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Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development
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Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Water Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 24858

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kairong Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center of Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Interests: smart water; big data and the digital twin in water resources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Fan Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
Interests: climate change and water resources; drought risk; non-stationary; statistics of extreme values; hydrological frequency
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tian Lan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Interests: Urban flood modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the 21st century, the world will see an unprecedented migration of people moving from rural to urban areas. With global demand for water projected to outstrip supply in the coming decades, cities will likely face water insecurity as a result of climate change and the various impacts of urbanization. Traditionally, urban water managers have relied on large-scale, supply-side infrastructural projects to meet increased demands for water; however, these projects are environmentally, economically, and politically costly. The field of urban water security argues that cities need to transition from supply-side to demand-side management to achieve urban water security and sustainable development. The differing climates, incomes, lifestyles, and urban-level technical, environmental, ecosystem and socio-economic indicators from around the world need to be deliberated for urban water security, in consideration of the trade-off between urbanization and water security. The assessment of water security and application of measures are also advocated to modify the attitudes and behaviors of water users in an attempt to target scant resources more effectively and sustainably.

Prof. Dr. Kairong Lin
Prof. Dr. Fan Lu
Dr. Tian Lan
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • water security
  • sustainable urban development
  • urban hydrological law
  • urban waterlogging
  • sponge city
  • protection and restoration of urban water environment
  • smart water
  • urban flood control
  • ecosystem
  • climate change

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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20 pages, 2465 KiB  
Article
An Urgent Dialogue between Urban Design and Regulatory Framework for Urban Rivers: The Case of the Andalién River in Chile
by Amaya Álvez, Paulina Espinosa, Rodrigo Castillo, Kimberly Iglesias and Camila Bañales-Seguel
Water 2022, 14(21), 3444; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213444 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2464
Abstract
Climate change scenarios predict alarming levels of water scarcity and damaging flood events worldwide. Considering hydric systems in integrated spatial planning will be crucial in mitigating, adapting, and reversing climate change’s catastrophic effects. This paper focuses on fluvial restoration as part of urban [...] Read more.
Climate change scenarios predict alarming levels of water scarcity and damaging flood events worldwide. Considering hydric systems in integrated spatial planning will be crucial in mitigating, adapting, and reversing climate change’s catastrophic effects. This paper focuses on fluvial restoration as part of urban and territorial regulatory frameworks in the Andalién River and the city of Concepción in Chile. We consider three work scales: (i) basin, (ii) river reaches which focus on the city–river interplay, and (iii) site-specific, deepening the discussion around the last two. The objective is to elaborate an interdisciplinary dialogue between urban design, fluvial dynamics, and the Chilean regulatory framework where property rights play a predominant role in the management of natural resources (water and land). In this regard, the ‘New Latin American Constitutionalism’ offers concrete possibilities to operationalize an emerging paradigm that recognizes legal personhood for Nature. The incorporation of an ecological function to property rights emerges as a new way in which the principles of resilient urban development can be applied in order to combine river dynamics and urban growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development)
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17 pages, 9445 KiB  
Article
Contamination Assessment and Source Analysis of Urban Waterways Based on Bayesian and Principal Component Analysis—A Case Study of Fenjiang River
by Jiafeng Pang, Kairong Lin, Wenhui Gan, Sike Hu and Wei Luo
Water 2022, 14(18), 2912; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182912 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2173
Abstract
Contamination assessment and source analysis of urban waterways are important for the environmental management of water resources. This study applied an improved water quality index (WQI), which was called WQI-DET (water quality index deterioration) to analyze the Fenjiang River’s (Foshan City, South China) [...] Read more.
Contamination assessment and source analysis of urban waterways are important for the environmental management of water resources. This study applied an improved water quality index (WQI), which was called WQI-DET (water quality index deterioration) to analyze the Fenjiang River’s (Foshan City, South China) water quality monitoring data from 2016 to 2021. Between 2016 and 2021, the Fenjiang River had the highest WQI-DET value in 2016. Since then, the water quality has shown a decreasing trend year by year. Then, through Spearman analysis, it was identified that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) are the main factors of water quality deterioration. Moreover a Bayesian model was used to analyze and evaluate the main factors. On this basis, relationships between COD, NH3-N, the natural environment, and human activities were analyzed by principal component analysis. The results showed that NH3-N has been the main factor affecting the water quality in recent years and there were no significant changes in COD and NH3-N during the study period. However, COD and NH3-N showed significant differences in spatial distribution. Meanwhile, human activities contributed 52.3% to the variability in the water quality of the Fenjiang River, and natural factors only 26.8%; factors not considered in this study contributed the remaining 20.9%. Human activities had a more significant impact on the water quality of the Fenjiang River than natural factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development)
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22 pages, 4800 KiB  
Article
Design Combination Optimized Approach for Urban Stormwater and Drainage Systems Using Copula-Based Method
by Yixuan Zhong, Xiaolong Liao, Ling Yi, Dagang Wang, Leping Wu and Yuanyuan Li
Water 2022, 14(11), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111717 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5555
Abstract
Waterlogging disasters cause huge loss of life and property damage every year. In this research, a Copula-based optimization method is proposed to solve the problems in bivariate design of urban stormwater and drainage systems resulting from ignorance of precipitation temporal dependence and discrepancy [...] Read more.
Waterlogging disasters cause huge loss of life and property damage every year. In this research, a Copula-based optimization method is proposed to solve the problems in bivariate design of urban stormwater and drainage systems resulting from ignorance of precipitation temporal dependence and discrepancy between different design codes. Optimized design combinations of stormwater and drainage systems conditioned on given Kendall bivariate return periods or return periods of either system can be obtained using the optimization method for the case study of Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Results show that the temporal dependencies between precipitation series with different durations should be carefully considered, which can be sufficiently described by Copula functions. Based on the optimized design combinations, it is found that the planned return periods of stormwater systems in Sponge City Plans are underestimated for both Zhongshan and Zhuhai, which restricts the full use of the drainage systems. According to the optimized results, the planned return periods of stormwater systems in Zhongshan (Zhuhai) should be adjusted to 8.04 a (6.76 a) for the downtown area and 6.52 a (5.59 a) for other areas, conditioned on the planned return periods for P24 h in Sponge City Plans. The proposed optimization method provides a useful approach for the bivariate design of stormwater and drainage systems. The results of this research can give stakeholders references in compiling engineering plans for urban waterlogging prevention and help better balance the conflicts between waterlogging safety and economic efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development)
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20 pages, 1612 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Vulnerability of Water Resources System Using VSD-SD Coupling Model: A Case of Pearl River Delta
by Shuai Wei, Kairong Lin, Liyan Huang, Zeyu Yao, Xiaoyan Bai and Zhihe Chen
Water 2022, 14(7), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071103 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3859
Abstract
Water plays an essential role in social and economic sustainable development, and the relationship between socio-economic development and water resources sustainable utilization has been an important issue in water resources management. We aim to propose a water resources vulnerability assessment index with the [...] Read more.
Water plays an essential role in social and economic sustainable development, and the relationship between socio-economic development and water resources sustainable utilization has been an important issue in water resources management. We aim to propose a water resources vulnerability assessment index with the dimensions of exposure, sensitivity and adaptability, and establish a water resources system model over the Pearl River Delta network river region based on the Vulnerability Scoping Diagram (VSD) framework and System Dynamics (SD) model. The city of Zhongshan, which is located in the Pearl River Delta is used as a case study. The vulnerability of the water resources in Zhongshan from 2021 to 2050 is simulated in four different scenarios (normal, technical innovation, social economic improvement, and comprehensive development models). The results showed that the vulnerability in all four scenarios span three grades in 30 years, including moderately vulnerable, slightly vulnerable, and not vulnerable. Among them, similar trends were found between scenarios 1 and 3, and between scenarios 2 and 4. Furthermore, the vulnerability level in scenarios 2 and 4 was lower than that in scenarios 1 and 3. The vulnerability of both scenarios 2 and 4 decreased first and then increased, with the average values of 24.64 and 27.63, respectively. Scenario 2 experienced 7 years of not vulnerable (2034 to 2040) and 23 years of slightly vulnerable (2021–2033, 204–2050), scenario 4 experienced 5 years of not vulnerable (2032–2036), 21 years of slightly vulnerable (2021–2031, 2037–2046), and 4 years of moderately vulnerable (2047–2050). Although the vulnerability of scenario 4 was slightly worse than scenario 2, its adaptability to economic and social development, water resources, and water environment was much higher than scenario 2. Considering the extent of socio-economic development and the level of adaptability of the local water resources and water environment, the study concluded that the comprehensive development model is more suitable for cities in the network river area. In this scenario, sustainable water use and management can be made possible through policy regulation that encourages higher water efficiency, sewage reuse rate, and centralized sewage treatment rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development)
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16 pages, 6986 KiB  
Article
An Urban Water Pollution Model for Wuhu City
by Kaiyu Cheng, Biyun Sheng, Yuanyuan Zhao, Wenrui Guo and Jing Guo
Water 2022, 14(3), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030386 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3367
Abstract
An in-depth study of the temporal and spatial distribution of pollution loads can assist in the development of water pollution remediation. The research scope of this paper was the highly developed Wuhu City located south of the Yangtze River. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), [...] Read more.
An in-depth study of the temporal and spatial distribution of pollution loads can assist in the development of water pollution remediation. The research scope of this paper was the highly developed Wuhu City located south of the Yangtze River. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-H, and total phosphorus (TP) were chosen as the pollutant research objects of this study. Then, by combining the natural and social conditions within the scope of the study, a balanced system of pollution load generation and migration was described. A pollution load model of Wuhu City based on Load Calculator, MIKE 11, and ArcGIS was established. The results indicate that, in terms of the time distribution, the changes in the influx of the different pollutants were consistent. In terms of the spatial distribution, the major contributions to the annual pollution load were domestic pollution, urban surface runoff pollution, and poultry breeding pollution. The major contributors to the annual pollution load into the river were domestic pollution, urban surface runoff pollution, and sewage plant tail water pollution. This analysis provides references for the comprehensive management of local water environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development)
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19 pages, 4440 KiB  
Article
Inland Reservoir Water Quality Inversion and Eutrophication Evaluation Using BP Neural Network and Remote Sensing Imagery: A Case Study of Dashahe Reservoir
by Yanhu He, Zhenjie Gong, Yanhui Zheng and Yuanbo Zhang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2844; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202844 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4382
Abstract
In this study, an inland reservoir water quality parameters’ inversion model was developed using a back propagation (BP) neural network to conduct reservoir eutrophication evaluation, according to multi-temporal remote sensing images and field observations. The inversion model based on the BP neural network [...] Read more.
In this study, an inland reservoir water quality parameters’ inversion model was developed using a back propagation (BP) neural network to conduct reservoir eutrophication evaluation, according to multi-temporal remote sensing images and field observations. The inversion model based on the BP neural network (the BP inversion model) was applied to a large inland reservoir in Jiangmen city, South China, according to the field observations of five water quality parameters, namely, Chlorophyl-a (Chl-a), Secchi Depth (SD), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and Permanganate of Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODMn), and twelve periods of Landsat8 satellite remote sensing images. The reservoir eutrophication was evaluated. The accuracy of the BP inversion model for each water parameter was compared with that of the linear inversion model, and the BP inversion models of two parameters (i.e., Chl-a and CODMn) with larger fluctuation range were superior to the two multiple linear inversion models due to the ability of improving the generalization of the BP neural network. The Dashahe Reservoir was basically in the state of mesotrophication and light eutrophication. The area of light eutrophication accounted for larger proportions in spring and autumn, and the reservoir inflow was the main source of nutrient salts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development)
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12 pages, 6680 KiB  
Case Report
Optimized Schemes of “Infiltration”, “Storage”, and “Drainage” Measures against Urban Waterlogging in Plain River Network Regions
by Pei Liu, Qiankun Wei, Zhongyuan Lin and Wenbin Lv
Water 2022, 14(9), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091381 - 24 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1795
Abstract
Urban waterlogging has risen to be an urgent problem awaiting solutions in China these years, and “infiltration”, “storage”, and “drainage” are considered the major and most direct measures against this problem. In the present work, the waterlogging alleviation mechanism of these three measures [...] Read more.
Urban waterlogging has risen to be an urgent problem awaiting solutions in China these years, and “infiltration”, “storage”, and “drainage” are considered the major and most direct measures against this problem. In the present work, the waterlogging alleviation mechanism of these three measures is analyzed; and with Huangbian Village in Panyu District of Guangzhou, China, as a study case, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and pipe network coupling hydrodynamic models were established to explore the optimal schemes of “infiltration”, “storage”, “drainage” measures against urban waterlogging and which measure is the most effective one, providing a reference for scientific prevention and alleviation of urban waterlogging in cities. Effect assessment shows that the “storage” is the most effective measure because reducing the impermeability near the waterlogged site, deploying storage tanks upstream of the waterlogged site, and in the case of submerged discharge, lowering the downstream water level can reduce the waterlogged area by 16%, 81%, and 16%, respectively. The comprehensive measures of “infiltration”, “storage”, and “drainage” reduced the waterlogged area by 87%, which is superior to a single measure. The present work is expected to provide some reference for the prevention and alleviation of urban waterlogging in cities on a plain with intensive river networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Security and Sustainable Development)
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