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Vaccines
Special Issues
Recent Scientific Development of Poliovirus Vaccines
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Recent Scientific Development of Poliovirus Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2025 | Viewed by 1723

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Lester M. Shulman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Retired, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
2. Laboratory of Environmental Virology, Retired, Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services Israel Ministry of Health Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Interests: molecular epidemiology; viral evolution; environmental surveillance for poliovirus and other infectious viral diseases; viral gastroenteritis; genetic recombination; vaccine derived polioviruses; persistent poliovirus infections of immune deficient individuals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In 1988, the World Health Assembly established the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI, WHA 41.28), an international effort to terminate all transmissions of wild poliovirus by 2000. Eradication requires (1) effective means to prevent poliovirus infections and/or transmissions (vaccine development, improved hygiene) and (2) effective surveillance programs to identify poliovirus infections and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in individuals (using AFP surveillance) and/or in unidentified persons within populations (using Environmental Surveillance).

Many stakeholders have been involved in developing and improving the two main types of vaccines in current use, inactivated (IPV) and live attenuated (OPV) vaccines. However, the ideal polio vaccine, “effective in any outbreak scenario, protect[ing] all vaccinees with one dose, spread[ing] to and protect the unvaccinated population, and have[ing] no detrimental effect [1]” is yet to be developed. “Although Sabin-OPV has been the mainstay of the eradication program, its continued use is ironically incompatible with the eradication of paralytic disease (since) vaccine-derived viruses consistently emerge as a consequence of the inherent genetic instability of poliovirus”. Emergence and circulation of neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) in populations after vaccination with live attenuated polio vaccine strains is currently the biggest obstacle for their eradication.

This Special Issue of Vaccines focuses on recent scientific advancements achieved from the development and field testing of improved, more genetically stable, oral polio vaccines as well as from current research on alternative vaccines and vaccination strategies.

Reference

  1. Jenkins PC, Modlin JF. Decision analysis in planning for a polio outbreak in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006;118(2):611-8.

Prof. Dr. Lester M. Shulman
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • novel oral polio vaccines (nOPV)
  • vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV)
  • recombination
  • inactivated oral vaccine strains (sIPV)
  • edible vaccines
  • non-infectious vaccine-like particles (VLPs)
  • subdermal administration of fractional doses
  • adjuvants
  • edible vaccines
  • microarray patches

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2216 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Risk of Type-2 Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Emergence During Roll-Out of Type-2 Novel Oral Polio Vaccine
by Corey M. Peak, Hil Lyons, Arend Voorman, Elizabeth J. Gray, Laura V. Cooper, Isobel M. Blake, Kaija M. Hawes and Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay
Vaccines 2024, 12(12), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121308 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Although wild poliovirus type 2 has been eradicated, the prolonged transmission of the live- attenuated virus contained in the type-2 oral polio vaccine (OPV2) in under-immunized populations has led to the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). The novel OPV2 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Although wild poliovirus type 2 has been eradicated, the prolonged transmission of the live- attenuated virus contained in the type-2 oral polio vaccine (OPV2) in under-immunized populations has led to the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). The novel OPV2 (nOPV2) was designed to be more genetically stable and reduce the chance of cVDPV2 emergence while retaining comparable immunogenicity to the Sabin monovalent OPV2 (mOPV2). This study aimed to estimate the relative reduction in the emergence risk due to the use of nOPV2 instead of mOPV2. Methods: Data on OPV2 vaccination campaigns from May 2016 to 1 August 2024 were analyzed to estimate type-2 OPV-induced immunity in children under 5 years of age. Poliovirus surveillance data were used to estimate seeding dates and classify cVDPV2 emergences as mOPV2- or nOPV2-derived. The expected number of emergences if mOPV2 was used instead of nOPV2 was estimated, accounting for the timing and volume of nOPV2 doses, the known risk factors for emergence from mOPV2, and censoring due to the incomplete observation period for more recent nOPV2 doses. Results: As of 1 August 2024, over 98% of the approximately 1.19 billion nOPV2 doses administered globally were in Africa. We estimate that approximately 76 (95% confidence interval 69–85) index isolates of cVDPV2 emergences would be expected to be detected by 1 August 2024 if mOPV2 had been used instead of nOPV2 in Africa. The 18 observed nOPV2-derived emergences represent a 76% (74–79%) lower risk of emergence by nOPV2 than mOPV2 in Africa. The crude global analysis produced similar results. Key limitations include the incomplete understanding of the drivers of heterogeneity in emergence risk across geographies and variance in the per-dose risk of emergence may be incompletely captured using known risk factors. Conclusions: These results are consistent with the accumulating clinical and field evidence showing the enhanced genetic stability of nOPV2 relative to mOPV2, and this approach has been implemented in near-real time to contextualize new findings during the roll-out of this new vaccine. While nOPV2 has resulted in new emergences of cVDPV2, the number of cVDPV2 emergences is estimated to be approximately four-fold lower than if mOPV2 had been used instead. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Development of Poliovirus Vaccines)
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15 pages, 2248 KiB  
Article
Immunodeficiency-Related Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (iVDPV) Excretion in an Infant with Severe Combined Immune Deficiency with Spillover to a Parent
by Madhu Chhanda Mohanty, Geeta Govindaraj, Mohammad Ahmad, Swapnil Y. Varose, Manogat Tatkare, Anita Shete, Savita Yadav, Yash Joshi, Pragya Yadav, Deepa Sharma, Arun Kumar, Harish Verma, Ankita P. Patil, Athulya Edavazhipurath, Dhananjayan Dhanasooraj, Sheena Othayoth Kandy, Jayakrishnan Machinary Puthenpurayil, Krishnan Chakyar, Kesavan Melarcode Ramanan and Manisha Madkaikar
Vaccines 2024, 12(7), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070759 - 9 Jul 2024
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Abstract
In order to maintain the polio eradication status, it has become evident that the surveillance of cases with acute flaccid paralysis and of environmental samples must be urgently supplemented with the surveillance of poliovirus excretions among individuals with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). [...] Read more.
In order to maintain the polio eradication status, it has become evident that the surveillance of cases with acute flaccid paralysis and of environmental samples must be urgently supplemented with the surveillance of poliovirus excretions among individuals with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). All children with IEI were screened for the excretion of poliovirus during a collaborative study conducted by the ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, and World Health Organization, India. A seven-month -old male baby who presented with persistent pneumonia and lymphopenia was found to have severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) due to a missense variant in the RAG1 gene. He had received OPV at birth and at 20 weeks. Four stool samples collected at 4 weekly intervals yielded iVDPV type 1. The child’s father, an asymptomatic 32-year-old male, was also found to be excreting iVDPV. A haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplant was performed, but the child succumbed due to severe myocarditis and pneumonia three weeks later. We report a rare case of transmission of iVDPV from an individual with IEI to a healthy household contact, demonstrating the threat of the spread of iVDPV from persons with IEI and the necessity to develop effective antivirals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Development of Poliovirus Vaccines)
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