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Symmetry
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Strongly Interacting Matter at Extreme Conditions—the Role of Symmetry Energy...
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Strongly Interacting Matter at Extreme Conditions—the Role of Symmetry Energy in Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2024 | Viewed by 3010

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Odilon Lourenço

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Física, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, DCTA, São Jose dos Campos 12228-900, SP, Brazil
Interests: nuclear phenomenology; relativistic and non-relativistic hadron models; efficient QCD models; thermodynamics of phase transitions applied to hadrons and quarks; meson decay
Dr. Helena Sofia Pais

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: neutron stars; equation of state; relativistic mean field models; pasta phases; strong magnetic fields
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Mariana Dutra

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Física, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, DCTA, São Jose dos Campos 12228-900, SP, Brazil
Interests: hadronic and nuclear physics; applications in astrophysics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Good knowledge of the equations of state (EoS) in nuclear physics is extremely important for understanding the nuclear force and related structures, as well as for astrophysics. In this context, modeling the properties of nuclear matter to find a universal density functional, which is in agreement with the most current observational data, is a major objective. For this purpose, it is known that symmetry energy plays a fundamental role. A better knowledge of this quantity is in order for both scenarios, namely, by using its definition as (i) given by the difference between the energy of pure neutron matter and the energy of symmetric matter or (ii) given by the second derivative of the energy per particle at zero isospin asymmetry. This Special Issue aims to reveal various aspects of EoS provided by relativistic and non-relativistic hadronic models, as well as QCD phenomenological ones applied to describe strongly interacting matter in extreme conditions of temperature and/or density such as neutron stars, hybrid, and quark stars, i.e., systems in which the symmetry energy is a key quantity.

Prof. Dr. Odilon Lourenço
Dr. Helena Sofia Pais
Prof. Dr. Mariana Dutra
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • equations of state
  • nuclear matter in extreme conditions
  • neutron stars
  • quark stars
  • hybrid stars
  • high-energy astrophysics
  • computational simulations
  • nuclear structure
  • magnetized stellar matter

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 741 KiB  
Article
Approaching the Conformal Limit of Quark Matter with Different Chemical Potentials
by Connor Brown, Veronica Dexheimer, Rafael Bán Jacobsen and Ricardo Luciano Sonego Farias
Symmetry 2024, 16(7), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16070852 - 5 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1311
Abstract
We study in detail the influence of different chemical potentials (baryon, electric charge, strange, and neutrino) on how and how fast a free gas of quarks in the zero-temperature limit reaches the conformal limit. We discuss the influence of non-zero masses, the inclusion [...] Read more.
We study in detail the influence of different chemical potentials (baryon, electric charge, strange, and neutrino) on how and how fast a free gas of quarks in the zero-temperature limit reaches the conformal limit. We discuss the influence of non-zero masses, the inclusion of leptons, and different constraints, such as charge neutrality, zero-net strangeness, and fixed lepton fraction. We also investigate for the first time how the symmetry energy of the system under some of these conditions approaches the conformal limit. We find that the inclusion of all quark masses (even the light ones) can produce different results depending on the chemical potential values or constraints assumed. A positive or negative deviation of 10% from the pressure of free massless quarks with the same chemical potential was found to take place as low as μB=77 to as high as 48,897 MeV. This illustrates the fact that the “free” or conformal limit is not a unique description. Finally, we briefly discuss what kind of corrections are expected from perturbative QCD as one goes away from the conformal limit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strongly Interacting Matter at Extreme Conditions—the Role of Symmetry Energy in Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics)
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Review

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18 pages, 1023 KiB  
Review
Nuclear Symmetry Energy in Strongly Interacting Matter: Past, Present and Future
by Jirina R. Stone
Symmetry 2024, 16(8), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081038 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1256
Abstract
The concept of symmetry under various transformations of quantities describing basic natural phenomena is one of the fundamental principles in the mathematical formulation of physical laws. Starting with Noether’s theorems, we highlight some well–known examples of global symmetries and symmetry breaking on the [...] Read more.
The concept of symmetry under various transformations of quantities describing basic natural phenomena is one of the fundamental principles in the mathematical formulation of physical laws. Starting with Noether’s theorems, we highlight some well–known examples of global symmetries and symmetry breaking on the particle level, such as the separation of strong and electroweak interactions and the Higgs mechanism, which gives mass to leptons and quarks. The relation between symmetry energy and charge symmetry breaking at both the nuclear level (under the interchange of protons and neutrons) and the particle level (under the interchange of u and d quarks) forms the main subject of this work. We trace the concept of symmetry energy from its introduction in the simple semi-empirical mass formula and liquid drop models to the most sophisticated non-relativistic, relativistic, and ab initio models. Methods used to extract symmetry energy attributes, utilizing the most significant combined terrestrial and astrophysical data and theoretical predictions, are reviewed. This includes properties of finite nuclei, heavy-ion collisions, neutron stars, gravitational waves, and parity–violating electron scattering experiments such as CREX and PREX, for which selected examples are provided. Finally, future approaches to investigation of the symmetry energy and its properties are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strongly Interacting Matter at Extreme Conditions—the Role of Symmetry Energy in Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics)
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