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16 pages, 7719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Cycle Spinning Method for the Undecimated Wavelet Transform

by Miguel A. Rodriguez-Hernandez

Sensors 2019, 19(12), 2777; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122777 - 20 Jun 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2795

The Undecimated Wavelet Transform is commonly used for signal processing due to its advantages over other wavelet techniques, but it is limited for some applications because of its computational cost. One of the methods utilized for the implementation of the Undecimated Wavelet Transform [...] Read more.

The Undecimated Wavelet Transform is commonly used for signal processing due to its advantages over other wavelet techniques, but it is limited for some applications because of its computational cost. One of the methods utilized for the implementation of the Undecimated Wavelet Transform is the one known as Cycle Spinning. This paper introduces an alternative Cycle Spinning implementation method that divides the computational cost by a factor close to 2. This work develops the mathematical background of the proposed method, shows the block diagrams for its implementation and validates the method by applying it to the denoising of ultrasonic signals. The evaluation of the denoising results shows that the new method produces similar denoising qualities than other Cycle Spinning implementations, with a reduced computational cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Signal Processing, Data Science and the IoT World)

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19 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting Malicious False Frame Injection Attacks on Surveillance Systems at the Edge Using Electrical Network Frequency Signals

by Deeraj Nagothu, Yu Chen, Erik Blasch, Alexander Aved and Sencun Zhu

Sensors 2019, 19(11), 2424; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112424 - 28 May 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4108

Abstract

Over the past few years, the importance of video surveillance in securing national critical infrastructure has significantly increased, with applications including the detection of failures and anomalies. Accompanied by the proliferation of video is the increasing number of attacks against surveillance systems. Among [...] Read more.

Over the past few years, the importance of video surveillance in securing national critical infrastructure has significantly increased, with applications including the detection of failures and anomalies. Accompanied by the proliferation of video is the increasing number of attacks against surveillance systems. Among the attacks, False Frame Injection (FFI) attacks that replay video frames from a previous recording to mask the live feed has the highest impact. While many attempts have been made to detect FFI frames using features from the video feeds, video analysis is computationally too intensive to be deployed on-site for real-time false frame detection. In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of FFI attacks on compromised surveillance systems at the edge and propose an effective technique to detect the injected false video and audio frames by monitoring the surveillance feed using the embedded Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) signals. An ENF operates at a nominal frequency of 60 Hz/50 Hz based on its geographical location and maintains a stable value across the entire power grid interconnection with minor fluctuations. For surveillance system video/audio recordings connected to the power grid, the ENF signals are embedded. The time-varying nature of the ENF component was used as a forensic application for authenticating the surveillance feed. The paper highlights the ENF signal collection from a power grid creating a reference database and ENF extraction from the recordings using conventional short-time Fourier Transform and spectrum detection for robust ENF signal analysis in the presence of noise and interference caused in different harmonics. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of ENF signal detection and/or abnormalities for FFI attacks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Signal Processing, Data Science and the IoT World)

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15 pages, 2372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Kalman Filter and Multifeature Fusion Siamese Network for Real-Time Visual Tracking

by Lijun Zhou and Jianlin Zhang

Sensors 2019, 19(9), 2201; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092201 - 13 May 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4731

Abstract

SiamFC has a simple network structure and can be pretrained offline on a large data set, so it has attracted the attention of many researchers. It has no online learning process at all. Hence, there are no good solutions for some complex tracking [...] Read more.

SiamFC has a simple network structure and can be pretrained offline on a large data set, so it has attracted the attention of many researchers. It has no online learning process at all. Hence, there are no good solutions for some complex tracking scenarios such as occlusion and large target deformation. For this problem, we propose a method using the Kalman filter method and fusion multiresolution features and get multiple response scores. The Kalman filter acquires the target’s trajectory information, which is used to process complex tracking scenes and to change the selection method of the search area. This also enables our tracker to stably track fast moving targets.The introduction of the Kalman filter compensates for the shortcomings that SiamFC can only track offline, and the tracking network has an online learning process. The fusion of multiresolution features to obtain multiple response scores map helps the tracker to obtain robust features that can be adapted to a variety of tracking targets. Our proposed method has reached the state-of-the-art in testing on five data sets and can be run in real time (40 fps), including OTB2013, OTB2015, OTB50, VOT2015 and VOT 2016. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Signal Processing, Data Science and the IoT World)

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27 pages, 1041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Streaming Data Fusion for the Internet of Things

by Klemen Kenda, Blaž Kažič, Erik Novak and Dunja Mladenić

Sensors 2019, 19(8), 1955; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081955 - 25 Apr 2019

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7795

Abstract

To achieve the full analytical potential of the streaming data from the internet of things, the interconnection of various data sources is needed. By definition, those sources are heterogeneous and their integration is not a trivial task. A common approach to exploit streaming [...] Read more.

To achieve the full analytical potential of the streaming data from the internet of things, the interconnection of various data sources is needed. By definition, those sources are heterogeneous and their integration is not a trivial task. A common approach to exploit streaming sensor data potential is to use machine learning techniques for predictive analytics in a way that is agnostic to the domain knowledge. Such an approach can be easily integrated in various use cases. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for data fusion of a set of heterogeneous data streams. The proposed framework enriches streaming sensor data with the contextual and historical information relevant for describing the underlying processes. The final result of the framework is a feature vector, ready to be used in a machine learning algorithm. The framework has been applied to a cloud and to an edge device. In the latter case, incremental learning capabilities have been demonstrated. The reported results illustrate a significant improvement of data-driven models, applied to sensor streams. Beside higher accuracy of the models the platform offers easy setup and thus fast prototyping capabilities in real-world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Signal Processing, Data Science and the IoT World)

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24 pages, 1391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring IoT Location Information to Perform Point of Interest Recommendation Engine: Traveling to a New Geographical Region

by Xu Yang, Billy Zimba, Tingting Qiao, Keyan Gao and Xiaoya Chen

Sensors 2019, 19(5), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19050992 - 26 Feb 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4007

Abstract

With the development of wireless Internet and the popularity of location sensors in mobile phones, the coupling degree between social networks and location sensor information is increasing. Many studies in the Location-Based Social Network (LBSN) domain have begun to use social media and [...] Read more.

With the development of wireless Internet and the popularity of location sensors in mobile phones, the coupling degree between social networks and location sensor information is increasing. Many studies in the Location-Based Social Network (LBSN) domain have begun to use social media and location sensing information to implement personalized Points-of-interests (POI) recommendations. However, this approach may fall short when a user moves to a new district or city where they have little or no activity history and social network friend information. Thus, a need to reconsider how we model the factors influencing a user’s preferences in new geographical regions in order to make personalized and relevant recommendation. A POI in LBSNs is semantically enriched with annotations such as place categories, tags, tips or user reviews which implies knowledge about the nature of the place as well as a visiting person’s interests. This provides us with opportunities to better understand the patterns in users’ interests and activities by exploiting the annotations which will continue to be useful even when a user moves to unfamiliar places. In this research, we proposed a location-aware POI recommendation system that models user preferences mainly based on user reviews, which shows the nature of activities that a user finds interesting. Using this information from users’ location history, we predict user ratings by harnessing the information present in review text as well as consider social influence from similar user set formed based on matching category preferences and similar reviews. We use real data sets partitioned by city provided by Yelp, to compare the accuracy of our proposed method against some baseline POI recommendation algorithms. Experimental results show that our algorithm achieves a better accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Signal Processing, Data Science and the IoT World)

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18 pages, 3421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Wavelet Transform-Based Neural Network Denoising Algorithm for Mobile Phonocardiography

by Dawid Gradolewski, Giovanni Magenes, Sven Johansson and Wlodek J. Kulesza

Sensors 2019, 19(4), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040957 - 24 Feb 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6132

Abstract

Cardiovascular pathologies cause 23.5% of human deaths, worldwide. An auto-diagnostic system monitoring heart activity, which can identify the early symptoms of cardiac illnesses, might reduce the death rate caused by these problems. Phonocardiography (PCG) is one of the possible techniques able to detect [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular pathologies cause 23.5% of human deaths, worldwide. An auto-diagnostic system monitoring heart activity, which can identify the early symptoms of cardiac illnesses, might reduce the death rate caused by these problems. Phonocardiography (PCG) is one of the possible techniques able to detect heart problems. Nevertheless, acoustic signal enhancement is required since it is exposed to various disturbances coming from different sources. The most common denoising enhancement is based on the Wavelet Transform (WT). However, the WT is highly susceptible to variations in the noise frequency distribution. This paper proposes a new adaptive denoising algorithm, which combines WT and Time Delay Neural Networks (TDNN). The acquired signal is decomposed by means of the WT using the coif five-wavelet basis at the tenth decomposition level and then provided as input to the TDNN. Besides the advantage of adaptive thresholding, the reason for using TDNNs is their capacity of estimating the Inverse Wavelet Transform (IWT). The best parameters of the TDNN were found for a NN consisting of 25 neurons in the first and 15 in the second layer and the delay block of 12 samples. The method was evaluated on several pathological heart sounds and on signals recorded in a noisy environment. The performance of the developed system with respect to other wavelet-based denoising approaches was validated by the online questionnaire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Signal Processing, Data Science and the IoT World)

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27 pages, 17682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Revised Hilbert–Huang Transform and Its Application to Fault Diagnosis in a Rotor System

by Hongjun Wang and Yongjian Ji

Sensors 2018, 18(12), 4329; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124329 - 7 Dec 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5604

Abstract

As a classical method to deal with nonlinear and nonstationary signals, the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) is widely used in various fields. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the Hilbert–Huang transform (such as end effects and mode mixing) during the process of empirical [...] Read more.

As a classical method to deal with nonlinear and nonstationary signals, the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) is widely used in various fields. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the Hilbert–Huang transform (such as end effects and mode mixing) during the process of empirical mode decomposition (EMD), a revised Hilbert–Huang transform is proposed in this article. A method called local linear extrapolation is introduced to suppress end effects, and the combination of adding a high-frequency sinusoidal signal to, and embedding a decorrelation operator in, the process of EMD is introduced to eliminate mode mixing. In addition, the correlation coefficients between the analyzed signal and the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) are introduced to eliminate the undesired IMFs. Simulation results show that the improved HHT can effectively suppress end effects and mode mixing. To verify the effectiveness of the new HHT method with respect to fault diagnosis, the revised HHT is applied to analyze the vibration displacement signals in a rotor system collected under normal, rubbing, and misalignment conditions. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the revised HHT method is more reliable than the original with respect to fault diagnosis in a rotor system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Signal Processing, Data Science and the IoT World)

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17 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Adaptive Signal Processing Method Based on Enhanced Empirical Wavelet Transform Technology

by Huimin Zhao, Shaoyan Zuo, Ming Hou, Wei Liu, Ling Yu, Xinhua Yang and Wu Deng

Sensors 2018, 18(10), 3323; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103323 - 3 Oct 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 3930

Abstract

Empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is a novel adaptive signal decomposition method, whose main shortcoming is the fact that Fourier segmentation is strongly dependent on the local maxima of the amplitudes of the Fourier spectrum. An enhanced empirical wavelet transform (MSCEWT) based on maximum-minimum [...] Read more.

Empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is a novel adaptive signal decomposition method, whose main shortcoming is the fact that Fourier segmentation is strongly dependent on the local maxima of the amplitudes of the Fourier spectrum. An enhanced empirical wavelet transform (MSCEWT) based on maximum-minimum length curve method is proposed to realize fault diagnosis of motor bearings. The maximum-minimum length curve method transforms the original vibration signal spectrum to scale space in order to obtain a set of minimum length curves, and find the maximum length curve value in the set of the minimum length curve values for obtaining the number of the spectrum decomposition intervals. The MSCEWT method is used to decompose the vibration signal into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which are processed by Hilbert transform. Then the frequency of each component is extracted by power spectrum and compared with the theoretical value of motor bearing fault feature frequency in order to determine and obtain fault diagnosis result. In order to verify the effectiveness of the MSCEWT method for fault diagnosis, the actual motor bearing vibration signals are selected and the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) methods are selected for comparative analysis in here. The results show that the maximum-minimum length curve method can enhance EWT method and the MSCEWT method can solve the shortcomings of the Fourier spectrum segmentation and can effectively decompose the bearing vibration signal for obtaining less number of intrinsic mode function (IMF) components than the EMD and EEMD methods. It can effectively extract the fault feature frequency of the motor bearing and realize fault diagnosis. Therefore, the study provides a new method for fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Signal Processing, Data Science and the IoT World)

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