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Application of Digital Technologies in Water Distribution Systems
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Application of Digital Technologies in Water Distribution Systems

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Water Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2025) | Viewed by 6074

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Doosun Kang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
Interests: water distribution system modelling/analysis; optimization; uncertainty analysis; water-energy-food nexus; water resources systems planning and management; smart water grid; sustainable-resilient-robust (SRR) water system
Dr. Do Guen Yoo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 18323, Republic of Korea
Interests: water resources (hydrosystems) engineering; water distribution system modelling and analysis; water-related disaster adaptation and management, optimization, artificial intelligence (AI) and digital twin (DT)-based data analysis and physical modelling in water area
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Malvin S. Marlim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
Interests: water distribution system modelling; water distribution contamination; water-energy nexus; computational programming; optimization
Dr. Amir Saman Tayerani Charmchi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
Interests: specialized in engineering informatics with a keen interest in computer-aided civil and environmental engineering; deep and cognitive learning, and simulation-based optimization

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to highlight the transformative integration of digital and computational technologies—including, but not limited to, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Internet of Things, Blockchain, Digital Twins, SCADA systems, Cyber-Physical Systems, Big Data Analytics, and Cloud Computing—in fortifying water distribution systems against pressing global challenges such as aging infrastructure, climate change impacts, contamination, and escalating water demands. This aim, intrinsic to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) dynamics, aligns with the ambitions of the UN SDGs, particularly Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), emphasizing the transformative advancements in refining the management, monitoring, and optimization strategies of water distributions systems to achieve sustainable water supply and management.

This Special Issue welcomes submissions offering insights into advanced modelling, automation and real-time data analytics, exploring objectives such as balancing supply and demand, energy efficiency, leakage reduction, contamination and anomaly detection, and pressure monitoring. It also invites papers that underline the synergy between technology, regulations, economic incentives, and cybersecurity, harmonizing with global sustainability imperatives. By integrating theoretically robust and empirically grounded contributions together, this Special Issue aspires to bridge the knowledge gaps and further the global discourse on sustainable water management practices, providing profound insights to practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, and thereby enrich broader narratives of environmental conservation, economic considerations, and social well-being.

Dr. Doosun Kang
Dr. Do Guen Yoo
Guest Editors

Dr. Malvin S. Marlim
Dr. Amir Saman Tayerani Charmchi
Guest Editor Assistants

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • water distribution systems design and operation
  • fourth industrial revolution
  • cyber physical system
  • digital twin
  • internet of things
  • big data analytics
  • artificial intelligence
  • cloud computing
  • water-energy nexus
  • smart water grid

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 7819 KiB  
Article
A Device for Controlling the Chlorination in Small Umbrian Water Distribution Systems
by Francesco Casinini and Marco Ferrante
Water 2024, 16(19), 2747; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192747 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 715
Abstract
Umbria is an Italian region characterized by a highly fragmented water supply and distribution system, with many small systems fed by local sources. Chlorination in these small systems faces several challenges, including strong fluctuating demand, low economic significance, and limited access to infrastructure. [...] Read more.
Umbria is an Italian region characterized by a highly fragmented water supply and distribution system, with many small systems fed by local sources. Chlorination in these small systems faces several challenges, including strong fluctuating demand, low economic significance, and limited access to infrastructure. Due to Italian regulations, the resulting frequent noncompliance with water quality standards negatively impacts performance indicators and tariffs. This research explores the possibility of implementing a low-cost chlorination system designed to adapt to varying environmental conditions (e.g., water and environmental temperature fluctuations, changes in pH, etc.) and demands. A prototype of the device was developed and tested in the Water Engineering Laboratory of the University of Perugia, Italy, to assess its ability to apply a programmable chlorination model. The effects of electronic environmental noise, along with the reliability of water meters, thermometer measurements, dosing pump control, local logging, and remote data transmission, were tested under different conditions. The results demonstrated the instrument’s readiness for field applications in pilot studies under real-world conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Digital Technologies in Water Distribution Systems)
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17 pages, 3895 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Smart Irrigation Efficiency: A New WSN-Based Localization Method for Water Conservation
by Emad S. Hassan, Ayman A. Alharbi, Ahmed S. Oshaba and Atef El-Emary
Water 2024, 16(5), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050672 - 25 Feb 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2286
Abstract
The shortage of water stands as a global challenge, prompting considerable focus on the management of water consumption and irrigation. The suggestion is to introduce a smart irrigation system based on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) aimed at minimizing water consumption while maintaining the [...] Read more.
The shortage of water stands as a global challenge, prompting considerable focus on the management of water consumption and irrigation. The suggestion is to introduce a smart irrigation system based on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) aimed at minimizing water consumption while maintaining the quality of agricultural crops. In WSNs deployed in smart irrigation, accurately determining the locations of sensor nodes is crucial for efficient monitoring and control. However, in many cases, the exact positions of certain sensor nodes may be unknown. To address this challenge, this paper presents a new localization method for localizing unknown sensor nodes in WSN-based smart irrigation systems using estimated range measurements. The proposed method can accurately determine the positions of unknown nodes, even when they are located at a distance from anchors. It utilizes the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) optimization algorithm to solve a nonlinear least-squares problem and minimize the error in estimating the unknown node locations. By leveraging the known positions of a subset of sensor nodes and the inexact distance measurements between pairs of nodes, the localization problem is transformed into a nonlinear optimization problem. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, extensive simulations and experiments were conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves accurate localization of the unknown sensor nodes. Specifically, it achieves 19% and 58% improvement in estimation accuracy when compared to distance vector-hop (DV-Hop) and semidefinite relaxation-LM (SDR-LM) algorithms, respectively. Additionally, the method exhibits robustness against measurement noise and scalability for large-scale networks. Ultimately, integrating the proposed localization method into the smart irrigation system has the potential to achieve approximately 28% reduction in water consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Digital Technologies in Water Distribution Systems)
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15 pages, 5101 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Chlorine Injection Schedule in Water Distribution Networks Using Water Age and Breadth-First Search Algorithm
by Flavia D. Frederick, Malvin S. Marlim and Doosun Kang
Water 2024, 16(3), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030486 - 1 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
Chlorine decay over time and distance travelled poses challenges in maintaining consistent chlorine levels from treatment plants to demand nodes in water distribution networks (WDNs). Many studies have focused on optimizing chlorine booster systems and addressing dosage and location. This study proposes a [...] Read more.
Chlorine decay over time and distance travelled poses challenges in maintaining consistent chlorine levels from treatment plants to demand nodes in water distribution networks (WDNs). Many studies have focused on optimizing chlorine booster systems and addressing dosage and location. This study proposes a chlorine injection optimization model for maintaining spatial and temporal chlorine residuals within an acceptable range. First, the approach involves identifying potential pathways from the source to demand nodes using a breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm. Subsequently, the required chlorine injection to maintain a 0.2 mg/L residual chlorine level at demand nodes is estimated based on water age. Finally, a single-objective genetic algorithm optimizes the chlorine injection schedule at the source. The results demonstrated that chlorine estimation based on water age exhibited promising results with an average error below 10%. In addition, the four-interval injection scheme performed well in adapting to changing demand patterns, making the method robust to varying demand patterns. Moreover, the model could accommodate fluctuating water temperature conditions according to operating seasons. This study provides valuable insights into effectively managing chlorine levels and operations of WDNs, and paves the way for using water age for chlorine estimation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Digital Technologies in Water Distribution Systems)
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