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21 pages, 3957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Adaptability of Global and Regional Hydrological Forecast System

by Han Wang, Ping-an Zhong, Ervin Zsoter, Christel Prudhomme, Florian Pappenberger and Bin Xu

Water 2023, 15(2), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020347 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2451

Our paper aims to improve flood forecasting by establishing whether a global hydrological forecast system could be used as an alternative to a regional system, or whether it could provide additional information. This paper was based on the operational Global Flood Awareness System [...] Read more.

Our paper aims to improve flood forecasting by establishing whether a global hydrological forecast system could be used as an alternative to a regional system, or whether it could provide additional information. This paper was based on the operational Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS) of the European Commission Copernicus Emergency Management Service, as well as on a regional hydrological forecast system named RHFS, which was created with observations recorded in the Wangjiaba river basin in China. We compared the discharge simulations of the two systems, and tested the influence of input. Then the discharge ensemble forecasts were evaluated for lead times of 1–7 d, and the impact on the forecasts of errors in initialization and modelling were considered. We also used quantile mapping (QM) to post-process the discharge simulations and forecasts. The results showed: (1) GloFAS (KGE of 0.54) had a worse discharge simulation than RHFS (KGE of 0.88), mainly because of the poor quality of the input; (2) the average forecast skill of GloFAS (CRPSS about 0.2) was inferior to that of RHFS (CRPSS about 0.6), because of the errors in the initialization and the model, however, GloFAS had a higher forecast quality than RHFS at high flow with longer lead times; (3) QM performed well at eliminating errors in input, the model, and the initialization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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16 pages, 9357 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Characteristics of Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient Correction at a Permafrost Swamp Meadow in Dongkemadi Watershed, the Source of Yangtze River in Interior Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

by Haonan Guo, Shaoyong Wang, Xiaobo He, Yongjian Ding, Yawei Fan, Hui Fu and Xiaofeng Hong

Water 2022, 14(21), 3578; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213578 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2058

Abstract

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), known as the Earth’s third pole, is highly sensitive to climate change. Various environmental degradation has occurred due to the effects of climate warming such as the degradation of permafrost and the thickening of active layers. Evapotranspiration, as a [...] Read more.

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), known as the Earth’s third pole, is highly sensitive to climate change. Various environmental degradation has occurred due to the effects of climate warming such as the degradation of permafrost and the thickening of active layers. Evapotranspiration, as a key element of hydrothermal coupling, has become a key factor of the plateau environment for deciphering deterioration, and the FAO P-M model has a good physical foundation and simple model data requirements as a primary tool to study the plateau evapotranspiration. There has been a large research base, but the estimation of evapotranspiration in alpine regions is still subject to many uncertainties. This is reflected in the fact that the classification of underlying surface types has not been sufficiently detailed and the evapotranspiration characteristics of some special underlying surface types are still unclear. Therefore, in this work, we modified the FAO P-M coefficients based on the characteristics of actual evapotranspiration measured by the Eddy covariance system and the key influencing factors to better simulate the actual evapotranspiration in alpine swamp meadow. The results were as follows: (1) Both ET_a measured by the Eddy covariance system and ET₀ calculated by FAO P-M showed the same trend at the daily and annual scales and hysteresis was confirmed to exist, so the error caused by hysteresis should be considered in further research. (2) The annual ET_a was 566.97 mm and annual ET_a/P was 0.76, and about 11.19% of ET_a occurred during the night. The ET_a was 2.15 during the non-growing seasons, implying that a large amount of soil water was released into the air by evapotranspiration. (3) The evapotranspiration characteristics of alpine swamp meadow are formed under the following conditions: control of net radiation (R_n) affected by VPD during the growing season and affected by soil temperature and humidity during the non-growing season. Precipitation and soil water content are no longer the main controlling factors of evapotranspiration during the growing season at the alpine swamp meadow as the volume soil water content tends to saturate. (4) The basic corrected K_c was 1.14 during the initial and mid-growing season, 1.05 during the subsequent growing season, and 0–0.25 during the non-growing season, and the correction factor process can also provide ideas for correcting the K_c of other vegetation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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19 pages, 1301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve for Extreme Rainfall Event Characterization, in the High Tropical Andes

by Diego Escobar-González, Mélany S. Singaña-Chasi, Juan González-Vergara, Bolívar Erazo, Miguel Zambrano, Darwin Acosta, Marcos Villacís, Mario Guallpa, Braulio Lahuatte and Diego H. Peluffo-Ordóñez

Water 2022, 14(19), 2998; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14192998 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4240

Abstract

In fields such as hydrology, meteorology, and civil engineering, the study of extreme precipitation events is useful to prevent rainfall related disasters. A widely-used practice to address such a problem is by using statistical inferences about precipitation intensity, duration and frequency (IDF). Despite [...] Read more.

In fields such as hydrology, meteorology, and civil engineering, the study of extreme precipitation events is useful to prevent rainfall related disasters. A widely-used practice to address such a problem is by using statistical inferences about precipitation intensity, duration and frequency (IDF). Despite of its great usefulness, the selection of the adequate data and methodology to characterize precipitation’s IDF in the urban area of high-altitude Andean cities remains an open issue for practitioners and decision makers. In this sense, the present paper develops an approach to schematically build the IDF curves for a sub-basin of the study case Andean city, Quito–Ecuador. The here-used data holds information from 12 meteorological stations. Then, the IDF curves are obtained by using both a parametrization followed by a Gamma distribution and a 3-parameter cumulative distribution function, also called mnp. Finally, the curve-fitting process is estimated numerically by adjusting the Sherman equation. Results (average

R^{2} = 0.9

) demonstrated that the framework is well-suited for the high-altitude regime. As a noticeable outcome, a novel spatial interpolation-based analysis is introduced, which enabled the identification of extreme rainfall events according to its duration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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28 pages, 3494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rain Belt and Flood Peak: A Study of the Extreme Precipitation Event in the Yangtze River Basin in 1849

by Yuda Yang, Zhengrong Xu, Weiwei Zheng, Shuihan Wang and Yibo Kang

Water 2021, 13(19), 2677; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192677 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3762

Abstract

Floods caused by extreme precipitation events, in the context of climate warming, are one of the most serious natural disasters in monsoon region societies. The great flood in the Yangtze River Basin in 1849, in Eastern China, was a typical extreme flood event. [...] Read more.

Floods caused by extreme precipitation events, in the context of climate warming, are one of the most serious natural disasters in monsoon region societies. The great flood in the Yangtze River Basin in 1849, in Eastern China, was a typical extreme flood event. According to historical archives, local chronicles, diaries, and historical hydrological survey data, this study reconstructed the temporal and spatial patterns of extreme precipitation in 1849, and the flood process of the Yangtze River. We found four major precipitation events at the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, from 18 May to 18 July 1849. The torrential rainfall area showed a dumbbell-like structure along the Yangtze River, with two centers distributed separately in the east and west. For the specific flood process of the Yangtze River, many tributaries of the Yangtze River system entered the flood season consecutively since April, and the mainstream of the Yangtze River experienced tremendous pressure on flood prevention with the arrival of multiple rounds of heavy rainfall. In mid-to-late July, the water level and flow rate of many stations along the mainstream and tributaries had reached their record high. The record-breaking peak flow rate at many stations along the mainstream and tributaries in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River indicated intense precipitation in the area. The heavy rainfall disaster in the Yangtze River Basin could be driven by these reasons. First, the cold air in North China was extraordinary active in 1849, which made it difficult for the subtropical high pressure to move northward. Second, the rain belt stagnated in the Yangtze River Basin for a long time, and the Meiyu period reached 42 days, 62% longer than normal years. Third, the onset of a southwest monsoon was earlier and more active, which provided abundant moisture to the Yangtze River Basin. The great flood disaster was caused by heavy precipitation at the middle reaches, which made it quite different from the other three great floods in the Yangtze River in the 20th century. At present, the large water conservancy projects in the Yangtze River are mainly designed for flood problems caused by rainstorms in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The middle reaches of the Yangtze River, however, are facing the weakening of flood diversion capacity, caused by social and economic development. Therefore, future flood prevention measures in the Yangtze River should pay great attention to the threat of this flood pattern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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22 pages, 3528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Resolution Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of Precipitation Using Satellite-Based Products over the United Arab Emirates

by Khalid A. Hussein, Tareefa S. Alsumaiti, Dawit T. Ghebreyesus, Hatim O. Sharif and Waleed Abdalati

Water 2021, 13(17), 2376; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172376 - 29 Aug 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3804

Abstract

Current water demands are adequately satisfied in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with the available water resources. However, the changing climate and growing water demand pose a great challenge for water resources managers in the country. Hence, there is a great need for [...] Read more.

Current water demands are adequately satisfied in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with the available water resources. However, the changing climate and growing water demand pose a great challenge for water resources managers in the country. Hence, there is a great need for management strategies and policies to use the most accurate information regarding water availability. Understanding the frequency and the short- and long-term trends of the precipitation by employing high-resolution data in both the spatial and temporal domains can provide invaluable information. This study examines the long-term precipitation trends over the UAE using 17 years of data from three of the most highly cited satellite-based precipitation products and rain gauge data observed at 18 stations. The UAE received, on average, 42, 51, and 120 wet hours in a year in the 21st century as recorded by CMORPH, PERSIANN, and IMERG, respectively. The results show that the areal average annual precipitation of the UAE is significantly lower in the early 21st century than that of the late 20th century, even though it shows an increasing trend by all the products. The Mann–Kendall trend test showed positive trends in six rain gauge stations and negative trends in two stations out of 18 stations, all of which are located in the wetter eastern part of the UAE. Results indicate that satellite products have great potential for improving the spatial aspects of rainfall frequency analysis and can complement rain gauge data to develop rainfall intensity–duration–frequency curves in a very dry region, where the installation of dense rain gauge networks is not feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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17 pages, 5472 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Operational Implementation of Satellite-Rain Gauge Data Merging for Hydrological Modeling

by Alejandra De Vera, Pablo Alfaro and Rafael Terra

Water 2021, 13(4), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13040533 - 18 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3673

Abstract

Systems exposed to hydroclimatic variability, such as the integrated electric system in Uruguay, increasingly require real-time multiscale information to optimize management. Monitoring of the precipitation field is key to inform the future hydroelectric energy availability. We present an operational implementation of an algorithm [...] Read more.

Systems exposed to hydroclimatic variability, such as the integrated electric system in Uruguay, increasingly require real-time multiscale information to optimize management. Monitoring of the precipitation field is key to inform the future hydroelectric energy availability. We present an operational implementation of an algorithm that merges satellite precipitation estimates with rain gauge data, based on a 3-step technique: (i) Regression of station data on the satellite estimate using a Generalized Linear Model; (ii) Interpolation of the regression residuals at station locations to the entire grid using Ordinary Kriging and (iii) Application of a rain/no rain mask. The operational implementation follows five steps: (i) Data download and daily accumulation; (ii) Data quality control; (iii) Merging technique; (iv) Hydrological modeling and (v) Electricity-system simulation. The hydrological modeling is carried with the GR4J rainfall-runoff model applied to 17 sub-catchments of the G. Terra basin with routing up to the reservoir. The implementation became operational at the Electricity Market Administration (ADME) on June 2020. The performance of the merged precipitation estimate was evaluated through comparison with an independent, dense and uniformly distributed rain gauge network using several relevant statistics. Further validation is presented comparing the simulated inflow to the estimate derived from a reservoir mass budget. Results confirm that the estimation that incorporates the satellite information in addition to the surface observations has a higher performance than the one that only uses rain gauge data, both in the rainfall statistical evaluation and hydrological simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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18 pages, 1927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Dry and Wet Spells in Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia

by Girma Berhe Adane, Birtukan Abebe Hirpa, Chul-Hee Lim and Woo-Kyun Lee

Water 2020, 12(11), 3051; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113051 - 30 Oct 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3612

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the probability of the occurrence of dry/wet spell rainfall using the Markov chain model in the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. The rainfall analysis was conducted in the short rainy (Belg) and long rainy (Kiremt) [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the probability of the occurrence of dry/wet spell rainfall using the Markov chain model in the Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. The rainfall analysis was conducted in the short rainy (Belg) and long rainy (Kiremt) seasons on a dekadal (10–day) scale over a 30-year period. In the Belg season, continuous, three-dekad dry spells were prevalent at all stations. Persistent dry spells might result in meteorological, hydrological, and socio-economic drought (in that order) and merge with the Kiremt season. The consecutive wet dekads of the Kiremt season indicate a higher probability of wet dekads at all stations, except Metehara. This station experienced a short duration (dekads 20–23) of wet spells, in which precipitation is more than 50% likely. Nevertheless, surplus rainwater may be recorded at Debrezeit and Wonji only in the Kiremt season because of a higher probability of wet spells in most dekads (dekads 19–24). At these stations, rainfall can be harvested for better water management practices to supply irrigation during the dry season, to conserve moisture, and to reduce erosion. This reduces the vulnerability of the farmers around the river basin, particularly in areas where dry spell dekads are dominant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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18 pages, 2550 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Products for Hydrological Modeling in the Brazilian Cerrado Biome

by Jhones da S. Amorim, Marcelo R. Viola, Rubens Junqueira, Vinicius A. de Oliveira and Carlos R. de Mello

Water 2020, 12(9), 2571; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092571 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5197

Abstract

This study investigates the applicability of Satellite Precipitation Products (SPPs) in streamflow simulations performed in the Brazilian Cerrado biome, which is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. Local data from ground observations were used as a reference for evaluating the Tropical Rainfall Measuring [...] Read more.

This study investigates the applicability of Satellite Precipitation Products (SPPs) in streamflow simulations performed in the Brazilian Cerrado biome, which is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. Local data from ground observations were used as a reference for evaluating the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG). The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate the streamflow in a subbasin of the Tocantins river basin. Statistical precision metrics showed that both SPPs presented a satisfactory performance for precipitation monitoring on a monthly scale, in which IMERG performed better than TMPA. The Nash–Sutcliff coefficient and Kling–Gupta efficiency obtained for both calibration and validation period were greater than 0.82 and 0.79, respectively, demonstrating that both SPPs were able to simulate the hydrological regime adequately. However, the bias indicated that the SPPs overestimated the observed streamflow. The r-factor and p-factor values showed that both TMPA and IMERG presented low uncertainty in streamflow simulations. SPPs offer a great alternative for monitoring the precipitation and hydrological studies in the Brazilian Cerrado biome, and presented better simulation results than rain gauges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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14 pages, 2796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observed Microphysical Characteristics of Stratiform and Convective Precipitation over an Inland Arid Region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

by Hongwei Xie, Peichong Pan, Haiyun Shi, Ji Chen and Jinzhao Wang

Water 2020, 12(8), 2300; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082300 - 16 Aug 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2770

Abstract

This study analyzed the microphysical characteristics of stratiform and convective precipitation over an inland arid region of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in summer for the first time. The observed precipitation data were from the OTT Parsivel² laser raindrop spectrometer and the raindrop size distribution [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the microphysical characteristics of stratiform and convective precipitation over an inland arid region of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in summer for the first time. The observed precipitation data were from the OTT Parsivel² laser raindrop spectrometer and the raindrop size distribution can be described by a gamma distribution and a general exponential distribution. The results indicate that: (1) compared to the exponential distribution, the gamma distribution is the better function with which to describe the raindrop size distribution in this region; (2) the raindrop sizes are mainly below 1 mm, and the raindrop sizes which contribute most to the rainfall intensity are below 2 mm for stratiform precipitation and convective precipitation; (3) the mean values of microphysical parameters, e.g., rainfall intensity, radar reflectivity factor, and liquid water content, are higher for convective precipitation than stratiform precipitation; and (4) the standard Z–R relationship underestimates the radar reflectivity factor in this region. Overall, the obtained results will enhance our understanding and facilitate future studies regarding the microphysical characteristics of precipitation in such regions. For example, the obtained Z–R relationship can be a reference for estimating the radar reflectivity factor in this region with higher accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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22 pages, 6625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Reforestation Induced Land Cover Change (1990–2017) on Flood Peak Discharge Using HEC-HMS Hydrological Model and Satellite Observations: A Study in Two Mountain Basins, China

by Crispin Kabeja, Rui Li, Jianping Guo, Digne Edmond Rwabuhungu Rwatangabo, Marc Manyifika, Zongting Gao, Yipu Wang and Yuxiang Zhang

Water 2020, 12(5), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051347 - 9 May 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5255

Abstract

Understanding the effect of land use and land cover (LULC) type change on watershed hydrological response is essential for adopting applicable measures to control floods. In China, the Grain to Green Program (GTGP) and the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) have had a [...] Read more.

Understanding the effect of land use and land cover (LULC) type change on watershed hydrological response is essential for adopting applicable measures to control floods. In China, the Grain to Green Program (GTGP) and the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) have had a substantial impact on LULC. We investigate the effect of these conservation efforts on flood peak discharge in two mountainous catchments. We used a series of Landsat images ranging from 1990 to 2016/2017 to evaluate the LULC changes. Further to this, the hydrological responses at the basin and sub-basin scale were generated by the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) under four LULC scenarios. Between 1990 and 2016/2017, both catchments experienced an increase in forest and urban land by 18% and 2% in Yanhe and by 16% and 8% in Guangyuan, respectively. In contrast, the agricultural land decreased by approximately 30% in Yanhe and 24% in Guangyuan, respectively. The changes in land cover resulted in decrease in flood peak discharge ranging from 14% in Yanhe to 6% in Guangyuan. These findings provide a better understanding on the impact of reforestation induced LULC change on spatial patterns of typical hydrological responses of mountainous catchment and could help to mitigate flash flood hazards in other mountainous regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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21 pages, 4227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Land Evapotranspiration Simulation of the Community Land Model Using a Surrogate-Based Automatic Parameter Optimization Method

by Chong Zhang, Zhenhua Di, Qingyun Duan, Zhenghui Xie and Wei Gong

Water 2020, 12(4), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12040943 - 26 Mar 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3112

Abstract

Land surface evapotranspiration (ET) is important in land-atmosphere interactions of water and energy cycles. However, regional ET simulation has a great uncertainty. In this study, a highly-efficient parameter optimization framework was applied to improve ET simulations of the Community Land Model version 4.0 [...] Read more.

Land surface evapotranspiration (ET) is important in land-atmosphere interactions of water and energy cycles. However, regional ET simulation has a great uncertainty. In this study, a highly-efficient parameter optimization framework was applied to improve ET simulations of the Community Land Model version 4.0 (CLM4) in China. The CLM4 is a model at land scale, and therefore, the monthly ET observation was used to evaluate the simulation results. The optimization framework consisted of a parameter sensitivity analysis (also called parameter screening) by the multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) method and sensitivity parameter optimization by the adaptive surrogate modeling-based optimization (ASMO) method. The results show that seven sensitive parameters were screened from 38 adjustable parameters in CLM4 using the MARS sensitivity analysis method. Then, using only 133 model runs, the optimal values of the seven parameters were found by the ASMO method, demonstrating the high efficiency of the method. For the optimal parameters, the ET simulations of CLM4 were improved by 7.27%. The most significant improvement occurred in the Tibetan Plateau region. Additional ET simulations from the validation years were also improved by 5.34%, demonstrating the robustness of the optimal parameters. Overall, the ASMO method was found to be efficient for conducting parameter optimization for CLM4, and the optimal parameters effectively improved ET simulation of CLM4 in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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15 pages, 2740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of Soil Moisture Anomalies from Global Model-Based Datasets over the People’s Republic of China

by Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Robert M. Parinussa, Guojie Wang and Clara S. Draper

Water 2020, 12(1), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010117 - 30 Dec 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3513

Abstract

Soil moisture is an important factor in land-atmosphere interactions and other land processes. Improved estimates from climate models have, in the last two decades, become an important alternate source of information. In this study, we extend the evaluation of soil moisture anomalies of [...] Read more.

Soil moisture is an important factor in land-atmosphere interactions and other land processes. Improved estimates from climate models have, in the last two decades, become an important alternate source of information. In this study, we extend the evaluation of soil moisture anomalies of different generations of three families of model datasets (the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) reanalysis, the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications of NASA, and the Global Land Data Assimilation System of theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)) in recent studies to the People’s Republic of China. Two validation techniques, namely, root-mean-square error (RMSE) from triple collocation analysis (TCA) and correlations (R) with ground observations, were used. The study confirmed the results of previous studies that focused on other regions and showed that the newer generations of each modeling family generally had better skill than the older generations with higher correlations and lower RMSEs. A cross-validation of the results from the two techniques for the newer products showed that the higher correlations and lower RMSEs from the TCA were found over regions with moderate vegetation cover, while regions with less vegetation cover had lower correlations and larger RMSEs (ECMWF (R: −0.93), NASA (R: −0.73), and NOAA (R: −0.61)), indicating that these two techniques complement each other to fairly validate the products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrometeorological Observation and Modeling)

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