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Remote Sensing of Forest Carbon

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Biogeosciences Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 12665

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
Interests: ecological modelling; carbon cycle science; remote sensing; arctic system science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Interests: remote sensing; forest inventory; geospatial analysis; Bayesian statistics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Forests have an essential function in the global climate system, in large part through their uptake and storage of carbon, which slows the build-up of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Managing forests to enhance carbon stores as a strategy for mitigating future climate change requires accurate and reliable information for monitoring, reporting, and verification at the spatial and temporal scales that policy and decisions are made. The availability of new, state-of-the-art remote sensing systems is revolutionizing the way in which forests are measured and studied—from individual trees to continental extents. The current challenge is to integrate these multi-modal, multi-resolution, and spatio-temporally variable remote sensing data sets within inventory and modeling frameworks for the diagnosis of forest carbon stocks, attribution of their dynamics, and prediction of their future functioning.

This Special Issue invites papers highlighting cutting-edge research in the remote sensing of forest carbon, including advances in the data and methodologies used to measure the key biophysical parameters required for its estimation. For example, optical and hyperspectral data distinguish forest tree species composition, ranging technologies such as radar and lidar make detailed measurements of three-dimensional forest structure, and thermal sensing provides insight into forest ecosystem function. Remote sensors are collecting these data from the full range of terrestrial, UAS, airborne, and spaceborne platforms. We look to include papers in this Special Issue that describe emerging methods such as machine learning in the estimation and scaling of forest carbon attributes, as well as time-series algorithms leveraging the historical satellite record to provide perspectives on forest carbon dynamics. Studies demonstrating the remote sensing retrieval and integration of key forest parameters for initializing, calibrating, and/or validating mechanistic carbon cycle and land surface models are also encouraged. 

Dr. Daniel Hayes
Dr. Chad Babcock
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 24113 KiB  
Article
Synthesizing Disparate LiDAR and Satellite Datasets through Deep Learning to Generate Wall-to-Wall Regional Inventories for the Complex, Mixed-Species Forests of the Eastern United States
by Elias Ayrey, Daniel J. Hayes, John B. Kilbride, Shawn Fraver, John A. Kershaw, Jr., Bruce D. Cook and Aaron R. Weiskittel
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(24), 5113; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245113 - 16 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4511
Abstract
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has become a commonly-used tool for generating remotely-sensed forest inventories. However, LiDAR-derived forest inventories have remained uncommon at a regional scale due to varying parameters among LiDAR data acquisitions and the availability of sufficient calibration data. Here, we [...] Read more.
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has become a commonly-used tool for generating remotely-sensed forest inventories. However, LiDAR-derived forest inventories have remained uncommon at a regional scale due to varying parameters among LiDAR data acquisitions and the availability of sufficient calibration data. Here, we present a model using a 3-D convolutional neural network (CNN), a form of deep learning capable of scanning a LiDAR point cloud, combined with coincident satellite data (spectral, phenology, and disturbance history). We compared this approach to traditional modeling used for making forest predictions from LiDAR data (height metrics and random forest) and found that the CNN had consistently lower uncertainty. We then applied the CNN to public data over six New England states in the USA, generating maps of 14 forest attributes at a 10 m resolution over 85% of the region. Aboveground biomass estimates produced a root mean square error of 36 Mg ha−1 (44%) and were within the 97.5% confidence of independent county-level estimates for 33 of 38 or 86.8% of the counties examined. CNN predictions for stem density and percentage of conifer attributes were moderately successful, while predictions for detailed species groupings were less successful. The approach shows promise for improving the prediction of forest attributes from regional LiDAR data and for combining disparate LiDAR datasets into a common framework for large-scale estimation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Forest Carbon)
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24 pages, 5872 KiB  
Article
Sensor Agnostic Semantic Segmentation of Structurally Diverse and Complex Forest Point Clouds Using Deep Learning
by Sean Krisanski, Mohammad Sadegh Taskhiri, Susana Gonzalez Aracil, David Herries and Paul Turner
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(8), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13081413 - 7 Apr 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7102
Abstract
Forest inventories play an important role in enabling informed decisions to be made for the management and conservation of forest resources; however, the process of collecting inventory information is laborious. Despite advancements in mapping technologies allowing forests to be digitized in finer granularity [...] Read more.
Forest inventories play an important role in enabling informed decisions to be made for the management and conservation of forest resources; however, the process of collecting inventory information is laborious. Despite advancements in mapping technologies allowing forests to be digitized in finer granularity than ever before, it is still common for forest measurements to be collected using simple tools such as calipers, measuring tapes, and hypsometers. Dense understory vegetation and complex forest structures can present substantial challenges to point cloud processing tools, often leading to erroneous measurements, and making them of less utility in complex forests. To address this challenge, this research demonstrates an effective deep learning approach for semantically segmenting high-resolution forest point clouds from multiple different sensing systems in diverse forest conditions. Seven diverse point cloud datasets were manually segmented to train and evaluate this model, resulting in per-class segmentation accuracies of Terrain: 95.92%, Vegetation: 96.02%, Coarse Woody Debris: 54.98%, and Stem: 96.09%. By exploiting the segmented point cloud, we also present a method of extracting a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from such segmented point clouds. This approach was applied to a set of six point clouds that were made publicly available as part of a benchmarking study to evaluate the DTM performance. The mean DTM error was 0.04 m relative to the reference with 99.9% completeness. These approaches serve as useful steps toward a fully automated and reliable measurement extraction tool, agnostic to the sensing technology used or the complexity of the forest, provided that the point cloud has sufficient coverage and accuracy. Ongoing work will see these models incorporated into a fully automated forest measurement tool for the extraction of structural metrics for applications in forestry, conservation, and research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Forest Carbon)
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