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Wearable and Implantable Sensors in Medical Applications
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Wearable and Implantable Sensors in Medical Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 15662

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Salzitsa Anastasova-Ivanova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
Interests: wearable smart sensors; implantable smart sensors; smart chemical sensors; microfabrication; sensing; continuous monitoring; multi-analyte sensing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to publish new, innovative approaches and technological advancements in the area of wearable and implantable smart sensing. There is an urgent need for the development of rapid, accurate, and continuous monitoring for therapies and diagnostics. Technological advancements have led to the miniaturization of monitoring devices and power sources, which opens a whole new world for innovation and possibilities. Wearable and implantable technologies are contributing to a transformation of healthcare in terms of improving healthcare outcomes as well as real-time tracking and management. In this Issue we want to include wearable and implantable smart sensing technologies and sensors ranging from monitoring to prevention, as well as the fabrication processes involved in this new advanced field.

What are the opportunities and challenges in smart healthcare applications?

We want to discuss the technological challenges and possible solutions to overcome these difficulties. Approaches looking for the advantage of using and optimizing multiple sensors are welcomed.

Dr. Salzitsa Anastasova-Ivanova
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Wearable sensors
  • Implantable sensors
  • Medical applications
  • Digital health monitoring
  • Smart sensing
  • Biosensors
  • Electrochemical sensors
  • Pressure sensors
  • Chemical sensors
  • Printed sensors

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 10889 KiB  
Article
Integration of a Dielectrophoretic Tapered Aluminum Microelectrode Array with a Flow Focusing Technique
by Naqib Fuad Abd Rashid, Revathy Deivasigamani, M. F. Mohd Razip Wee, Azrul Azlan Hamzah and Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
Sensors 2021, 21(15), 4957; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21154957 - 21 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2585
Abstract
We present the integration of a flow focusing microfluidic device in a dielectrophoretic application that based on a tapered aluminum microelectrode array (TAMA). The characterization and optimization method of microfluidic geometry performs the hydrodynamic flow focusing on the channel. The sample fluids are [...] Read more.
We present the integration of a flow focusing microfluidic device in a dielectrophoretic application that based on a tapered aluminum microelectrode array (TAMA). The characterization and optimization method of microfluidic geometry performs the hydrodynamic flow focusing on the channel. The sample fluids are hydrodynamically focused into the region of interest (ROI) where the dielectrophoresis force (FDEP) is dominant. The device geometry is designed using 3D CAD software and fabricated using the micro-milling process combined with soft lithography using PDMS. The flow simulation is achieved using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 to study the effect of the flow rate ratio between the sample fluids (Q1) and the sheath fluids (Q2) toward the width of flow focusing. Five different flow rate ratios (Q1/Q2) are recorded in this experiment, which are 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0. The width of flow focusing is increased linearly with the flow rate ratio (Q1/Q2) for both the simulation and the experiment. At the highest flow rate ratio (Q1/Q2 = 1), the width of flow focusing is obtained at 638.66 µm and at the lowest flow rate ratio (Q1/Q2 = 0.2), the width of flow focusing is obtained at 226.03 µm. As a result, the flow focusing effect is able to reduce the dispersion of the particles in the microelectrode from 2000 µm to 226.03 µm toward the ROI. The significance of flow focusing on the separation of particles is studied using 10 and 1 µm polystyrene beads by applying a non-uniform electrical field to the TAMA at 10 VPP, 150 kHz. Ultimately, we are able to manipulate the trajectories of two different types of particles in the channel. For further validation, the focusing of 3.2 µm polystyrene beads within the dominant FDEP results in an enhanced manipulation efficiency from 20% to 80% in the ROI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable and Implantable Sensors in Medical Applications)
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27 pages, 5933 KiB  
Article
Dielectrophoresis Prototypic Polystyrene Particle Synchronization toward Alive Keratinocyte Cells for Rapid Chronic Wound Healing
by Revathy Deivasigamani, Nur Nasyifa Mohd Maidin, M. F. Mohd Razip Wee, Mohd Ambri Mohamed and Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
Sensors 2021, 21(9), 3007; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093007 - 25 Apr 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3008
Abstract
Diabetes patients are at risk of having chronic wounds, which would take months to years to resolve naturally. Chronic wounds can be countered using the electrical stimulation technique (EST) by dielectrophoresis (DEP), which is label-free, highly sensitive, and selective for particle trajectory. In [...] Read more.
Diabetes patients are at risk of having chronic wounds, which would take months to years to resolve naturally. Chronic wounds can be countered using the electrical stimulation technique (EST) by dielectrophoresis (DEP), which is label-free, highly sensitive, and selective for particle trajectory. In this study, we focus on the validation of polystyrene particles of 3.2 and 4.8 μm to predict the behavior of keratinocytes to estimate their crossover frequency (fXO) using the DEP force (FDEP) for particle manipulation. MyDEP is a piece of java-based stand-alone software used to consider the dielectric particle response to AC electric fields and analyzes the electrical properties of biological cells. The prototypic 3.2 and 4.8 μm polystyrene particles have fXO values from MyDEP of 425.02 and 275.37 kHz, respectively. Fibroblast cells were also subjected to numerical analysis because the interaction of keratinocytes and fibroblast cells is essential for wound healing. Consequently, the predicted fXO from the MyDEP plot for keratinocyte and fibroblast cells are 510.53 and 28.10 MHz, respectively. The finite element method (FEM) is utilized to compute the electric field intensity and particle trajectory based on DEP and drag forces. Moreover, the particle trajectories are quantified in a high and low conductive medium. To justify the simulation, further DEP experiments are carried out by applying a non-uniform electric field to a mixture of different sizes of polystyrene particles and keratinocyte cells, and these results are well agreed. The alive keratinocyte cells exhibit NDEP force in a highly conductive medium from 100 kHz to 25 MHz. 2D/3D motion analysis software (DIPP-MotionV) can also perform image analysis of keratinocyte cells and evaluate the average speed, acceleration, and trajectory position. The resultant NDEP force can align the keratinocyte cells in the wound site upon suitable applied frequency. Thus, MyDEP estimates the Clausius–Mossotti factors (CMF), FEM computes the cell trajectory, and the experimental results of prototypic polystyrene particles are well correlated and provide an optimistic response towards keratinocyte cells for rapid wound healing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable and Implantable Sensors in Medical Applications)
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Review

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28 pages, 13148 KiB  
Review
Review on Medical Implantable Antenna Technology and Imminent Research Challenges
by Md Mohiuddin Soliman, Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury, Amith Khandakar, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, Yazan Qiblawey, Farayi Musharavati and Erfan Zal Nezhad
Sensors 2021, 21(9), 3163; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093163 - 2 May 2021
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 9170
Abstract
Implantable antennas are mandatory to transfer data from implants to the external world wirelessly. Smart implants can be used to monitor and diagnose the medical conditions of the patient. The dispersion of the dielectric constant of the tissues and variability of organ structures [...] Read more.
Implantable antennas are mandatory to transfer data from implants to the external world wirelessly. Smart implants can be used to monitor and diagnose the medical conditions of the patient. The dispersion of the dielectric constant of the tissues and variability of organ structures of the human body absorb most of the antenna radiation. Consequently, implanting an antenna inside the human body is a very challenging task. The design of the antenna is required to fulfill several conditions, such as miniaturization of the antenna dimension, biocompatibility, the satisfaction of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and efficient radiation characteristics. The asymmetric hostile human body environment makes implant antenna technology even more challenging. This paper aims to summarize the recent implantable antenna technologies for medical applications and highlight the major research challenges. Also, it highlights the required technology and the frequency band, and the factors that can affect the radio frequency propagation through human body tissue. It includes a demonstration of a parametric literature investigation of the implantable antennas developed. Furthermore, fabrication and implantation methods of the antenna inside the human body are summarized elaborately. This extensive summary of the medical implantable antenna technology will help in understanding the prospects and challenges of this technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable and Implantable Sensors in Medical Applications)
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