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Emerging Technologies for Gait Analysis and Improvement: Sports and Clinical Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Wearables".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 7625

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Teddy Caderby

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory IRISSE, EA 4075, Faculty of Human and Environment Sciences, University of La Réunion, 97430 La Réunion, France
Interests: biomechanics; gait; balance; locomotion; mobility impairments
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Nicolas Peyrot

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Movement Interactions Performance (MIP), 4334, Le Mans Université, F-72000 Le Mans, France
2. Laboratory IRISSE, EA 4075, Faculty of Human and Environment Sciences, University of La Réunion, 97430 La Réunion, France
Interests: biomechanics; gait; sport; locomotion; performance, training
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jean Slawinski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
EA 7370 Laboratoire SEP, INSEP, 75012 Paris, France
Interests: physiology; sport biomechanics; sports injuries; sports medicine; sport engineering; movement analysis; kinematic; sprint
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Eric Yiou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. CIAMS Laboratory, Université Paris-Saclay, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France
2. CIAMS Laboratory, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
Interests: posture; balance; movement; sport; rehabilitation; motor control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are delighted to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue of the Sensors journal, entitled “Emerging Technologies for Gait Analysis and Improvement: Sports and Clinical Applications”. 

Gait analysis refers to the study of human locomotion in a broad sense. Specifically, it consists of evaluating locomotor activity qualitatively and/or quantitatively from a more- or less-sophisticated instrumentation or simply by visual observation. Gait analysis has many applications, especially in the fields of rehabilitation and sports. In the rehabilitation field, gait analysis is classically employed to assess walking ability, identify gait abnormalities, and determine curative and preventive solutions. In sports, this approach is used to analyze athletic performance, identify the determinants of performance, predict the risk of injury and illness, and design interventions to optimize performance and prevent musculoskeletal injuries as well as sports illnesses. 

Recently, technological advances have fostered the development of wearable, easy-to-install, and non-intrusive technologies that offer exciting possibilities for gait assessment and improvement. The objective of this special issue is to present recent results regarding the development and application of these emerging technologies in clinical and sports settings. In particular, this Special Issue will report on various sensors for gait analysis, such as inertial measurement units, plantar pressure measurement systems, and video-based markerless technologies. In addition, this Special Issue will also cover wearable technologies for gait rehabilitation and augmentation (exoskeletons, peripheral neuromodulation systems, etc.). Authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts for publication in the following areas (but not limited to):

  • Development and application of novel technologies for gait assessment;
  • Wearable systems for gait training and augmentation;
  • Gait assistive technologies;
  • Innovative tools for gait analysis in sports;
  • Validation of video-based markerless technologies for gait analysis;
  • Tools and methods for continuous gait measurement in free-living conditions.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in IJERPH.

Dr. Teddy Caderby
Prof. Dr. Nicolas Peyrot
Dr. Jean Slawinski
Dr. Eric Yiou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • walking
  • running
  • assessment
  • monitoring
  • wearable sensor
  • wireless sensor
  • markerless technology
  • smart system
  • body-worn device
  • assistive device
  • sport
  • rehabilitation

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 466 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Reliability and Consistency of Treadmill Gait Analysis Using an RGB-D Camera: Effects of Assistance and No Assistance
by Yuichiro Hosoi, Takahiko Sato and Akinori Nagano
Sensors 2025, 25(2), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020451 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 583
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the intraday reliability of markerless gait analysis using an RGB-D camera versus a traditional three-dimensional motion analysis (3DMA) system with and without a simulated walking assistant. Gait assessments were conducted on 20 healthy adults walking on a treadmill [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the intraday reliability of markerless gait analysis using an RGB-D camera versus a traditional three-dimensional motion analysis (3DMA) system with and without a simulated walking assistant. Gait assessments were conducted on 20 healthy adults walking on a treadmill with a focus on spatiotemporal parameters gathered using the RGB-D camera and 3DMA system. The intraday reliability of the RGB-D camera was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 1, 1), while its consistency with the 3DMA system was determined using ICC (2, 1). The results demonstrated that the RGB-D camera provided high intraday reliability and showed strong consistency with 3DMA measurements regardless of the presence of an assistant. The Bland–Atman analysis indicated no significant systematic bias, with the minimum detectable change remaining within acceptable clinical ranges. These findings highlight the potential of the RGB-D camera for reliable markerless gait analysis in clinical environments in which walking assistance may be needed, thereby expanding its applicability in patients with various impairment degrees. Future research should validate these results in patient populations and explore their utility for measuring kinematic parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Gait Analysis and Improvement: Sports and Clinical Applications)
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11 pages, 1531 KiB  
Article
Kinematical and Physiological Responses of Overground Running Gait Pattern at Different Intensities
by Ana Sofia Monteiro, João Paulo Galano, Filipa Cardoso, Cosme F. Buzzachera, João Paulo Vilas-Boas and Ricardo J. Fernandes
Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7526; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237526 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 706
Abstract
Runners achieve forward locomotion through diverse techniques. However, understanding the behavior of the involved kinematical variables remains incomplete, particularly when running overground and along an intensity spectrum. We aimed to characterize the biomechanical and physiological adaptations while running at low, moderate, heavy and [...] Read more.
Runners achieve forward locomotion through diverse techniques. However, understanding the behavior of the involved kinematical variables remains incomplete, particularly when running overground and along an intensity spectrum. We aimed to characterize the biomechanical and physiological adaptations while running at low, moderate, heavy and severe intensities. Ten middle- and long-distance runners completed an incremental intermittent protocol of 800 m steps until exhaustion (1 km·h−1 velocity increments and 30 s intervals) on an outdoor track field. Biomechanical data were captured using two high-resolution video cameras, and linear and angular kinematic variables were analyzed. With the intensity rise, a decrease in stride, step and contact times ([0.70–0.65], [0.35–0.33] and [0.42–0.37] s) and an increase in stride length and frequency and flight time ([3.13–3.52] m, [1.43–1.52] Hz and [0.28–0.29] s; p < 0.05) were observed, together with an increase in oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentrations ([54.7–67.6] mL∙kg−1∙min−1 and [3.1–10.2] mmol∙L−1). A more flexed hip at initial contact and toe-off (152.02–149.36] and [165.70–163.64]) and knee at initial contact ([162.64–159.57]; p < 0.05) were also observed. A consistent gait pattern along each protocol step was exhibited, with minor changes without practical significance. Runners are constantly adapting their gait pattern, reflected in both biomechanical and physiological responses, both of which should be considered for better characterization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Gait Analysis and Improvement: Sports and Clinical Applications)
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11 pages, 3131 KiB  
Article
Kinematical Effects of a Mandibular Advancement Occlusal Splint on Running until Exhaustion at Severe Intensity
by Filipa Cardoso, Mário J. Costa, Manoel Rios, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, João Carlos Pinho, David B. Pyne and Ricardo J. Fernandes
Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6032; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186032 - 18 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1300
Abstract
The effects of occlusal splints on sport performance have already been studied, although their biomechanical impacts are often overlooked. We investigated the kinematical changes during running until exhaustion at severe intensity while wearing a mandibular advancement occlusal splint. Twelve trained runners completed (i) [...] Read more.
The effects of occlusal splints on sport performance have already been studied, although their biomechanical impacts are often overlooked. We investigated the kinematical changes during running until exhaustion at severe intensity while wearing a mandibular advancement occlusal splint. Twelve trained runners completed (i) an incremental protocol on a track to determine their velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen uptake and (ii) two trials of square wave transition exercises at their velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen until exhaustion, wearing two occlusal splints (without and with mandibular advancement). Running kinematics were compared within laps performed during the square wave transition exercises and between splint conditions. The mandibular advancement occlusal splint increased the running distance covered (~1663 ± 402 vs. 1540 ± 397 m, p = 0.03), along with a noticeable lap effect in decreasing stride frequency (p = 0.04) and increasing stride length (p = 0.03) and duty factor (p < 0.001). No spatiotemporal differences were observed between splints, except for improved balance foot contact times in the mandibular advancement condition. An increased knee flexion angle at initial contact (p = 0.017) was noted along laps in the non-advancement condition, despite the fact that no differences between splints were found. Running patterns mainly shifted within laps rather than between conditions, indicating that a mandibular advancement occlusal splint had a trivial kinematical effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Gait Analysis and Improvement: Sports and Clinical Applications)
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Other

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23 pages, 1321 KiB  
Systematic Review
Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation on Gait Characteristics in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review
by Thomas Aout, Mickael Begon, Baptiste Jegou, Nicolas Peyrot and Teddy Caderby
Sensors 2023, 23(21), 8684; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218684 - 24 Oct 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3604
Abstract
Background: This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on gait characteristics in healthy individuals. Methods: Six electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Epistemonikos, PEDro, COCHRANE Library, and Scopus) were searched for studies evaluating the effects [...] Read more.
Background: This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on gait characteristics in healthy individuals. Methods: Six electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Epistemonikos, PEDro, COCHRANE Library, and Scopus) were searched for studies evaluating the effects of FES on spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait parameters in healthy individuals. Two examiners evaluated the eligibility and quality of the included studies using the PEDro scale. Results: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings from the literature reveal that FES can be used to modify lower-limb joint kinematics, i.e., to increase or reduce the range of motion of the hip, knee, and ankle joints. In addition, FES can be used to alter kinetics parameters, including ground reaction forces, center of pressure trajectory, or knee joint reaction force. As a consequence of these kinetics and kinematics changes, FES can lead to changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters, such as gait speed, step cadence, and stance duration. Conclusions: The findings of this review improve our understanding of the effects of FES on gait biomechanics in healthy individuals and highlight the potential of this technology as a training or assistive solution for improving gait performance in this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Gait Analysis and Improvement: Sports and Clinical Applications)
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