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State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Spain 2019-2020
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State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Spain 2019-2020

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "State-of-the-Art Sensors Technologies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2020) | Viewed by 24035

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Jesús M. Corres

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Smart Cities, Universidad Publica de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
Interests: optical fiber sensors; sensors based on nanostructured materials; chemical sensors; gas sensors; biosensors; layer-by-layer nanoassembly
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Javier Goicoechea

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nanostructured Optical Devices Laboratory, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Public University of Navarra, Edif. Los Tejos, Campus Arrosadía S/N, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
Interests: advanced functional coatings; optical fiber sensors; chemical sensors; layer-by-layer nanoassembly; nanoparticles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pedro J. Rivero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Engineering Department, Public University of Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
Interests: optical fiber sensors; sensors based on nanostructured functional coatings; wet chemistry techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive view of the state-of-the-art sensor technology Spain. Research articles and reviews are solicited that provide a comprehensive insight into this research field in Spain, presenting and discussing any aspect of sensor development and novel applications. Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

  • Internet of Things
  • Sensor networks
  • Physical sensors
  • Sensor materials
  • Biosensors
  • Chemical sensors
  • Remote sensors, control, and telemetry
  • Optical sensors
  • Intelligent sensors

Dr. Jesús M. Corres
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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17 pages, 8632 KiB  
Article
Measuring Sensors Calibration in Worm Gear Rolling Testers
by Marcos Pueo, Raquel Acero, Ángel Gracia and Jorge Santolaria
Sensors 2020, 20(11), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113148 - 2 Jun 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4402
Abstract
The ISO standard regulating gear-rolling measurement does not specify in detail the calibration and verification procedures for this type of equipment. This may be one of the reasons for the lack of reproducibility in these rolling tests. The uncertainty budget method, which is [...] Read more.
The ISO standard regulating gear-rolling measurement does not specify in detail the calibration and verification procedures for this type of equipment. This may be one of the reasons for the lack of reproducibility in these rolling tests. The uncertainty budget method, which is the most appropriate way to know the accuracy of this dynamic measurement, shows that the measuring sensors’ accuracy is only a part of the total measurement process uncertainty. In this work, a new calibration and verification procedure for a worm gear rolling tester is presented, based on machine tool, coordinate measuring machine and gear measuring instruments’ calibration techniques. After compensating numerically for the measuring instruments, it has been evaluated how the error components of each movement affect the meshing point, a fundamental factor to ensure a good gear transmission. The study shows that there are unintentional position variations, not detected by the measuring sensors, that have to be identified and quantified in the calibration for their later inclusion in the uncertainty budget. In this way, the measurement uncertainty could be reduced, and thus improve the reproducibility of these testers, as a preliminary stage to the development of optimized rolling measurement equipment to solve current limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Spain 2019-2020)
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19 pages, 9697 KiB  
Article
Smart-Sensor for the Automatic Detection of Electromechanical Faults in Induction Motors Based on the Transient Stray Flux Analysis
by Israel Zamudio-Ramírez, Roque Alfredo Osornio-Ríos, Jose Alfonso Antonino-Daviu and Alfredo Quijano-Lopez
Sensors 2020, 20(5), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051477 - 8 Mar 2020
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5022
Abstract
Induction motors are essential and widely used components in many industrial processes. Although these machines are very robust, they are prone to fail. Nowadays, it is a paramount task to obtain a reliable and accurate diagnosis of the electric motor health, so that [...] Read more.
Induction motors are essential and widely used components in many industrial processes. Although these machines are very robust, they are prone to fail. Nowadays, it is a paramount task to obtain a reliable and accurate diagnosis of the electric motor health, so that a subsequent reduction of the required time and repairing costs can be achieved. The most common approaches to accomplish this task are based on the analysis of currents, which has some well-known drawbacks that may lead to false diagnosis. With the new developments in the technology of the sensors and signal processing field, the possibility of combining the information obtained from the analysis of different magnitudes should be explored, in order to achieve more reliable diagnostic conclusions, before the fault can develop into an irreversible damage. This paper proposes a smart-sensor that explores the weighted analysis of the axial, radial, and combination of both stray fluxes captured by a low-cost, easy setup, non-invasive, and compact triaxial stray flux sensor during the start-up transient through the short time Fourier transform (STFT) and characterizes specific patterns appearing on them using statistical parameters that feed a feature reduction linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and then a feed-forward neural network (FFNN) for classification purposes, opening the possibility of offering an on-site automatic fault diagnosis scheme. The obtained results show that the proposed smart-sensor is efficient for monitoring and diagnosing early induction motor electromechanical faults. This is validated with a laboratory induction motor test bench for individual and combined broken rotor bars and misalignment faults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Spain 2019-2020)
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12 pages, 1211 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Different Commercial Conducting Materials as Ion-to-Electron Transducer Layers in Low-Cost Selective Solid-Contact Electrodes
by C. Ocaña, M. Muñoz-Correas, N. Abramova and A. Bratov
Sensors 2020, 20(5), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051348 - 29 Feb 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4490
Abstract
Simple, robust, sensitive and low-cost all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes (SCISEs) are of interest in different fields, such as medicine, veterinary, water treatment, food control, environmental and pollution monitoring, security, etc. as a replacement for traditional ion-selective electrodes with liquid inner contact. In spite of [...] Read more.
Simple, robust, sensitive and low-cost all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes (SCISEs) are of interest in different fields, such as medicine, veterinary, water treatment, food control, environmental and pollution monitoring, security, etc. as a replacement for traditional ion-selective electrodes with liquid inner contact. In spite of their potential advantages, SCISEs remain mainly in the research laboratories. With the motivation of developing simple and low-cost SCISEs with possible commercial applications, we report a comparison study of six different commercial conducting materials, namely, polypyrrole-block-polycaprolactone (PPy-b-PCaprol), graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) ink, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polyethylenglycol (PEDOT:PEG), high conductivity PEDOT:PSS, polyethylenimine (PEI) with PEDOT:PSS for their possible use as ion-to-electron transducer in polyurethane based pH-SCISEs. Among all studied pH-SCISES, PEDOT:PEG based electrodes exhibited the best results in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility and lifetime. Finally, these sensors were tested in different real samples showing good accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Spain 2019-2020)
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13 pages, 3263 KiB  
Article
A New Application of Internet of Things and Cloud Services in Analytical Chemistry: Determination of Bicarbonate in Water
by J. V. Capella, Alberto Bonastre, Rafael Ors and Miguel Peris
Sensors 2019, 19(24), 5528; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245528 - 14 Dec 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2999
Abstract
In a constantly evolving world, new technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud-based services offer great opportunities in many fields. In this paper we propose a new approach to the development of smart sensors using IoT and cloud computing, which open [...] Read more.
In a constantly evolving world, new technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud-based services offer great opportunities in many fields. In this paper we propose a new approach to the development of smart sensors using IoT and cloud computing, which open new interesting possibilities in analytical chemistry. According to IoT philosophy, these new sensors are able to integrate the generated data on the existing IoT platforms, so that information may be used whenever needed. Furthermore, the utilization of these technologies permits one to obtain sensors with significantly enhanced features using the information available in the cloud. To validate our new approach, a bicarbonate IoT-based smart sensor has been developed. A classical CO2 ion selective electrode (ISE) utilizes the pH information retrieved from the cloud and then provides an indirect measurement of bicarbonate concentration, which is offered to the cloud. The experimental data obtained are compared to those yielded by three other classical ISEs, with satisfactory results being achieved in most instances. Additionally, this methodology leads to lower-consumption, low-cost bicarbonate sensors capable of being employed within an IoT application, for instance in the continuous monitoring of HCO3− in rivers. Most importantly, this innovative application field of IoT and cloud approaches can be clearly perceived as an indicator for future developments over the short-term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Spain 2019-2020)
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16 pages, 4640 KiB  
Article
Self-Referenced Optical Fiber Sensor for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection Based on LSPR of Metallic Nanoparticles in Layer-by-Layer Films
by Javier Goicoechea, Pedro J. Rivero, Samuel Sada and Francisco J. Arregui
Sensors 2019, 19(18), 3872; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183872 - 7 Sep 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3928
Abstract
Intensity-based optical fiber sensors are one of the most studied sensor approaches thanks to their simplicity and low cost. Nevertheless, their main issue is their lack of robustness since any light source fluctuation, or unexpected optical setup variation is directly transferred to the [...] Read more.
Intensity-based optical fiber sensors are one of the most studied sensor approaches thanks to their simplicity and low cost. Nevertheless, their main issue is their lack of robustness since any light source fluctuation, or unexpected optical setup variation is directly transferred to the output signal, which, significantly reduces their reliability. In this work, a simple and robust hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) optical fiber sensor is proposed based on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) sensitivity of silver and gold metallic nanoparticles. The precise and robust detection of H2O2 concentrations in the ppm range is very interesting for the scientific community, as it is a pathological precursor in a wide variety of damage mechanisms where its presence can be used to diagnose important diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, asthma, or even Alzheimer’s disease). In this work, the sensing principle is based the oxidation of the silver nanoparticles due the action of the hydrogen peroxide, and consequently the reduction of the efficiency of the plasmonic coupling. At the same time, gold nanoparticles show a high chemical stability, and therefore provide a stable LSPR absorption band. This provides a stable real-time reference that can be extracted from the spectral response of the optical fiber sensor, giving a reliable reading of the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Spain 2019-2020)
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12 pages, 1075 KiB  
Letter
A 900 μm2 BiCMOS Temperature Sensor for Dynamic Thermal Management
by Hernán Aparicio and Pablo Ituero
Sensors 2020, 20(13), 3725; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20133725 - 3 Jul 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
The extreme miniaturization of electronic technologies has turned varying and unpredictable temperatures into a first-class concern for high performance processors which mitigate the problem employing dynamic thermal managements control systems. In order to monitor the thermal profile of the chip, these systems require [...] Read more.
The extreme miniaturization of electronic technologies has turned varying and unpredictable temperatures into a first-class concern for high performance processors which mitigate the problem employing dynamic thermal managements control systems. In order to monitor the thermal profile of the chip, these systems require a collection of on-chip temperature sensors with strict demands in terms of area and power overhead. This paper introduces a sensor topology specially tailored for these requirements. Targeting the 40 nm CMOS technology node, the proposed sensor uses both bipolar and CMOS transistors, benefiting from the stable thermal characteristics of the former and the compactness and speed of the latter. The sensor has been fully characterized through extensive post-layout simulations for a temperature range of 0 ∘ C to 100 ∘ C , achieving a maximum error of ±0.9 ∘ C / considering 3 σ yield and a resolution of 0.5 ∘ C . The area—900 μ m 2 , energy per conversion—1.06 nJ, and sampling period—2 μ s, are very competitive compared to previous works in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Spain 2019-2020)
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