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Water
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Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment
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Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrogeology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 6094

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Junrong Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Badong National Observation and Research Station of Geohazards, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
Interests: landslide monitoring, early warning systems, landslide prevention and control, slip initiation mechanism and criterion, predictive modeling
Dr. Tao Wen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
Interests: evolution mechanism of landslide; rock mechanics, numerical analysis; freeze-thaw cycle; rock brittleness; strength prediction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Faming Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
Interests: failure mechanism of geological hazards; landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk mapping; machine learning; numerical simulation; remote sensing; geographic information system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Kun Fang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
Interests: landslides; engineering geology; physical modelling; photogrammetry; smart monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water-induced landslides, being prevalent geohazards in reservoir areas and areas with high rainfall intensity, hold great theoretical significance and engineering application value, making their identification and mitigation research essential. In recent years, advancing the fundamental theories and practical applications in approaches to water-induced landslide hazard risk forecasting and assessment has become crucial. Investigating and monitoring water-induced landslides emphasizes early identification, stability evaluation, prediction, and prevention of these hazards. Stability and risk assessments focus on identifying and mitigating the risks associated with potential water-induced landslides, providing essential information for planning and emergency response.

Therefore, this Special Issue aims to present original research and review articles that present innovative approaches for analyzing stability, predicting failure mechanisms, designing effective stabilization measures, and assessing risks of water-induced landslides. We particularly encourage researchers and practitioners to share their knowledge, experiences, and research outcomes related to water-inducedwater-induced landslide forecasting, assessment, and early warning.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Multi-source remote sensing for water-induced landslide identification
  • Laboratory testing methods on soil and rock behaviors related to water-induced landslide
  • Advances in sensors and monitoring techniques for water-induced landslides
  • Water-induced landslide susceptibility mapping
  • Analytical, physical, and numerical techniques in water-induced landslide stability assessment
  • Physical model testing and numerical simulation of water-induced landslides
  • Water-induced landslide evolution mechanisms
  • Artificial intelligence applications in water-induced landslide hazard risk
  • Development of new early warning criteria for water-induced landslides
  • Comprehensive risk assessment and hazard evaluation of water-induced landslides
  • Digital twin-driven water-induced landslide disaster

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Junrong Zhang
Dr. Tao Wen
Dr. Faming Huang
Dr. Kun Fang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • remote sensing
  • geomechanics
  • physical modelling
  • numerical modelling
  • slope stability
  • landslide susceptibility mapping
  • displacement prediction
  • landslide mitigation
  • artificial intelligence

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 16195 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties and Energy Evolution Laws of Rocks Under Freeze–Thaw
by Xiaopeng Yue, Ting Liu, Tao Wen, Wenjun Jia and Yajuan Wu
Water 2025, 17(3), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17030353 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 418
Abstract
In high-altitude mountainous areas, the phenomenon of rock frost damage under repeated freeze–thaw cycles are pronounced, with the deformation and failure processes of rock often accompanied by energy dissipation. To elucidate the energy evolution mechanism of rocks under freeze–thaw cycles, triaxial compression tests [...] Read more.
In high-altitude mountainous areas, the phenomenon of rock frost damage under repeated freeze–thaw cycles are pronounced, with the deformation and failure processes of rock often accompanied by energy dissipation. To elucidate the energy evolution mechanism of rocks under freeze–thaw cycles, triaxial compression tests and numerical simulation tests were conducted under different freeze–thaw cycles. Results from indoor tests indicate that successive freeze–thaw cycles deteriorate the mechanical properties of rocks. Compared to conditions without freeze–thaw cycles, after 40 freeze–thaw cycles, the peak stress of the rock decreased by 42.8%, the elastic modulus decreased by 64%, and, with increasing confining pressure, the rate of decrease lessened, indicating that confining pressure can inhibit the decline in the mechanical properties of rocks. As the freeze–thaw cycles increase, the total absorption energy (TAE) of rocks gradually decreases. Meanwhile, with increasing confining pressure, the TAE, elastic strain energy (ESE) and dissipated energy (DE) of rocks all gradually increase. However, as the confining pressure increases, the TAE increases by 781%, the ESE increases by 449%, and the DE increases by 6381%. Numerical simulation results reveal that with an increase in the freeze–thaw cycles, shear failure phenomena gradually decrease while tensile failure phenomena gradually increase. During the compression process, the evolution of internal cracks in rocks demonstrates a trend of slow–steady–rapid development, with the number of cracks produced being positively correlated with the freeze–thaw cycles. The performance can provide valuable insights into the degradation mechanism of the mechanical properties of rocks and failure analysis in high-altitude mountainous areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment)
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19 pages, 8336 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Differences Between Two Landslides on One Slope in Yongguang Village Based on Physical Models and Groundwater Identification
by Fucun Lu, Kun Liu, Shunhua Xu, Jianyu Zhang and Dingnan Guo
Water 2024, 16(24), 3591; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243591 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 580
Abstract
In 2013, a Ms 6.6 earthquake occurred at the boundary of Min County and Zhang County, triggering numerous landslides. Notably, two landslides with significantly different sliding characteristics emerged less than 100 m apart in Yongguang Village, Min County. The eastern landslide was characterized [...] Read more.
In 2013, a Ms 6.6 earthquake occurred at the boundary of Min County and Zhang County, triggering numerous landslides. Notably, two landslides with significantly different sliding characteristics emerged less than 100 m apart in Yongguang Village, Min County. The eastern landslide was characterized by instability induced by seismic inertial forces, whereas the western landslide exhibited flow slides triggered by liquefaction in loess. To further analyze the causes of these landslides, this study employed a 1 m depth ground temperature survey to probe the shallow groundwater in the area, aiming to understand the distribution of shallow groundwater. Based on the results from the 1 m depth ground temperature survey, a random forest model was applied to regressively predict the initial groundwater levels. The TRIGRS model was utilized to evaluate the influence of pre-earthquake rainfall conditions on landslide stability, and the pore water pressure outputs from TRIGRS were integrated with the Scoops3D model to analyze landslide stability under seismic effects. The results indicate that the combination of the 1 m depth ground temperature survey with high-density electrical methods and random forest approaches effectively captures the initial groundwater levels across the region. Notably, the heavy rainfall occurring one day prior to the earthquake did not significantly reduce the stability of the landslide in Yongguang Village. Instead, the abundant groundwater in the source area of the western landslide, combined with several months of pre-earthquake rainfall, resulted in elevated groundwater levels that created favorable conditions for its occurrence. While the primary triggering factor for both landslides in Yongguang Village was the earthquake, the distinct topographic and groundwater conditions led to significantly different sliding characteristics under seismic influence at the same slope. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment)
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15 pages, 10388 KiB  
Article
Kinetic Analysis of Rainfall-Induced Landslides in May 2022 in Wuping, Fujian, SE China
by Tao Wang, Ran Li, Cheng Chen, Jiangkun He, Chenyuan Zhang, Shuai Zhang, Longzhen Ye, Kan Liu and Kounghoon Nam
Water 2024, 16(21), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16213018 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 761
Abstract
In the context of global climate change, shallow landslides induced by strong typhoons and the ensuing rainstorms have increased significantly in China’s eastern coastal areas. On 27 May 2022, more than 700 liquefied landslides were induced by the rain gush in Wuping County, [...] Read more.
In the context of global climate change, shallow landslides induced by strong typhoons and the ensuing rainstorms have increased significantly in China’s eastern coastal areas. On 27 May 2022, more than 700 liquefied landslides were induced by the rain gush in Wuping County, Longyan City, Fujian Province, SE China. In light of their widespread occurrence and the severe damage caused, detailed field investigations, UAV surveys, trench observations, in situ tests, and numerical simulation are conducted in this work. The cascading landslides are classified as channelized landslides and hillslope landslides. Long-term rainfall, the influence of vegetation roots under wind load, and differences in the strength and structure of surficial soil are the dominant controlling factors. The sliding surface is localized to be the interface at a depth of 1–1.5 m between the fully weathered granite and the strongly weathered granite. Kinetic analysis of a channelized landslide shows that it is characterized by short runout, rapid velocity, and strong impact energy. The maximum velocity, impact energy, and impact force of the Laifu landslide are 29 m/s, 4221.35 J, and 2110 kPa. Effective excavation is usually impossible in this context. This work highlights the escalating issue of shallow landslides in eastern China’s coastal areas, exacerbated by climate change and extreme weather events like typhoons. By conducting comprehensive investigations and analyses, the research identifies key factors influencing landslide occurrence, such as rainfall patterns and soil characteristics. Understanding the dynamics and impact of these landslides is vital for improving risk assessment, developing effective early warning systems, and informing land management policies in this region. Further exploration concerning hydro-meteorological hazard early warning should be encouraged in this region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment)
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16 pages, 6857 KiB  
Article
Numerical Modeling of Hydrological Mechanisms and Instability for Multi-Layered Slopes
by Junfeng Tang, Zhuxiang Ma, Dezhou Zhou, Shiyu Zhang, Fengmin Zhang, Xingyu Zhou and Jinping Mi
Water 2024, 16(17), 2422; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172422 - 27 Aug 2024
Viewed by 873
Abstract
The process of rainwater infiltration into unsaturated multi-layered slopes is complex, making it extremely difficult to accurately predict slope behaviors. The hydrological mechanisms in multi-layered slopes could be significantly influenced by the varying hydraulic characteristics of different soils, thus influencing slope stability. A [...] Read more.
The process of rainwater infiltration into unsaturated multi-layered slopes is complex, making it extremely difficult to accurately predict slope behaviors. The hydrological mechanisms in multi-layered slopes could be significantly influenced by the varying hydraulic characteristics of different soils, thus influencing slope stability. A numerical model based on Hydrus 2D was constructed to investigate the hydrological mechanisms of multi-layered slopes under different slope inclinations and rainfall intensities. The results revealed hydraulic processes in response to rainfall in unsaturated multi-layered slopes, in which layered soils retard the advance of wetting fronts and affect seepage paths in the slope. The results also showed the characteristics of hydraulic parameters, including pore water pressure and moisture content, under different conditions, and explained the crucial factors at play in maintaining slope stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment)
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22 pages, 11318 KiB  
Article
Extreme Rainfall Events Triggered Loess Collapses and Landslides in Chencang District, Shanxi, China, during June–October 2021
by Chang Zhou, Zhao Xia, Debin Chen, Leqian Miao, Shenghua Hu, Jingjing Yuan, Wei Huang, Li Liu, Dong Ai, Huiyuan Xu and Chunjin Xiao
Water 2024, 16(16), 2279; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162279 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1348
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing frequency of extreme weather events has exacerbated the severity of geological disasters. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of geological disasters under extreme rainfall conditions. From June to October 2021, Baoji City, Shanxi Province, China, experienced [...] Read more.
In recent years, the increasing frequency of extreme weather events has exacerbated the severity of geological disasters. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of geological disasters under extreme rainfall conditions. From June to October 2021, Baoji City, Shanxi Province, China, experienced some extreme and continuous heavy rainfalls, which triggered more than 30 geological disasters. Those geo-disasters threatened the lives of 831 people and the safety of 195 houses. The field investigations found that most of these geological disasters were devastating collapses that occurred in the loess layer, primarily due to the cave dwelling construction. The shear strength, montmorillonite content, disintegration degree, and plasticity index of two typical loesses, namely the Sanmen Formation stiff clay and the Hipparion red clay, were analyzed, and their water sensitivities were evaluated. The failure mechanisms of the landslides, ground fissures, and collapses were analyzed and most of them were controlled by the cave dwelling construction and the strong water sensitivity of the loess. This study provides data for understanding shallow geological disasters induced by extreme rainfall in the loess area, which are more threatening than large geological disasters. We proposed an intensity–duration (I–D) rainfall threshold as I = 90 D−0.92, which relates the rainfall intensity (I) to the rainfall event duration (D). The empirical threshold provides some useful information for the early warning of collapses or landslides in similar geological settings in the loess area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment)
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13 pages, 4023 KiB  
Article
Analyzing the Diversion Effect of Debris Flow in Cross Channels Utilizing Two-Phase Flow Theory and the Principle of Energy Conservation
by Xingshuo Xu, Chang Zhou, Yansi Tan, Debin Chen, Jing Fu, Chen Chai and Longfei Liang
Water 2024, 16(15), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152134 - 27 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1223
Abstract
The movement process of debris flow in the complex roads system is important for risk evaluation and emergency rescue. This paper presents an in-depth study of the diversion effect of debris flow in cross channels, a common branching structure in both natural and [...] Read more.
The movement process of debris flow in the complex roads system is important for risk evaluation and emergency rescue. This paper presents an in-depth study of the diversion effect of debris flow in cross channels, a common branching structure in both natural and engineered environments, especially in the field of urban debris flow prevention. A mathematical model is established based on the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, and a solid–liquid two-phase motion equation for debris flow is derived from two-phase flow theory. A numerical solution method, combining the finite difference method and finite volume method, is employed to discretize and solve the equation. The model’s validity and effectiveness are confirmed through a numerical simulation of a typical engineering case and comparison with existing experimental data or theoretical results. This study reveals that debris flow at cross channels exhibits a diversion phenomenon, with some debris flow continuing downstream along the main channel and some diverting into the branch channel. The diversion rate, defined as the ratio of outlet flow to inlet flow of the branch channel, indicates the magnitude of this effect. This research shows that the solid–liquid ratio, inflow, width ratio, height ratio, and angle of the cross channel significantly impact the diversion effect. A series of numerical simulations are conducted by altering these parameters as well as the physical properties of debris flow and boundary conditions. These simulations analyze changes in flow rate, velocity, pressure, and other parameters of debris flow at cross channels, providing insights into the factors and mechanisms influencing the diversion effect. This research offers a robust instrument for comprehending and forecasting the dynamics of urban debris flows. It contributes significantly to mitigating the effects of debris flows on city infrastructure and enhancing the safety of city dwellers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment)
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