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Breakthroughs in Passive Radar Technologies
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Breakthroughs in Passive Radar Technologies

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 13796

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Diego Cristallini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dept. Passive Radar and Anti-jamming Techniques, Fraunhofer Institute for High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques (FHR), 53343 Wachtberg, Germany
Interests: passive radar; radar signal processing; multi-channel radar; SAR/ISAR
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Philipp Markiton

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dept. Passive Radar and Anti-jamming Techniques, Fraunhofer Institute for High-Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques (FHR), 53343 Wachtberg, Germany
Interests: passive radar; airborne radar; radar signal processing; MTI; SAR

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Passive radar has been quite an active field of research for several years. The technology has been established through many demonstrations and there are now industrial solutions ready for commercialization. The deep understanding of the potentials and drawbacks we have gained opens new frontiers for applications of passive radar technology. Among the most promising are: (i) the miniaturization of hardware, which makes it possible to mount systems onboard small, eventually automated, vehicles; (ii) the increasing demand for easily deployable drone detection systems; (iii) the increasing availability of new technologies from fixed-satellite services such as Starlink and OneWeb and from terrestrial 5G networks.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collect papers that cover recent advances in passive radar systems, techniques, and applications, including (but not limited to):

- Passive radar imaging;

- Multi-channel passive radar signal processing;

- Satellite-based passive radar;

- 5G as a technology for passive radar;

- Micro-Doppler signatures in passive radar;

- Drone detection solutions based on passive radar;

- Deep learning for passive radar processing.

Dr. Diego Cristallini
Dr. Philipp Markiton
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • passive radar
  • passive SAR/ISAR
  • passive GMTI/STAP
  • micro-doppler
  • fixed-satellite services
  • 5G
  • drone detection

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 3399 KiB  
Article
A Quasi-Coherent Detection Method Based on Radon–Fourier Transform Using Multi-Frequency-Based Passive Bistatic Radar
by Junjie Li, Chunyi Song and Zhiwei Xu
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(17), 4309; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174309 - 31 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1531
Abstract
Passive bistatic radar (PBR)-based moving target detection (MTD) has benefited greatly from multi-frequency (MF) integration, which can effectively improve the detection capability of weak targets. However, with the increase in the coherent processing interval (CPI) and carrier-frequency separation, Doppler spread will appear in [...] Read more.
Passive bistatic radar (PBR)-based moving target detection (MTD) has benefited greatly from multi-frequency (MF) integration, which can effectively improve the detection capability of weak targets. However, with the increase in the coherent processing interval (CPI) and carrier-frequency separation, Doppler spread will appear in the range-Doppler maps (RDMs) over different frequency bands, which severely limits the processing gain of MF integration. In this paper, a novel MTD algorithm is proposed to achieve both long-time integration and quasi-coherent MF integration. More specifically, the proposed method consists of two main steps, where a modified Radon–Fourier transform (RFT), termed as MF-based RFT (MF-RFT), is, firstly, used to eliminate the Doppler spread via designing a sequential of MF-based Doppler filter banks. Following the MF-RFT, a phase-compensation-based method is also developed to further remove the residual phase errors. This method involves formulating an optimization problem based on the minimum-entropy criterion and employing a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve it, after which quasi-coherent MF integration can be achieved with robustness. Both numerical results and field test results based on digital video broadcasting-satellite (DVB-S) signals demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing methods in the scenario of weak MTD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in Passive Radar Technologies)
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23 pages, 19153 KiB  
Article
A Modified NLCS Algorithm for High-Speed Bistatic Forward-Looking SAR Focusing with Spaceborne Illuminator
by Yuzhou Liu, Yachao Li, Xuan Song and Xuanqi Wang
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(6), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061699 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1732
Abstract
The coupling and spatial variation of range and azimuth parameters is the biggest challenge for bistatic forward-looking SAR (BFSAR) imaging. In contrast with the monostatic SAR and translational invariant bistatic SAR (TI-BSAR), the range cell migration (RCM), and Doppler parameters of high-speed bistatic [...] Read more.
The coupling and spatial variation of range and azimuth parameters is the biggest challenge for bistatic forward-looking SAR (BFSAR) imaging. In contrast with the monostatic SAR and translational invariant bistatic SAR (TI-BSAR), the range cell migration (RCM), and Doppler parameters of high-speed bistatic forward-looking SAR (HS-BFSAR) have two-dimensional spatial variation characteristics, which makes it difficult to obtain SAR images with satisfactory global focusing. Firstly, based on the configuration of the spaceborne illuminator and high-speed forward-looking receiving platform, the accurate range-Doppler domain expression of the echo signal is derived in this paper. Secondly, using this analytical expression, a range nonlinear chirp scaling (NLCS) is proposed to equalize the RCM and equivalent range frequency modulation (FM) rate so that they can be uniformly processed in the two-dimensional frequency domain. Next, in the azimuth processing, the proposed method decomposes the Doppler contribution of the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Then, an azimuth NLCS is used to eliminate the spatial variation of the azimuth FM rate. Finally, a range-dependent azimuth filter is constructed to achieve azimuth compression. Simulation results validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in Passive Radar Technologies)
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25 pages, 1235 KiB  
Article
From Modeling to Sensing of Micro-Doppler in Radio Communications
by Louis Morge-Rollet, Denis Le Jeune, Frédéric Le Roy, Charles Canaff and Roland Gautier
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(24), 6310; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246310 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2166
Abstract
The Doppler effect in radio systems has been widely explored by the radio communication community. However, these studies have been limited to simple motion such as linear translation. This paper presents a model for the Doppler modulation effect, i.e., the effect of complex [...] Read more.
The Doppler effect in radio systems has been widely explored by the radio communication community. However, these studies have been limited to simple motion such as linear translation. This paper presents a model for the Doppler modulation effect, i.e., the effect of complex movement on the received signal, using a geometrical approach. Particularly, we focused on studying micro-Doppler in radio communications produced by vibrations. Exploiting this phenomenon would allow the performance of passive micro-Doppler effect sensing based on communication. In this paper, we also propose signal processing techniques to detect the presence of the micro-Doppler effect and to estimate its parameters. Then, we present some experiments which highlight the micro-Doppler effect in a radio communication context. Finally, the end of the paper discusses some potential applications that exploit this phenomenon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in Passive Radar Technologies)
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25 pages, 32208 KiB  
Article
Rényi Entropy-Based Adaptive Integration Method for 5G-Based Passive Radar Drone Detection
by Radosław Maksymiuk, Karol Abratkiewicz, Piotr Samczyński and Marek Płotka
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(23), 6146; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236146 - 4 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3149
Abstract
This paper presents the first successful drone detection results using a 5G network as a source of illumination in a passive radar system. Furthermore, a novel adaptive strategy for signal integration is shown. The proposed approach is based on the Rényi entropy. It [...] Read more.
This paper presents the first successful drone detection results using a 5G network as a source of illumination in a passive radar system. Furthermore, a novel adaptive strategy for signal integration is shown. The proposed approach is based on the Rényi entropy. It allows one to select time frames with a densely allocated downlink channel both in the time and frequency domains. The resource allocation is strongly related to a network load and has a crucial influence on 5G-based passive radar range resolution and detection capabilities. The proposed technique was validated using simulated and real-life signals, confirming the possibility of detecting unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in 5G-network-based passive radars. Moreover, the proposed methodology can be directly used in passive radar systems where the illuminating signal duration and bandwidth are content-dependent, and the radar resolution may vary significantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in Passive Radar Technologies)
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25 pages, 7090 KiB  
Article
Establishing the Capabilities of the Murchison Widefield Array as a Passive Radar for the Surveillance of Space
by Brendan Hennessy, Mark Rutten, Robert Young, Steven Tingay, Ashley Summers, Daniel Gustainis, Brian Crosse and Marcin Sokolowski
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(11), 2571; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112571 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2480
Abstract
This paper describes the use of the Murchison Widefield Array, a low-frequency radio telescope at a radio-quiet Western Australian site, as a radar receiver forming part of a continent-spanning multistatic radar network for the surveillance of space. This paper details the system geometry [...] Read more.
This paper describes the use of the Murchison Widefield Array, a low-frequency radio telescope at a radio-quiet Western Australian site, as a radar receiver forming part of a continent-spanning multistatic radar network for the surveillance of space. This paper details the system geometry employed, the orbit-specific radar signal processing, and the orbit determination algorithms necessary to ensure resident space objects are detected, tracked, and propagated. Finally, the paper includes the results processed after a short collection campaign utilising several FM radio transmitters across the country, up to a maximum baseline distance of over 2500 km. The results demonstrate the Murchison Widefield Array is able to provide widefield and persistent coverage of objects in low Earth orbit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in Passive Radar Technologies)
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