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Sustainability
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Smart Charging and Grid Integration for Sustainable Electric Transportation
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Smart Charging and Grid Integration for Sustainable Electric Transportation

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 4684

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Damir Jakus

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
Interests: power system modelling and optimization; electric vehicle integration; renewable energy integration; electricity markets; mathematical programming
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Josip Vasilj

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
Interests: power system modelling and optimization; electricity markets; microgrids; mathematical programming; machine learning in power systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue explores cutting-edge research and developments in the field of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, focusing on the EV charging station (EVCS) optimal power supply, energy management, and the integration of renewable energy sources and a battery storage system into the charging process. The primary objective is to address various aspects of EV charging, such as smart charging (V1G), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) operations as well as the effect of such operations on Levelized Cost of Charging (LCC) reduction through optimal power supply and charging management. In addition to this, this Special Issue will cover topics related to various methods for EV charging pricing, the implementation of mathematical programming and machine learning techniques in smart EV charging, as well additional stream of profits for charging station owners through ancillary service provision. These topics play a crucial role in shaping the future of sustainable transportation and ensuring efficient utilization of power supply resources and the power grid.

By exploring diverse topics, this Special Issue aspires to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolving landscape of EV charging infrastructure and contribute valuable insights to facilitate the transition toward sustainable and grid-integrated transportation. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Optimal charging station power supply and energy management;
  • Advance bidirectional electric vehicle energy management strategies (V2G, V2B, V2H, V2V);
  • Utilization of EVs as flexible assets for enhanced grid ancillary services;
  • Strategies for integrating renewable energy sources into eV charging infrastructure;
  • Development of EV charging pricing models and their effect on grid operation;
  • Solutions for mitigating congestion and optimizing grid utilization;
  • Implementation of mathematical programming in smart charging;
  • Machine learning applications in EV charging—operation optimization and forecasting;
  • Future prospects and policy implications.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Energies.

Prof. Dr. Damir Jakus
Dr. Josip Vasilj
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • charging station power supply
  • charging management
  • V2B, V2H, V2V, V2G, V2X
  • ancillary service provision
  • grid integration
  • charging pricing models
  • machine learning in EV load forecasting and charging control
  • RES energy management
  • modelling and control
  • mathematical programming
  • reinforcement learning
  • capacity allocation

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 6507 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Charging of Electric Transportation Based on Power Modes Model—A Practical Case of an Integrated Factory Grid with RES
by Dariusz Bober, Piotr Miller, Paweł Pijarski and Bartłomiej Mroczek
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010196 - 30 Dec 2024
Viewed by 914
Abstract
The possibility of charging and possibly discharging electric cars can influence not only the balancing of power demand profiles in the grid and the stabilization of voltage profiles but also the appropriate management of electricity within the grid of an industrial plant equipped [...] Read more.
The possibility of charging and possibly discharging electric cars can influence not only the balancing of power demand profiles in the grid and the stabilization of voltage profiles but also the appropriate management of electricity within the grid of an industrial plant equipped with its own RES resources. For this purpose, the concept of “power supply modes” can be introduced, which involves intelligent demand-side management. Each technological process in an industrial plant should be assigned a specific level of importance and priority. These priorities can be numbered according to their importance (weights) and marked with appropriate colors. One thus obtains a qualitative assessment of energy consumption within the plant (demand side) through the lens of power modes. With respect to the ability to charge electric vehicles within the plant grid, such priorities can also be assigned to individual charging options. If a given RES has sufficient generation capacity during a particular time period, the cost of charging is low. However, if the RESs are not operational during a given period (e.g., nighttime in the case of photovoltaics or during calm weather in the case of wind turbines), vehicles can still be charged but according to a different priority, which, of course, involves higher costs. By having access to data on the generation capacity of distributed RESs and knowing the preferences of employees, including the number of electric cars and the expected periods of vehicle charging, it is possible to predict the degree of use of available green energy and manage it efficiently. The analyses presented in the article represent an original approach to the flexibility of operation not only of the electricity grid but also of the internal energy system of industrial plants. It offers a novel perspective aimed at maximizing the share of RESs in the overall energy balance and minimizing the costs associated with the operation of RESs. The theoretical opportunity of sustainable sharing with employees a dedicated charging mode named “free charging”, powered by RESs, could represent an appropriate solution for CO2 emission reduction within Scope 3, Category 3, “employee commuting”, according to the GHG Protocol requirements. The original methodology proposed in the article aligns with activities related to the energy transition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Charging and Grid Integration for Sustainable Electric Transportation)
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23 pages, 4644 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: A Bi-Level Optimization Framework for Reducing Vehicular Emissions in Urban Road Networks
by Sania E. Seilabi, Mohammadhosein Pourgholamali, Mohammad Miralinaghi, Gonçalo Homem de Almeida Correia, Zongzhi Li and Samuel Labi
Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010001 - 24 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1049
Abstract
This paper proposes a decision-making framework for a multiple-period planning of electric vehicle (EV) charging station development. In this proposed framework, transportation planners seek to implement a phased provision of electric charging stations as well as repurposing gas stations at selected locations. The [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a decision-making framework for a multiple-period planning of electric vehicle (EV) charging station development. In this proposed framework, transportation planners seek to implement a phased provision of electric charging stations as well as repurposing gas stations at selected locations. The developed framework is presented as a bi-level optimization problem that determines the optimal electric charging network design while capturing the practical constraints and travelers’ decisions. The upper level minimizes overall vehicle CO emissions by selecting optimal charging stations and their capacities, while the lower-level models travelers’ choices of vehicle class (EV or conventional) and travel routes. A genetic algorithm is developed to solve this problem. The results of the numerical experiments describe the sensitive nature of EV market penetration rates in the urban traffic stream and overall vehicle CO emissions to EV charging station availability and capacity. The findings can assist transportation agencies in designing effective EV charging infrastructure by identifying optimal locations and capacities, as well as in creating policies to encourage EV use over time. This study supports broader efforts to reduce air pollution and promote sustainable transportation by promoting EV adoption in the long term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Charging and Grid Integration for Sustainable Electric Transportation)
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23 pages, 9331 KiB  
Article
Probabilistic Analysis of Electricity Production from a Photovoltaic–Wind Energy Mix for Sustainable Transport Needs
by Arkadiusz Małek, Andrzej Marciniak and Tomasz Bednarczyk
Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10164; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310164 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 720
Abstract
Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are characterized by high unevenness, cyclicality, and seasonality of energy production. Due to the trends in the production of electricity itself and the utilization of hydrogen, distributed generation systems are preferred. They can be connected to the energy distribution [...] Read more.
Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) are characterized by high unevenness, cyclicality, and seasonality of energy production. Due to the trends in the production of electricity itself and the utilization of hydrogen, distributed generation systems are preferred. They can be connected to the energy distribution network or operate without its participation (off-grid). However, in both cases, such distributed energy sources should be balanced in terms of power generation. According to the authors, it is worth combining different RESs to ensure the stability of energy production from such a mix. Within the mix, the sources can complement and replace each other. According to the authors, an effective system for generating energy from RESs should contain at least two different sources and energy storage. The purpose of the analyses and calculations performed is to determine the characteristics of energy generation from a photovoltaic system and a wind turbine with a specific power and geographical location in the Lublin region in Poland. Another important goal is to determine the substitutability of the sources studied. Probabilistic analysis will be used to determine the share of given energy sources in the energy mix and will allow us to estimate the size of the stationary energy storage. The objective of these procedures is to strive for the highest possible share of renewable energy in the total energy required to charge electric vehicle fleets and to produce low-emission hydrogen for transportation. The article proves that the appropriately selected components of the photovoltaic and wind energy mix located in the right place lead to the self-balancing of the local energy network using a small energy storage. The conclusions drawn from the conducted research can be used by RES developers who intend to invest in new sources of power generation to produce low-emission hydrogen. This is in line with the current policy of the European Union aimed at climate and energy transformation of many companies using green hydrogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Charging and Grid Integration for Sustainable Electric Transportation)
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19 pages, 5103 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of a Thermal Management System Using Composite Flame-Retardant Resin and Its Effect on Battery Life Span
by Florin Mariasiu, Ioan Szabo and Thomas I. C. Buidin
Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3702; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093702 - 28 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1398
Abstract
One of the obstacles to the adoption of electric vehicles as a future pollution-free transport solution is that the energy sources (batteries) have not yet become sustainable through a long-life span under the specific operating conditions. The problem that arises is that high [...] Read more.
One of the obstacles to the adoption of electric vehicles as a future pollution-free transport solution is that the energy sources (batteries) have not yet become sustainable through a long-life span under the specific operating conditions. The problem that arises is that high temperatures inside the batteries represent a safety risk and have negative effects on the battery life span, which imposes the use of thermal management systems. The present article aims to analyze, by numerical methods, the effect of the use of a fireproof composite resin on the efficiency of the thermal management system, specifically on the degree of battery sustainability (measured by the effect on the life span). Five constructive variants are proposed and thermally analyzed. Based on the measured temperatures, the intensity of the chemical reactions that occur in a 18650-type Li-ion cell was calculated, and conclusions related to the impact on the life span were drawn. It has been found that the use of a fireproof composite resin leads to an increased heat transmission towards the outer environment and an increase in the life span by 22.2% compared to that noted for conventional air cooling. The results also recommend the use of heat exchangers associated with flame retardant resins, which leads to a 20.6% improvement in the heat transfer capacity of the battery’s thermal management system. When comparing the solutions in which the flame-retardant resin is used, the results show that adding 3 wt.% of nanomaterial leads to a significant life span increase of 11.7% when compared to the results for the resin-only case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Charging and Grid Integration for Sustainable Electric Transportation)
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