Invasive Bacterial Diseases: Current State, Challenges, and Treatments

A special issue of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ISSN 2414-6366). This special issue belongs to the section "Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 3942

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
Interests: microbiome; host–microbiota interactions; antimicrobial resistance; multidrug resistant bacteria; superbugs

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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9600, USA
Interests: neonatal sepsis; antibiotic resistance; MRSA; alternate antibacterial treatments; cytokines

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Invasive bacterial diseases (IBD) are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among people of different ages throughout the world. These infections are often self-limiting, but in cases where the immune system is weak, such as those in young infants and immunocompromised persons, these become very challenging and lethal. It is quite important to manage these infections as they often lead to life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, GBS in infants and pregnant women, and meningitis. The spectrum of causative agents includes several known pathogens such as streptococci (Group A and B), Hemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, etc.  These pathogens are evolving genetically to become more virulent as well as acquiring multidrug-resistant phenotypes, making them difficult to treat without vaccines. Despite the current development in a multi-omics-based understanding, it is evident that there are many caveats in the treatment of IBD, such as initial diagnosis, selection of proper antibiotic regime, biofilm formation and co-infection with multiple pathogens. In this Special Issue, we aim to collect and publish original research articles and reviews that include the diagnosis, epidemiology, and functional and genomic characteristics of these bacterial pathogens in the IBD and will include but are not limited to their pathogenicity, multidrug-resistance, and genetic evolution.

Dr. Amit Ranjan
Dr. Madhavi Annamanedi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • bacterial Meningitis
  • neonatal meningitis Escherichia coli (NMEC)
  • streptococcus group A
  • streptococcus group B
  • hemophilus influenzae
  • MRSA
  • invasive Bacterial disease
  • bacterial Sepsis
  • neisseria meningitides

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2061 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Laboratories Supporting Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease (IB-VPD) Surveillance in the World Health Organization African Region, through the Performance of Coordinated External Quality Assessment
by Inacio Mandomando, Jason M. Mwenda, Tomoka Nakamura, Linda de Gouveia, Anne von Gottberg, Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams, Martin Antonio, Augusto Messa, Jr., David Litt, Shila Seaton, Goitom Gebremedhin Weldegebriel, Joseph Nsiari-Muzeyi Biey and Fatima Serhan
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(8), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8080413 - 14 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1826
Abstract
(1) Background: Laboratories supporting the invasive bacteria preventable disease (IB-VPD) network are expected to demonstrate the capacity to identify the main etiological agents of pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) (Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) on Gram stains and in phenotypic [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Laboratories supporting the invasive bacteria preventable disease (IB-VPD) network are expected to demonstrate the capacity to identify the main etiological agents of pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM) (Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) on Gram stains and in phenotypic identification. Individual reports of sentinel site (SSL), national (NL) and regional reference (RRL) laboratories participating in the World Health Organization (WHO)-coordinated external quality assessment, distributed by the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment (EQA) Services (UK NEQAS) for Microbiology between 2014 and 2019 were analyzed. (2) Methods: The panels consisted of (1) unstained bacterial smears for Gram staining, (2) viable isolates for identification and serotyping/serogrouping (ST/SG) and (3) simulated cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples for species detection and ST/SG using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). SSLs and NLs tested for Gram staining and species identification (partial panel). RRLs, plus any SSLs and NLs (optionally) also analyzed the simulated CSF samples (full panel). The passing score was ≥75% for NLs and SSLs, and ≥90% for RRLs and NLs/SSLs testing the full panel. (3) Results: Overall, 63% (5/8) of the SSLs and NLs were able to correctly identify the targeted pathogens, in 2019; but there were challenges to identify Haemophilus influenzae either on Gram stains (35% of the labs failed 2014), or in culture. Individual performance showed inconsistent capacity, with only 39% (13/33) of the SSLs/NLs passing the EQA exercise throughout all surveys in which they participated. RRLs performed well over the study period, but one of the two failed to reach the minimal passing score in 2016 and 2018; while the SSLs/NLs that optionally tested the full panel scored between 75% and 90% (intermediate pass category). (4) Conclusions: We identified a need for implementing a robust quality management system for timely identification of the gaps and then implementing corrective and preventive actions, in addition to continuous refresher training in the SSLs and NLs supporting the IB-VPD surveillance in the World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO). Full article
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12 pages, 568 KiB  
Article
Endogenous Bacteremia Caused by Intestinal Colonization of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Immunocompromised Children
by Nasim Almasian Tehrani, Leila Azimi, Shahnaz Armin, Neda Soleimani, Fatemeh Fallah, Abdollah Karimi, Bibi Shahin Shamsian, Shiva Nazari and Masoud Alebouyeh
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(8), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8080402 - 7 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1483
Abstract
Objective: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infection is life-threatening, especially for immunocompromised children. The source tracking of CRE could prevent bacteremia during hospitalization. In this study, the intestinal colonization of CRE and their translocation to blood were investigated. Methods: Stool samples [...] Read more.
Objective: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infection is life-threatening, especially for immunocompromised children. The source tracking of CRE could prevent bacteremia during hospitalization. In this study, the intestinal colonization of CRE and their translocation to blood were investigated. Methods: Stool samples from immunocompromised pediatric patients were collected after admission, and secondary stool and blood samples were collected in case of fever. After CRE phonotypic detection, the OXA-48, NDM-1, VIM, IMP, and KPC genes were detected by PCR. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) was used to determine the phylogenic relatedness of the blood and fecal isolates. Results: Bacteremia was recorded in 71.4% of the patients. Enterobacteriaceae spp. were recorded in 100% of the stool samples and 31% of the blood samples. The correlation between the length of stay (LOS), days of fever, chemotherapy regimens, and death rate was significant (p-value ≤ 0.05). OXA-48 was present in all CRE isolates in both the primary and the secondary stool samples and the blood samples. According to the phylogenetic data, 58.33% of the patients with bacteremia had identical blood and stool isolates. The death rate was 24.4% in children with CRE bacteremia. Conclusions: The primary intestinal colonization with CRE in immunocompromised pediatrics and their translocation to blood was established in this study. The implementation of infection control programs and the application of infection prevention strategies for immunocompromised children is necessary. Full article
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