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite mats (CMs) through the controllable assembly of AgBr/BiOBr nano-heterostructures on electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (PAN NFs) via a three-step synthesis route. The component ratio of AgBr to BiOBr in the CMs could be easily adjusted by controlling the in situ ion exchange process. The charge–transfer process occurring at the interface of the AgBr/BiOBr nano-heterostructures strongly hindered the recombination of photoinduced electron–hole pairs, thereby effectively enhancing the photocatalytic activity of the AgBr/BiOBr/PAN CMs. Meanwhile, the unique hierarchical inorganic/organic heterostructure of the AgBr/BiOBr/PAN CMs not only led to good flexibility, but also provided an abundance of active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Upon visible-light irradiation, AgBr/BiOBr/PAN CMs with an optimal ratio of AgBr to BiOBr components exhibited both enhanced photocatalytic activity and excellent separability during the degradation of methyl orange in water compared to the BiOBr/PAN CMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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20 pages, 7304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitively Characterizing the Chemical Composition of Tailored Bagasse Fiber and Its Effect on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid-Based Composites

by Haoqun Hong, Ruijing Xiao, Quannan Guo, Hao Liu and Haiyan Zhang

Polymers 2019, 11(10), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11101567 - 26 Sep 2019

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3979

Abstract

Natural fiber reinforced polymer-based composites have been growing into a type of green composites. The properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer-based composites are closely related to the structure of natural fibers. Bagasse fiber (BF) is one of the most used natural fibers for [...] Read more.

Natural fiber reinforced polymer-based composites have been growing into a type of green composites. The properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer-based composites are closely related to the structure of natural fibers. Bagasse fiber (BF) is one of the most used natural fibers for preparing natural fiber reinforced polymer-based composites. However, few examples of previous research touch on the quantitatively characterization of structure of BF and its effect on the properties of BF reinforced polymer-based composites. In this work, four kinds of BF including untreated BF (UBF), alkali treated BF (ABF), BF modified by silane coupling agent (SBF), and BF modified combining alkali treatment with silane coupling agent (ASBF) were prepared and melting blended with polylactic acid (PLA) to prepare PLA/BF composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetry (TGA) and mechanical properties testing were used to characterize and analyze the structure and properties of modified BF and its reinforced PLA-based composites. Results showed that the used methods changed the structure of BF and their bonding modes. The surface energies of UBF, ABF, SBF, and ASBF were 19.8 mJ/m², 34.7 mJ/m², 12.3 mJ/m², and 21.6 mJ/m², respectively. The O/C ratios of UBF, ABF, SBF and, ASBF are 0.48, 0.53, 0.47, and 0.51. Due to the synergistic effect of alkali treatment and silane coupling agent modification on the surface chemical properties, the content of silicon elements on the surface of ASBF (4.15%) was higher than that of ASBF (2.38%). However, due to the destroying of alkali treatment on the microstructure of BF, the alkali treatment had no prominently synergetic effect with coupling agent modification on the mechanical properties of PLA/BF composites. Alkali treatment removed the small molecular compounds from BF, decreased its thermal stability, and increased the crystalline region and crystallinity of cellulose. Meanwhile, alkali treatment made BF fibrillated and increased its contactable active area with the coupling agents, but destructed the nature structure of BF. The silane coupling agent played a more important role than alkali treatment did in improving the interfacial compatibility of PLA/BF composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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11 pages, 5751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bentonite Modified by Allylamine Polymer for Adsorption of Amido Black 10B

by Wenjuan Guo, Tingcheng Xia, Meishan Pei, Yankai Du and Luyan Wang

Polymers 2019, 11(3), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11030502 - 15 Mar 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3423

Abstract

The main object of this work is to remove Amido black 10B using a new type of bentonite-based adsorbent with cationic groups by the modification of polyallyl amines between the interlayers of bentonite. Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron [...] Read more.

The main object of this work is to remove Amido black 10B using a new type of bentonite-based adsorbent with cationic groups by the modification of polyallyl amines between the interlayers of bentonite. Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the functionalized bentonite. A series of batch adsorption experiments were performed. The maximum adsorption amount was 144.08 mg g⁻¹ when the pH was 2 and the contact time was 120 min. In addition, the equilibrium isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, while only the Langmuir model could provide a high correlation. Therefore, this study provided a new functionalized bentonite as a low-cost adsorbent for dye removal from water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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13 pages, 4408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Diblock Polyampholyte PAMPS-b-PMAPTAC and Its Adsorption on Bentonite

by Ling Lin, Yuanhao Luo and Xin Li

Polymers 2019, 11(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11010049 - 30 Dec 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3865

Abstract

To study the adsorption of polyampholyte on bentonite (Bent), a block polyampholyte, PAMPS-b-PMAPTAC, comprised of 2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid (AMPS) units and Methacrylamido Propyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (MAPTAC) units, was synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) method. The block polyampholyte samples were [...] Read more.

To study the adsorption of polyampholyte on bentonite (Bent), a block polyampholyte, PAMPS-b-PMAPTAC, comprised of 2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid (AMPS) units and Methacrylamido Propyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride (MAPTAC) units, was synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) method. The block polyampholyte samples were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). The microstructure of block polyampholyte and random polyampholyte in deionized water indicated that uneven distribution of charged groups increased the entanglement of polymer chains. Addition of salt weakened the electrostatic interactions among charged groups, and, therefore, increased the zeta potential of polyampholyte in aqueous solutions. The adsorptive behaviors of PAMPS-b-PMAPTAC on Bent were studied using elemental analysis, and the effects of external factors were considered. The adsorption equilibrium of polymers on Bent was reached after 12 h. Increased temperature and increased salinity exerted a positive and negative effect on the adsorption of polyampholyte, respectively. The molecular weight played as the decisive factor for the adsorption of polyampholyte in the absence of NaCl, while the content of cationic groups acted as the main factor in the presence of NaCl. Block polyampholyte exhibited higher adsorption than random polyampholyte in the absence of salt. XRD results also indicated that block polyampholyte had a better intercalation effect than random polyampholyte. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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Review

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32 pages, 5303 KiB

Open AccessReview

Characterization and Application of PVDF and Its Copolymer Films Prepared by Spin-Coating and Langmuir–Blodgett Method

by Zerun Yin, Bobo Tian, Qiuxiang Zhu and Chungang Duan

Polymers 2019, 11(12), 2033; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11122033 - 8 Dec 2019

Cited by 114 | Viewed by 11756

Abstract

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers are key polymers, displaying properties such as flexibility and electroactive responses, including piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity. In the past several years, they have been applied in numerous applications, such as memory, transducers, actuators, and energy harvesting and [...] Read more.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers are key polymers, displaying properties such as flexibility and electroactive responses, including piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity. In the past several years, they have been applied in numerous applications, such as memory, transducers, actuators, and energy harvesting and have shown thriving prospects in the ongoing research and commercialization process. The crystalline polymorphs of PVDF can present nonpolar α, ε phase and polar β, γ, and δ phases with different processing methods. The copolymers, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)), can crystallize directly into a phase analogous to the β phase of PVDF. Since the β phase shows the highest dipole moment among polar phases, many reproducible and efficient methods producing β-phase PVDF and its copolymer have been proposed. In this review, PVDF and its copolymer films prepared by spin-coating and Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) method are introduced, and relevant characterization techniques are highlighted. Finally, the development of memory, artificial synapses, and medical applications based on PVDF and its copolymers is elaborated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Adsorption at Interfaces)

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