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Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking
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Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking

A special issue of Social Sciences (ISSN 2076-0760). This special issue belongs to the section "Childhood and Youth Studies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 July 2024) | Viewed by 12864

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Charles E. Hounmenou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
Interests: human trafficking; child trafficking; child welfare; community policing, and human rights of detainees
Prof. Dr. Arun Kumar Acharya

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Anthropology, Sambalpur University, Burla 768019, Odisha, India
Interests: gender; violence; reproductive health, migration and human trafficking; tribal studies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are announcing a special issue titled “Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking” to be published in Social Sciences. The special issue aims to develop a distinctive body of knowledge on current and emergent aspects of child trafficking insufficiently covered in the literature.

Child trafficking is about preying on vulnerable children for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation of children includes the use, procuring, or offering of a child for commercial sex or illicit activities; labor that is likely to harm the health and safety of children; and work done by children below the minimum age for admission to employment (ILO/IPEC, 2010).

Family facilitation of child sex trafficking, child cybersex trafficking, child trafficking for begging, grooming children into becoming traffickers, and the connection between child marriage and child sex trafficking, are a sample of child trafficking concerns that often receive tokenistic coverage in the literature and are scattered in various journal publications. There is also insufficient knowledge on other child trafficking issues such as the growing phenomenon of voluntourism as connected with child sexual exploitation, sociocultural dimensions of sexual exploitation of boys, and the overlooking of child pornography as commercial sexual exploitation. Thus, it is important to have a special journal issue where research on these current and emerging issues of child trafficking is comprehensively analyzed and discussed.

Potential topics for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Policy and service responses to child cybersex trafficking;
  • Family-involved child prostitution;
  • Sex tourism, voluntourism, and commercial sexual exploitation of children;
  • Education as a risk or protective factor in child sex trafficking;
  • Connection between child marriage and sex trafficking of minors;
  • Sociocultural dimensions of child trafficking;
  • Profile of offenders in commercial sexual exploitation of boys and LGBTQ+ youth;
  • Child pornography, an overlooked form of commercial sexual exploitation of children;
  • Child labor vs. child labor trafficking;
  • Child trafficking for forced begging;
  • Child trafficking for domestic work;
  • Grooming children into becoming traffickers;
  • Child sex trafficking victims' challenges in terms of access to available services and programs;
  • Vicarious trauma among law enforcement investigating child pornography;
  • Child trafficking in conflict and humanitarian situations.

We invite you to submit to this Special Issue your manuscript(s) discussing findings from research, program evaluations, and systematic reviews on overlooked child trafficking issues that you believe call for more attention in mainstream literature. We would also appreciate your recommending this Special Issue to your colleagues.

Please submit your proposals (including a tentative title and 200–400 words abstract and a list of 5–10 keywords) and any questions to Dr. Charles E. Hounmenou <[email protected]> by 28 February 2024.

Dr. Charles E. Hounmenou
Prof. Dr. Arun Kumar Acharya
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Social Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • child trafficking
  • child labor
  • exploitation
  • sex trafficking
  • vulnerable children

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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24 pages, 342 KiB  
Article
Child Trafficking and Recruitment in Armed Conflicts: Exploring the Worst Forms of Child Labour from a Colombian Perspective
by Izabela Zonato Villas Boas, Milena Libralon Kosaki Ponchio and Gianpaolo Poggio Smanio
Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14020085 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
This article examines the relationship between human trafficking and the recruitment of children in armed conflicts, with a focus on Colombia as a case study representative of Latin America. Drawing on global data from the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons and local [...] Read more.
This article examines the relationship between human trafficking and the recruitment of children in armed conflicts, with a focus on Colombia as a case study representative of Latin America. Drawing on global data from the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons and local reports, the study highlights the convergence of “child trafficking” and “child recruitment” in conflict regions, framing these practices as severe violations of children’s rights and some of the worst forms of child labour. Employing an inductive method and documentary analysis, the research identifies key socioeconomic and political drivers of these practices in Colombia, emphasising their broader impact on Latin American society. The findings underscore the need for integrated international and local efforts to address the vulnerabilities of children in conflict settings and propose strategies for mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking)
21 pages, 318 KiB  
Article
Child-Centered Anti-Trafficking Approaches in Mediterranean Migration Routes: Italy and Turkey
by Ezgi Yaman Kennedy
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(12), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13120700 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 3140
Abstract
Introduction: Child trafficking is a clear violation of human rights, robbing minors of their fundamental entitlements. These encompass the right to personal identity, familial bonds, cultural heritage, access to healthcare and proper nourishment, education, freedom of speech, and the assurance of safety and [...] Read more.
Introduction: Child trafficking is a clear violation of human rights, robbing minors of their fundamental entitlements. These encompass the right to personal identity, familial bonds, cultural heritage, access to healthcare and proper nourishment, education, freedom of speech, and the assurance of safety and security. Children and young people, given their inherent vulnerability and limited access to support networks, frequently struggle to safeguard themselves effectively. This predicament presents traffickers with opportunities to exploit and manipulate them. Therefore, it is essential for professionals across various sectors—including education, healthcare, protective and social services, as well as the justice system—to undergo comprehensive training and be integrated into a robust social protection system. This preparation should equip them to conduct screenings, accurately assess needs, and adhere to international guidelines when addressing cases of child trafficking. Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the child-centered anti-trafficking approaches employed by Italy and Turkey, situated along migration pathways in the Mediterranean region and experiencing significant regular and irregular migration flows in recent years. Both nations fall within the classification of southern European welfare regimes. Methodology: This research specifically delves into the social protection policies aimed at children and young victims established by these two countries. Carried out between 1 February 2020 and 20 May 2021, this study employed a semi-structured interview approach, conducting qualitative in-depth interviews in both Italy and Turkey. This research targeted experts from various disciplines engaged in combating human trafficking in both countries, with a total sample size of 46 participants, comprising 15 experts from Italy and 31 from Turkey. Grounded theory formed the basis of the study, with data analyzed using the MAXQDA 2020 Pro Analytics program, employing a multidisciplinary and empowerment approach. Results: The analysis yielded 2942 codes, 17 sub-themes, and four main themes. The study identified four main themes: (i) characteristics of child victims and vulnerable child groups, (ii) services provided to at-risk groups and child trafficking victims within the current national counter-trafficking framework, (iii) challenges encountered in delivering services to children and young individuals, and (iv) recommendations for establishing an effective and child-centered protection system. Discussion and Conclusion: It is imperative to ensure that victims of child trafficking have access to comprehensive social protection measures. It has been noted that both Italy and Turkey offer various services to victims of child trafficking, including in-kind and -cash social assistance, free legal aid, shelter services, access to education and healthcare, as well as prevention, awareness, and advocacy programs. However, there are also differences between the two countries in certain aspects. Recommendations aimed at addressing these differences can be developed by adhering to the minimum standards outlined in the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking)
14 pages, 279 KiB  
Article
Examining the Intersections of Family Risk, Foster Care, and Outcomes for Commercially Sexually Exploited Children
by Courtney Furlong and James Benjamin Hinnant
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(12), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13120660 - 5 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Purpose: When individuals under the age of 18 are victimized by sex trafficking, it is termed commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in the United States. It is suggested that a history of engagement with the foster care system is one of the [...] Read more.
Purpose: When individuals under the age of 18 are victimized by sex trafficking, it is termed commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in the United States. It is suggested that a history of engagement with the foster care system is one of the leading risk factors for CSEC. However, it is possible that it is the very factors that facilitate engagement with the foster care system (e.g., neglect, abuse, etc.) that establish vulnerability for CSEC victimization rather than the foster care system itself and that the foster care system serves a protective role for such victims. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the relationship between risk factors within the family of origin, foster care experiences, and outcomes for CSEC victims. Methods: Between 2014 and 2023, data were collected on minor victims of CSEC (n = 884) via the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths Assessment for Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CANS-CSE). Investigators conducted regression analyses to examine the relationship between family risk and foster care engagement (Aim 1). Foster care engagement (Aim 2) and number of foster care placements (Aim 3) are tested as moderators of associations between family risk factors and outcomes for youth. Results: Family risk is significantly associated with negative outcomes. Foster care placement and number of foster care placements do not moderate the link between family risk factors and negative outcomes for victims of CSEC. Conclusions: Results suggest that foster care does not protect against risks associated with families of origin and negative outcomes, a finding that may be unique for CSEC victims. Therefore, specialized, trauma-informed services should be implemented with CSEC victims who are engaged in the foster care system. In doing so, foster care could begin to serve a protective role in supporting young victims of CSEC and producing more positive outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking)
14 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Identifying the Challenges in the Detection and Protection of Child Victims of Human Trafficking in Spain: A Case Study of the Southern European Border
by Raquel Verdasco Martínez, Olaya García-Vázquez, Cecilia Estrada Villaseñor and Adam Dubin
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110566 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 801
Abstract
Despite the improvements in enhanced child protection, there is an increasing concern about the vulnerability and cases of child trafficking in Spain, the southern gateway to Europe from the African continent. Analyzing 23 interviews with professionals in the field, this article identifies the [...] Read more.
Despite the improvements in enhanced child protection, there is an increasing concern about the vulnerability and cases of child trafficking in Spain, the southern gateway to Europe from the African continent. Analyzing 23 interviews with professionals in the field, this article identifies the factors that contribute to high levels of child trafficking in Spain. This study identifies three primary results: (1) The dangers of residential childcare as places of recruitment; (2) The southern European and Spanish border as a place of elevated risk for the recruitment of children; (3) The stereotypes regarding child trafficking make invisible male victims, other types of trafficking for non-sexual purposes, domestic trafficking, and individual trafficking. Therefore, it remains imperative to advance a set of policies that: (i) invest in specific residential childcare resources for child victims either alone or with family members; (ii) invest in smaller residential childcare to prevent abuse; (iii) invest in mentoring programs for children previously under state guardianship; (iv) improve the working conditions and the training of residential childcare staff; (v) increase the visibility and diversity of child trafficking while avoiding stereotypes; (vi) improve the regional coordination; (vii) invest in campaigns to inform children about the dangers involved in running away, exploitation and abuse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking)
16 pages, 2517 KiB  
Article
“Throw Dat Hat!”: Educational Experiences, Attainment, and Aspirations of Adolescent Female Trafficking Survivors in a Residential Facility
by Sunny Wells, Gretchen S. Goode, Kimberly A. Hogan, Rebecca Lavigne, Tommie Killen and Megan Simmons
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110561 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1967
Abstract
This study addresses the gap in research on the educational experiences of adolescent human trafficking survivors, with a focus on their past, present, and future educational experiences and goals. Its objective is to inform the best practices for educational programming within female adolescent [...] Read more.
This study addresses the gap in research on the educational experiences of adolescent human trafficking survivors, with a focus on their past, present, and future educational experiences and goals. Its objective is to inform the best practices for educational programming within female adolescent residential care centers in the United States. Drawing on a subset of data from a broader mixed-methods case study conducted at the Allasso House residential facility, this research involved 11 current residents. The data sources included case files detailing their past educational experiences, assessments of their current educational achievements, and interviews exploring their future aspirations. The findings reveal key themes related to the residents past risk factors, current educational successes and barriers, and tensions in setting future goals. Most of the residents expressed a desire to attain high school equivalency, identifying financial stability as a primary motivation. They also aspired to form healthy families, while placing significant value on material success. Unlike studies that define success primarily through survival, sobriety, and the avoidance of re-trafficking, this research highlights the broader aspirations of these adolescents, emphasizing the critical role of education in general wellbeing, risk mitigation, and future success. This study underscores the importance of prioritizing educational attainment and long-term aspirations in future research and in the design of residential programs for adolescent survivors of trafficking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking)
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19 pages, 660 KiB  
Article
The Socioeconomic Factors of Female Child Trafficking and Prostitution: An Empirical Study in the Capital City of Bangladesh
by Khandaker Mursheda Farhana and Kazi Abdul Mannan
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(8), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13080395 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1905
Abstract
Although Bangladesh is a constitutionally Islamic country, some brothels are regulated by state law. But these brothels are located in the suburbs, and there were legal brothels around the capital, which no longer exist. Thus, prostitution is observed in a variety of ways, [...] Read more.
Although Bangladesh is a constitutionally Islamic country, some brothels are regulated by state law. But these brothels are located in the suburbs, and there were legal brothels around the capital, which no longer exist. Thus, prostitution is observed in a variety of ways, including in residential hotels, resorts, homes, and open spaces. As prostitution and trafficking are inseparable, this paper adopts a quantitative approach to measure the socioeconomic variables associated with prostitution and trafficking in children in the capital city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The data for this study were collected from 385 respondents, and the questionnaire format was open-ended. The proposed conceptual model is presented in a way that includes sociocultural and economic factors influencing prostitution. To examine the model, a three-level research design was applied. The sociodemographic data of the respondents were collected and analyzed in this study. This study finds that the significant economic factors are poverty and lack of employment opportunities. Moreover, sociocultural variables are closely associated with rape, harassment, divorce, insufficient support from household members, living in vulnerable conditions, social instability, lifestyle, and gender violence. These findings emphasize the need to implement existing anti-trafficking laws and raise awareness of children in Bangladesh to stop child trafficking for sex work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking)
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39 pages, 2169 KiB  
Systematic Review
Human Trafficking of Boys and Young Men: A Systematic Literature Review of Impacts on Mental Health and Implications for Services in Post-Trafficking Settings
by Marie Nodzenski, Allard W. de Smalen, Nicola S. Pocock, Mark Kavenagh, Ligia Kiss and Ana Maria Buller
Soc. Sci. 2024, 13(11), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110567 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 2234
Abstract
The share of boys and men among detected victims of human trafficking is increasing globally, yet there is limited evidence on the specific experiences of these populations. The knowledge gap on mental health outcomes and support needs is particularly salient, which is problematic [...] Read more.
The share of boys and men among detected victims of human trafficking is increasing globally, yet there is limited evidence on the specific experiences of these populations. The knowledge gap on mental health outcomes and support needs is particularly salient, which is problematic given the importance of psychological and emotional stabilisation in promoting recovery and avoiding re-victimisation. This systematic review reports on mental health outcomes identified in boys and young men who have experienced human trafficking. By describing the implications for services, the review seeks to identify challenges and opportunities in accessing and delivering mental health care and support to this population in post-trafficking settings. The review includes 31 papers published in English after 2000 and identified through database and grey literature searches. Despite significant limitations, such as a lack of gender-disaggregated results and imbalanced sample composition, which limit the possibility of extracting male-specific findings, the review highlights several mental health symptoms commonly described in the literature (e.g., depression, anxiety, PTSD, lack of self-esteem, lack of self-control). Regarding mental health care support, the review further identifies challenges specific to boys and young men (e.g., poor identification as trafficking victims) and challenges that disproportionately impact this population (e.g., confidentiality concerns; reluctance to seek help; trust issues). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Dimensions of Child Trafficking)
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