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Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensor Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 33959

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Prof. Dr. Galina V. Kurlyandskaya

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Department of Magnetism and Magnetic Nanomaterials, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620083, Russia
Interests: magnetism; magnetic materials; magnetic sensors; magnetic biosensors; magnetoresistance; magnetoimpedance; magnetic nanoparticles; magnetic multilayers; ferrofluids; ferrogels; microwave absorption; teaching magnetism
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Dear Colleagues,

Present-day sensor devices are representative of the multidisciplinary approach of science and technology. The list of related research (nanosensors, biosensors, physical and chemical, intelligent, remote, optical, electronic sensors, Internet of Things, communications, fault diagnosis, etc.) is growing every day, and public requests become more and more demanding. As such, sensor materials become more and more important, elaborate, and sophisticated, from multilayered structures to magnetic polymer composites and structured soft matter. However, the most common image of modern sensor material can be described as a composite. There are different types of effects capable of creating magnetic sensors for electronic applications, communications, automatic control, biology, medicine, etc. One of the main goals of their efficient development is to create a new generation of sensor material. In this Special Issue, we will consider both materials and devices with magnetic nanoparticles and materials and devices for magnetic nanoparticle detection and evaluation of their concentration, distribution, and contribution to the other physical properties of composites. Short communications, research papers, and review articles are very welcome. We would appreciate receiving the tentative title of your contribution in advance.

Prof. Dr. Galina V. Kurlyandskaya
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Sensors to detect magnetic nanoparticles;

Magnetic nanoparticles in sensor materials;

Nanostructured magnetic materials and composites;

Magnetic biosensors for magnetic label detection;

Ferrofluids;

Ferrogels;

Biocomposites with magnetic nanoparticles;

Magnetic soft matter

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 16696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Characterization of FeNi-Based Films for the Development of Magnetic Field Sensors with Tailored Functional Parameters

by Sergey V. Komogortsev, Irina G. Vazhenina, Sofya A. Kleshnina, Rauf S. Iskhakov, Vladimir N. Lepalovskij, Anna A. Pasynkova and Andrey V. Svalov

Sensors 2022, 22(9), 3324; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093324 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3078

Abstract

Magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance are used to quantitatively study magnetic anisotropy with an easy axis both in the film plane and perpendicular to it. In the study of single-layer and multilayer permalloy films, it is demonstrated that these methods make it possible not only to investigate the average field of perpendicular and in-plane anisotropy, but also to characterize their inhomogeneity. It is shown that the quantitative data from direct integral and local measurements of magnetic anisotropy are consistent with the direct and indirect estimates based on processing of the magnetization curves. The possibility of estimating the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy constant from the width of stripe domains in a film in the transcritical state is demonstrated. The average in-plane magnetic anisotropy field of permalloy films prepared by magnetron sputtering onto a Corning glass is almost unchanged with the thickness of a single-layer film. The inhomogeneity of the perpendicular anisotropy field for a 500 nm film is greater than that for a 100 nm film, and for a multilayer film with a total permalloy thickness of 500 nm, it is greater than that for a homogeneous film of the same thickness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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18 pages, 6444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Uniform Magnetic Field Generator Combined with a Thin-Film Magneto-Impedance Sensor Capable of Human Body Scans

by Tomoo Nakai

Sensors 2022, 22(9), 3120; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093120 - 19 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2544

Abstract

A detection system for magnetic inclusions of large bulk, such as that of a whole human body, is proposed in this paper. The system consists of both a uniform magnetic field generating apparatus capable of the insertion of a whole human body and also of a high-sensitivity magnetic sensor array installed in the strong magnetic field. The system can detect the magnetic inclusion simultaneously through its magnetization, which is advantageous for detecting low-remanence magnetic materials, such as a cluster of nanoparticles. The thin-film magneto-impedance sensor was reported to be capable of tolerating strong magnetic fields of more than 3000 Gauss (0.3 T) in the substrate’s normal direction and can retain its sensitivity even in strong fields. Through a combination of both uniformity of strength and the placement of its directionally aligned, static magnetic field in a particular measurement area and its array of single-dimensional thin-film magneto-impedance sensors, it was reported that it can estimate a magnetic sample’s 3D position by using a simple equation. The aim of the system developed in this study is to nondestructively detect a cluster of magnetic nanoparticles in a human body and also to detect the position and the concentration of the clustered magnetic particles. In this paper, a prototype system consisting of a magnetic field generator with an area of W500 mm × L400 mm × H210 mm and a uniform magnetic field of 370 Gauss (37 mT) is reported. It also reported that the thin-film magneto-impedance sensor installed in the system verified the detection of 2 mm × 1 mm small ellipsoidal magnetic chips at a distance of 27 mm from the sensor element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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12 pages, 4356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Size Dependence of Microwave Permeability of Hollow Iron Particles

by Anastasia V. Artemova, Sergey S. Maklakov, Alexey V. Osipov, Dmitriy A. Petrov, Artem O. Shiryaev, Konstantin N. Rozanov and Andrey N. Lagarkov

Sensors 2022, 22(8), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22083086 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2204

Abstract

Hollow ferromagnetic powders of iron were obtained by means of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. A variation in the conditions of the synthesis allows for the adjustment of the mean size of the hollow iron particles. Iron powders were obtained by this technique, starting from the aqueous solution of iron nitrate of two different concentrations: 10 and 20 wt.%. This was followed by a reduction in hydrogen. An increase in the concentration of the solution increased the mean particle size from 0.6 to 1.0 microns and widened particle size distribution, but still produced hollow particles. Larger particles appeared problematic for the reduction, although admixture of iron oxides did not decrease the microwave permeability of the material. The paraffin wax-based composites filled with obtained powders demonstrated broadband magnetic loss with a complex structure for lesser particles, and single-peak absorption for particles of 1 micron. Potential applications are 5G technology, electromagnetic compatibility designs, and magnetic field sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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14 pages, 2974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Temperature on Microwave Permeability of an Air-Stable Composite Filled with Gadolinium Powder

by Sergey N. Starostenko, Dmitriy A. Petrov, Konstantin N. Rozanov, Artem O. Shiryaev and Svetlana F. Lomaeva

Sensors 2022, 22(8), 3005; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22083005 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

A composite containing about 30% volume of micrometer-size powder of gadolinium in paraffin wax is synthesized mechanochemically. The composite permittivity and permeability are measured within the frequency range from 0.01 to 15 GHz and the temperature range from ~0 °C to 35 °C. The permittivity is constant within the measured ranges. Curie temperature of the composite is close to 15.5 °C, the phase transition is shown to take place within a temperature range about ±10 °C. The effect of temperature deviation from Curie point on reflection and transmission of a composite layer filled with Gd powder is studied experimentally and via simulation. Constitutive parameters of the composite are measured in cooled coaxial lines applying reflection-transmission and open-circuit-short-circuit techniques, and the measured low-frequency permeability is in agreement with the values retrieved from the published magnetization curves. The effect of temperature on permeability spectrum of the composite is described in terms of cluster magnetization model based on the Wiener mixing formula. The model is applied to design a microwave screen with variable attenuation; the reflectivity attenuation of 4.5 mm-thick screen increases from about −2 dB to −20 dB at 3.5 GHz if the temperature decreases from 25 °C to 5 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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17 pages, 3865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adhesive and Magnetic Properties of Polyvinyl Butyral Composites with Embedded Metallic Nanoparticles

by Tatyana V. Terziyan, Alexander P. Safronov, Igor V. Beketov, Anatoly I. Medvedev, Sergio Fernandez Armas and Galina V. Kurlyandskaya

Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8311; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248311 - 12 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3220

Abstract

Magnetic metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) of Ni, Ni82Fe18, Ni50Fe50, Ni64Fe36, and Fe were prepared by the technique of the electrical explosion of metal wire. The average size of the MNPs of all types was in the interval of 50 to 100 nm. Magnetic polymeric composites based on polyvinyl butyral with embedded metal MNPs were synthesized and their structural, adhesive, and magnetic properties were comparatively analyzed. The interaction of polyvinyl butyral (supplied as commercial GE cryogenic varnish) with metal MNPs was studied by microcalorimetry. The enthalpy of adhesion was also evaluated. The positive values of the enthalpy of interaction with GE increase in the series Ni82Fe18, Ni64Fe36, Ni50Fe50, and Fe. Interaction of Ni MNPs with GE polymer showed the negative change in the enthalpy. No interfacial adhesion of GE polymer to the surface of Fe and permalloy MNPs in composites was observed. The enthalpy of interaction with GE polymer was close to zero for Ni95Fe5 composite. Structural characterization of the GE/Ni composites with the MNPs with the lowest saturation magnetization confirmed that they tended to be aggregated even for the materials with lowest MNPs concentrations due to magnetic interaction between permalloy MNPs. In the case of GE composites with Ni MNPs, a favorable adhesion of GE polymer to the surface of MNPs was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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14 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of the Substrate Crystallinity on Morphological and Magnetic Properties of Fe₇₀Pd₃₀ Nanoparticles Obtained by the Solid-State Dewetting

by Gabriele Barrera, Federica Celegato, Matteo Cialone, Marco Coïsson, Paola Rizzi and Paola Tiberto

Sensors 2021, 21(21), 7420; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217420 - 8 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2367

Abstract

Advances in nanofabrication techniques are undoubtedly needed to obtain nanostructured magnetic materials with physical and chemical properties matching the pressing and relentless technological demands of sensors. Solid-state dewetting is known to be a low-cost and “top-down” nanofabrication technique able to induce a controlled [...] Read more.

_{70}

_{30}

thin film with 30 nm thickness is deposited by the co-sputtering technique on a monocrystalline (MgO) or amorphous (Si

_{3}

_{4}

) substrate and, subsequently, annealed to promote the dewetting process. The different substrate properties are able to tune the activation thermal energy of the dewetting process, which can be tuned by depositing on substrates with different microstructures. In this way, it is possible to tailor the final morphology of FePd nanoparticles as observed by advanced microscopy techniques (SEM and AFM). The average size and height of the nanoparticles are in the ranges 150–300 nm and 150–200 nm, respectively. Moreover, the induced spatial confinement of magnetic materials in almost-spherical nanoparticles strongly affects the magnetic properties as observed by in-plane and out-of-plane hysteresis loops. Magnetization reversal in dewetted FePd nanoparticles is mainly characterized by a rotational mechanism leading to a slower approach to saturation and smaller value of the magnetic susceptibility than the as-deposited thin film. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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14 pages, 2699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetoimpedance of CoFeCrSiB Ribbon-Based Sensitive Element with FeNi Covering: Experiment and Modeling

by Stanislav O. Volchkov, Anna A. Pasynkova, Michael S. Derevyanko, Dmitry A. Bukreev, Nikita V. Kozlov, Andrey V. Svalov and Alexander V. Semirov

Sensors 2021, 21(20), 6728; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206728 - 10 Oct 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2455

Abstract

Soft magnetic materials are widely requested in electronic and biomedical applications. Co-based amorphous ribbons are materials which combine high value of the magnetoimpedance effect (MI), high sensitivity with respect to the applied magnetic field, good corrosion stability in aggressive environments, and reasonably low price. Functional properties of ribbon-based sensitive elements can be modified by deposition of additional magnetic and non-ferromagnetic layers with required conductivity. Such layers can play different roles. In the case of magnetic biosensors for magnetic label detection, they can provide the best conditions for self-assembling processes in biological experiments. In this work, magnetic properties and MI effect were studied for the cases of rapidly quenched Co₆₇Fe₃Cr₃Si₁₅B₁₂ amorphous ribbons and magnetic Fe₂₀Ni₈₀/Co₆₇Fe₃Cr₃Si₁₅B₁₂/Fe₂₀Ni₈₀ composites obtained by deposition of Fe₂₀Ni₈₀ 1 μm thick films onto both sides of the ribbons by magnetron sputtering technique. Their comparative analysis was used for finite element computer simulations of MI responses with different types of magnetic and conductive coatings. The obtained results can be useful for the design of MI sensor development, including MI biosensors for magnetic label detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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12 pages, 1062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Directional Field-Dependence of Magnetoimpedance Effect on Integrated YIG/Pt-Stripline System

by Arthur L. R. Souza, Matheus Gamino, Armando Ferreira, Alexandre B. de Oliveira, Filipe Vaz, Felipe Bohn and Marcio A. Correa

Sensors 2021, 21(18), 6145; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186145 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2199

Abstract

We investigated the magnetization dynamics through the magnetoimpedance effect in an integrated YIG/Pt-stripline system in the frequency range of 0.5 up to 2.0 GHz. Specifically, we explore the dependence of the dynamic magnetic behavior on the field orientation by analyzing beyond the traditional longitudinal magnetoimpedance effect of the transverse and perpendicular setups. We disclose here the strong dependence of the effective damping parameter on the field orientation, as well as verification of the very-low damping parameter values for the longitudinal and transverse configurations. We find considerable sensitivity results, bringing to light the facilities to integrate ferrimagnetic insulators in current and future technological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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13 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model for the Magnetoimpedance Effect in Non-Symmetric Nanostructured Multilayered Films with Ferrogel Coverings

by Nikita A. Buznikov and Galina V. Kurlyandskaya

Sensors 2021, 21(15), 5151; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21155151 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2311

Abstract

Magnetoimpedance (MI) biosensors for the detection of in-tissue incorporated magnetic nanoparticles are a subject of special interest. The possibility of the detection of the ferrogel samples mimicking the natural tissues with nanoparticles was proven previously for symmetric MI thin-film multilayers. In this work, in order to describe the MI effect in non-symmetric multilayered elements covered by ferrogel layer we propose an electromagnetic model based on a solution of the 4Maxwell equations. The approach is based on the previous calculations of the distribution of electromagnetic fields in the non-symmetric multilayers further developed for the case of the ferrogel covering. The role of the asymmetry of the film on the MI response of the multilayer–ferrogel structure is analyzed in the details. The MI field and frequency dependences, the concentration dependences of the MI for fixed frequencies and the frequency dependence of the concentration sensitivities are obtained for the detection process by both symmetric and non-symmetric MI structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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14 pages, 3706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deposition of a SiO₂ Shell of Variable Thickness and Chemical Composition to Carbonyl Iron: Synthesis and Microwave Measurements

by Arthur V. Dolmatov, Sergey S. Maklakov, Polina A. Zezyulina, Alexey V. Osipov, Dmitry A. Petrov, Andrey S. Naboko, Viktor I. Polozov, Sergey A. Maklakov, Sergey N. Starostenko and Andrey N. Lagarkov

Sensors 2021, 21(14), 4624; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144624 - 6 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2361

Abstract

Protective SiO₂ coating deposited to iron microparticles is highly demanded both for the chemical and magnetic performance of the latter. Hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane is the crucial method for SiO₂ deposition from a solution. The capabilities of this technique have not been thoroughly studied yet. Here, two factors were tested to affect the chemical composition and the thickness of the SiO₂ shell. It was found that an increase in the hydrolysis reaction time thickened the SiO₂ shell from 100 to 200 nm. Moreover, a decrease in the acidity of the reaction mixture not only thickened the shell but also varied the chemical composition from SiO_3.0 to SiO_8.6. The thickness and composition of the dielectric layer were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Microwave permeability and permittivity of the SiO₂-coated iron particles mixed with a paraffin wax matrix were measured by the coaxial line technique. An increase in thickness of the silica layer decreased the real quasi-static permittivity. The changes observed were shown to agree with the Maxwell Garnett effective medium theory. The new method developed to fine-tune the chemical properties of the protective SiO₂ shell may be helpful for new magnetic biosensor designs as it allows for biocompatibility adjustment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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17 pages, 36125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetoimpedance Thin Film Sensor for Detecting of Stray Fields of Magnetic Particles in Blood Vessel

by Grigory Yu. Melnikov, Vladimir N. Lepalovskij, Andrey V. Svalov, Alexander P. Safronov and Galina V. Kurlyandskaya

Sensors 2021, 21(11), 3621; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113621 - 22 May 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3982

Abstract

Multilayered [FeNi (100 nm)/Cu (3 nm)]₅/Cu (500 nm)/[Cu (3 nm)/[FeNi (100 nm)]₅ structures were used as sensitive elements of the magnetoimpedance (MI) sensor prototype for model experiments of the detection of magnetic particles in blood vessel. Non-ferromagnetic cylindrical polymer rod with a small magnetic inclusion was used as a sample mimicking thrombus in a blood vessel. The polymer rod was made of epoxy resin with an inclusion of an epoxy composite containing 30% weight fraction of commercial magnetite microparticles. The position of the magnetic inclusion mimicking thrombus in the blood vessel was detected by the measurements of the stray magnetic fields of microparticles using MI element. Changes of the MI ratio in the presence of composite can be characterized by the shift and the decrease of the maximum value of the MI. We were able to detect the position of the magnetic composite sample mimicking thrombus in blood vessels. Comsol modeling was successfully used for the analysis of the obtained experimental results and the understanding of the origin the MI sensitivity in proposed configuration. We describe possible applications of studied configuration of MI detection for biomedical applications in the field of thrombus state evaluation and therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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16 pages, 13591 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnetic Nanowires for Nanobarcoding and Beyond

by Mohammad Reza Zamani Kouhpanji and Bethanie J. H. Stadler

Sensors 2021, 21(13), 4573; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21134573 - 3 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2692

Abstract

Multifunctional magnetic nanowires (MNWs) have been studied intensively over the last decades, in diverse applications. Numerous MNW-based systems have been introduced, initially for fundamental studies and later for sensing applications such as biolabeling and nanobarcoding. Remote sensing of MNWs for authentication and/or anti-counterfeiting is not only limited to engineering their properties, but also requires reliable sensing and decoding platforms. We review the latest progress in designing MNWs that have been, and are being, introduced as nanobarcodes, along with the pros and cons of the proposed sensing and decoding methods. Based on our review, we determine fundamental challenges and suggest future directions for research that will unleash the full potential of MNWs for nanobarcoding applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Biosensors Related to Magnetic Nanoparticles)

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